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居家石膏与夹板护理

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如何在家护理石膏、玻璃纤维石膏或可拆卸支具——保持干燥、缓解肿胀、保持舒适,以及需要当日复诊的警示信号。

在家休息时,前臂用石膏固定并垫高在枕头上。
保持手臂抬高,并保持石膏清洁干燥,是舒适康复的关键。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

石膏或夹板可使您正在愈合的骨骼、肌腱或关节保持完全静止,以便其在正确位置愈合。它将在您身上停留数周,您如何护理它对您的舒适度以及愈合效果都有显著影响。其中大部分内容属于常识,但有几点值得正确掌握,文末列有一份简短的警示信号清单,您绝不应忽视。

保持干燥清洁

这是最重要的一条规则。石膏绷带一旦受潮,会变软、易碎,从而失去其固定功能。玻璃纤维(合成材料)绷带能更好地保持形状,但其下方的软衬垫仍会吸水,潮湿的衬垫长时间紧贴皮肤会导致瘙痒、刺激和皮肤破损。

  • 淋浴或洗澡时请加以遮盖。 请使用专用的防水绷带罩或护套,或者用塑料袋包裹并在顶部用胶带密封。即使已遮盖,也应避免肢体直接暴露在水流下,切勿将其浸入水中;即使有遮盖,水花仍可能渗入。
  • 如果遮盖不便,请改用海绵擦洗周围区域,并确保绷带远离水源。
  • 如果确实弄湿了,请尽可能用毛巾或吹风机(调至冷风档,切勿使用热风;因为透过绷带无法感知烫伤)擦干外部及边缘处的衬垫。如果石膏绷带完全浸透、变软、开裂或有异味,请联系我们,以便进行检查或更换。

可拆卸夹板更容易处理:按照我们的指示将其取下,保持干燥,并让下方皮肤充分通风晾干后再重新佩戴。仅在我们告知的原因和时长范围内取下夹板;它的作用是保护正在愈合的部位。

切勿将任何物品伸入石膏内部

石膏下方的皮肤常常会发痒。用毛衣针、钢笔、尺子或衣架伸进去搔痒的诱惑非常大。请千万不要这样做。您无法感知刮擦的力度,可能会弄破皮肤,而一个微小的擦伤被困在温暖、黑暗且衬垫的空间里,正是感染开始的典型方式。您还可能会使衬垫起皱,从而形成压痛点。

如果瘙痒让您难以忍受,请尝试轻敲石膏外部,或使用吹风机的冷风档向石膏内部吹送凉风。请勿在内部使用爽身粉、乳液或其他任何物品。如果瘙痒严重或出现皮肤破损、疼痛的部位,请告知我们,而不是自行处理。

请勿自行修剪、切割或拆除

石膏或夹板可能会感觉过紧、过长或造成不适,但切勿自行修剪、切割、弯曲或拆除石膏或夹板。其形状和长度均经过精心设计;自行切割可能导致骨骼移位,或留下锐利边缘刺伤皮肤。如果确实感觉过紧或严重摩擦,这是联系我们(而非自行用剪刀处理)的理由(参见下方的警示信号)。

抬高患肢以减轻肿胀

在最初的几天里,肿胀是主要的障碍,而重力则是敌人。请尽可能将肢体抬高至高于心脏水平。

  • 对于手臂或手部,坐着或躺下时,请用枕头支撑,使手部位置高于肘部,肘部位置高于肩部。白天使用悬吊带有帮助,但不要让手部悬垂下垂。
  • 抬高肢体有助于液体回流,避免在手指处积聚,从而减轻搏动性疼痛,并防止石膏在夜间感觉变紧。

最初24–48小时内出现的一些肿胀和紧绷感是正常的,通过抬高患肢即可缓解。如果肿胀持续加重,或伴有以下警示信号,则属异常情况。请联系我们。

尽可能活动可动的部位

石膏固定会限制某一部位的活动,但石膏以外的所有部位都应保持轻柔的活动;这有助于防止关节僵硬并维持血液循环。

  • 定期活动手指和拇指,清醒时每小时多次,除非我们特别告知某根手指必须保持静止。
  • 活动未被固定的关节: 如果您佩戴的是前臂或手腕石膏,通常您的肩部和肘部应保持活动。轻柔的肩部画圈运动和肘部屈伸可防止这些关节在手腕愈合期间发生僵硬。
  • 不要强行活动引起疼痛的部位,并遵循我们为您提供的特定锻炼指导。

保护石膏及皮肤

  • 请勿负重或倚靠。 石膏的作用是使肢体得到休息,而非承受您的体重。倚靠前臂石膏会对下方骨骼及皮肤施加压力。
  • 留意石膏边缘处的皮肤状况。 石膏与皮肤接触处出现轻微发红属常见现象;但皮肤破损、溃烂或持续疼痛则不正常。
  • 保持石膏清洁,避免污垢、沙粒或小物件进入石膏内部。

何时寻求帮助——切勿等待

大多数石膏在最初一两天后会逐渐稳定。但石膏过紧属于真正的急症:它可能压迫内部的肌肉和神经,阻断血液供应(这种情况称为骨筋膜室综合征),并可能在数小时内造成永久性损伤。以下警示信号是您的早期警报。请勿等待。

如果您注意到以下任何情况,请在当天联系我们,或前往最近的急诊科:

  • 疼痛加剧、剧烈或超出预期,尤其是常规止痛药无法缓解的疼痛,或感觉深层且持续不断的疼痛。
  • 石膏或夹板感觉越来越紧,而不是随着天数增加而变得宽松。
  • 手指出现麻木、针刺感或烧灼感。
  • 手指变白、苍白、发蓝、晦暗或发冷,或者看起来肿胀严重且抬高后无法缓解。
  • 尝试时无法活动手指。
  • 石膏下方出现烧灼、摩擦或压痛点:这可能是压疮正在形成。
  • 石膏散发异味,或有分泌物或液体渗出:这是下方皮肤溃疡或感染的迹象。
  • 伴有上述任何情况的发热或整体不适感。

如果您同时出现其中几种情况,特别是剧烈疼痛加上手指麻木、发冷或颜色改变,请将其视为紧急情况,立即寻求帮助,而不是等待观察其是否自行缓解。让医生检查石膏后发现无异常,总比让过紧的石膏佩戴时间过长要好得多。

对于普通的瘙痒、抬高后可缓解的轻度肿胀,或仅仅是令人烦躁的石膏,您可以等待并在下次门诊就诊时向我们提出。如有疑问,请致电诊所;我们更愿意收到您的咨询。


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