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How your shoulder works

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Shoulder anatomy overview – bones (clavicle, scapula, humerus) and how they enable wide range of motion.

Updated Apr 2026
一幅手绘插图,描绘了一位无面部特征的解剖学讲师正指向一个放置在支架上的大型肩关节骨骼模型。
您的肩关节是一个浅的球窝关节,周围有肌肉、肌腱和韧带,赋予其活动范围和稳定性。 Kieran Hirpara 4.0

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的肩关节是身体中活动度最大的关节。它使您能够触及高处的架子、投掷球或抓挠背部的瘙痒。这种活动自由是以一定的代价换来的。由于它活动范围大,因此也是最常见的受伤部位之一。了解这些部分如何相互配合,有助于您理解自己的诊断和治疗计划。

骨骼

四块主要骨骼构成了肩带的结构。锁骨,又称 collarbone,水平横跨于胸部上方。你可以很容易地在颈部基底的皮肤下摸到这根长骨。它起到支撑杆的作用,将手臂与躯干保持一定距离。

肩胛骨,又称 shoulder blade,位于肋骨笼的后方。它是一块扁平的三角形骨骼。当你移动手臂时,可以感觉到它的边缘。当你向前圆背时,肩胛骨的底部尖端通常可见。

肱骨是上臂的长骨。其顶端呈圆形,嵌入肩关节盂。其底端与肘部相连。

肩胛骨还具有一个称为关节盂(glenoid)的浅杯状结构。这是肩关节的关节窝部分。它比髋关节窝浅得多。这种浅层设计允许大范围的活动,但需要强大的肌肉来固定臂骨。

可以将你的肩膀想象成放置在球座上的高尔夫球。肱骨头是球。关节盂是小球座。这种结构允许极大的活动范围,但也使得在没有支撑的情况下关节本质上不稳定。

关节及其运动方式

您的肩关节复合体由三个协同工作的独立关节组成。

盂肱关节是主要的肩关节。它是一个球窝关节。肱骨的圆形头部嵌入肩胛骨的盂窝中。该关节允许各个方向的活动。您可以将手臂向前抬起、向侧面抬起,并进行向内或向外的旋转。当您投掷球或挥手打招呼时,使用的就是这个关节。

肩锁关节连接锁骨末端与肩胛骨的肩峰。这是一个平面关节或滑动关节。它允许小幅度的滑动运动。当您将手臂举过头顶时,这些滑动动作至关重要。如果没有这种轻微的滑动,您的手臂就会撞到锁骨。

肩胸关节并非一个具有软骨的真正关节。它是肩胛骨在胸廓上滑动的运动。这种运动对于手臂的全范围抬高至关重要。当您抬起手臂时,肩胛骨会向上旋转。这一动作为您的肩关节增加了额外的活动范围。

肘关节是一个铰链关节。它主要允许屈曲和伸展。弯曲肘部可将手送至嘴边。伸直肘部可推开一扇门。肘部后方的骨性突起是鹰嘴。这是尺骨的尖端。请注意不要将其与“麻骨”(funny bone)混淆。刺痛感来自尺神经,该神经沿肘部内侧骨骼后方走行。击中该神经会产生电击感,而非骨骼本身。

肌肉、肌腱与韧带

肌肉通过牵拉骨骼产生运动。肌腱是连接肌肉与骨骼的坚韧索状结构。韧带是连接骨与骨的带状组织,提供稳定性。

肩袖由四块肌肉及其肌腱组成。它们像袖口一样环绕肩关节。其主要功能是将肱骨头牢固地固定在关节盂窝内。它们还协助手臂旋转。当听到“肩袖撕裂”时,意味着其中一根肌腱受损。

肱二头肌沿上臂前侧下行。其长头肌腱附着于关节盂窝顶部。该肌腱有助于稳定肩关节,并协助屈肘和前臂旋转。肩前部疼痛通常与该肌腱有关。

三角肌是覆盖肩部上方的大型三角形肌肉。它是将手臂从身体侧面抬起的主要肌肉。它赋予肩部圆润的外形。

韧带提供被动稳定性。盂肱韧带是关节囊内的厚带状结构。它们防止上臂骨向前或向后脱位。肩锁韧带将锁骨固定于肩胛骨。它们防止锁骨过度抬高。

可将肩部肌肉想象为一组支撑旗杆的绳索。如果其中一根绳索松弛或断裂,旗杆就会变得不稳。肩袖肌肉是保持旗杆居中稳定的关键绳索。

神经

神经将来自大脑的信号传递至肌肉和皮肤。它们控制运动和感觉。

臂丛神经是一组起始于颈部的神经网络。它穿过锁骨下方进入上臂,并分为几条主要神经,支配肩部和手臂。

腋神经环绕肩关节后方。它支配三角肌,并为肩部外侧皮肤提供感觉。该神经受损可导致抬臂无力和肩部外侧麻木。

肩胛上神经横跨肩胛骨顶部。它支配两块肩袖肌肉,协助手臂的上举和旋转。

肌皮神经沿上臂前侧下行。它支配肱二头肌,并为前臂外侧提供感觉。

桡神经沿上臂后侧下行。它负责腕关节和手指的伸展,并为手背提供感觉。

正中神经沿上臂中央下行。它穿过腕关节进入手掌。它控制拇指的大部分肌肉,并为拇指、食指和中指提供感觉。

尺神经沿上臂内侧下行。它经过肘部肱骨内上髁后方。它控制许多手部小肌肉,并为环指和小指提供感觉。这就是被击中时产生“麻筋”感觉的神经。


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