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疼痛是如何起作用的

Illustration: 疼痛是如何起作用的

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

疼痛是人体的警报系统。它通过促使您停止活动、撤回肢体并休息,从而在组织愈合期间保护您;从短期来看,它是神经系统最有用的功能之一。但疼痛比简单的“损伤计”更为复杂。真正理解这一点大有裨益,尤其是在疼痛持续存在时:警报系统本身可能变得过度敏感,导致疼痛持续存在,或者与影像学检查所见不成比例地加剧,即使组织已经愈合。贯穿本页的核心循证信息是:疼痛并不总是意味着损伤。本页以通俗易懂的语言解释了疼痛是什么以及其作用机制,随后为有兴趣深入了解的读者进一步探讨疼痛为何会持续存在的生物学原理。

疼痛的本质及其功能

疼痛并非由传感器测量后未经改变地传输至大脑,如同温度计读数一般。它是大脑在权衡多种输入后产生的输出:这些输入包括来自身体的信号,但也包括情境、过往经验、情绪以及大脑对该情境威胁程度的判断。其目的在于保护,即吸引您的注意力并改变您的行为,以便损伤得以愈合。

正因如此,相同的损伤在不同日子或不同个体身上可能产生截然不同的疼痛感,也正因为如此,即使疼痛与X光片上可见的情况不符,疼痛也完全真实存在。

急性疼痛与慢性疼痛

  • 急性疼痛是正常的警报:它伴随损伤出现,其强度大致与损伤程度成比例,并随着愈合过程而消退。这种疼痛正在发挥其应有的作用。
  • 慢性疼痛是指持续超过预期愈合时间(通常定义为超过约三个月)的疼痛。在此情况下,问题往往并非持续的组织损伤,而是警报系统变得过度敏感且无法关闭。这种疼痛是真实存在的,且可能非常剧烈,但它不再是一个可靠的信号,表明身体正在受到伤害。

这一区分至关重要,因为两者需要不同的处理方法:急性疼痛通过治疗损伤和提供短期缓解来管理;慢性疼痛则通过逐渐安抚和重新训练神经系统来管理,而不是追求使用越来越强的止痛药。

有助于缓解疼痛的因素

  • 理解疼痛。 认识到“疼痛不等于伤害”确实能减轻慢性疼痛和功能障碍;恐惧和灾难化思维会放大疼痛。
  • 运动与节奏控制。 温和、循序渐进的活动可使过度敏感的系统脱敏;长期休息和回避行为通常会加重慢性疼痛。
  • 睡眠、情绪与压力。 睡眠不佳、情绪低落和压力都会调高疼痛的“音量”;解决这些问题则会将其调低。
  • 针对正确疼痛的正确药物。 短期使用简单镇痛药有助于缓解急性疼痛;慢性疼痛对神经靶向药物、运动和心理策略的反应优于阿片类药物。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节将提供更为详尽、面向学生水平的解释。管理您的疼痛并不需要这些内容,但如果您对疼痛的产生机制及其为何会持续存在感到好奇,请继续阅读。

疼痛信号的传导路径

被称为伤害性感受器的专门神经末梢可检测具有潜在损伤性的刺激:极端压力、高温或受损组织释放的化学物质。它们通过两种类型的纤维向上传导信号。快速、有髓鞘的A-δ纤维传导尖锐、即时的“痛感”,促使你迅速缩回手;较慢、无髓鞘的C纤维则传导随后出现的钝痛、酸痛且持续性的疼痛。这些信号到达脊髓,在那里被中继(且已受到调节),然后继续向大脑传导。大脑中不存在单一的“疼痛中枢”;多个脑区共同决定是否产生疼痛以及疼痛的程度。因此,疼痛是被构建的,而非单纯被接收的。

闸门控制理论

简化门控示意图:一个投射神经元,接收来自快速A-β纤维和慢速C(疼痛)纤维的输入。
门控理论,简化表述:非疼痛性的Aβ传入可在脊髓投射神经元处关闭针对C纤维疼痛信号的门控。 Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0

脊髓如同一个闸门,能够上调或下调传入的疼痛信号。非疼痛性输入可以“关闭”疼痛的闸门,这就是为什么揉搓撞击部位或使用经皮神经电刺激(TENS)设备能缓解疼痛的原因。大脑还会向下发送信号至脊髓,根据注意力、情绪和情境来上调或下调疼痛(下行调节)。这是日常观察背后的真实机制:运动损伤在比赛进行中几乎感觉不到,焦虑或疲惫时疼痛加剧,分心或得到安慰后疼痛缓解。闸门并非比喻;它是生理学机制。

外周敏化与中枢敏化

损伤发生后,系统会主动提高自身的增益以保护该区域:

  • 外周敏化: 损伤部位释放的化学物质使局部伤害性感受器更易兴奋,导致疼痛区域痛感加剧(这就是为什么晒伤的皮肤在温水淋浴时会感到剧痛)。
  • 中枢敏化: 脊髓和大脑本身变得更容易兴奋,从而放大所有传入信号。

其典型特征是痛觉超敏(疼痛刺激引起的疼痛程度超过正常水平)和异常性疼痛(本不应引起疼痛的刺激,如轻触或衣物摩擦,变得疼痛)。在急性损伤中,这种机制是有用的且可逆的。在慢性疼痛中,它可能持续存在并自我维持。

当疼痛持续超过损伤:慢性疼痛与伤害塑性疼痛

在某些个体中,即使组织已经愈合,神经系统仍会长时间保持敏感化状态;警报系统似乎被“卡”在了“开启”状态。这种源于神经处理机制改变,而非持续组织损伤或神经损伤的疼痛,被称为伤害塑性疼痛(其主要机制为中枢敏化)。这解释了一种常见且曾令人困惑的临床现象:患者遭受严重、真实且具有致残性的疼痛,但影像学检查却几乎或完全未发现异常。识别这一现象并非将疼痛归咎于“心理作用”;这些变化是真实且可测量的神经系统改变。它重新定义了治疗目标:不再是寻找更多需要修复的结构损伤,而是下调过度敏感的神经系统。纤维肌痛以及许多持续性肌肉骨骼疼痛均属于此类。

为什么更强的止痛药并非慢性疼痛的解决方案

阿片类药物对于短期、剧烈的急性疼痛是有效的,但并不适合慢性疼痛。随着持续使用,身体会产生耐受性(需要更大剂量才能达到相同效果),并且悖论性地出现阿片类药物诱导的痛觉超敏:这些药物可能会使神经系统随时间推移对疼痛变得更加敏感。由于慢性疼痛在很大程度上是一个系统敏化问题,有效的工具是那些能够重新训练该系统的措施:分级运动、睡眠、心理策略以及针对神经(而非阿片类药物)的药物。

有益与有害因素

  • 分级活动与节奏控制可使神经系统脱敏;而由恐惧驱动的回避行为和长期休息则会使其进一步敏化。
  • 睡眠、情绪及压力管理可降低神经系统的增益;睡眠不佳和痛苦则会使其升高。
  • 健康教育及减少灾难化思维可显著降低疼痛和功能障碍。
  • 针对正确疼痛使用正确的药物: 急性疼痛短期使用简单镇痛药;慢性疼痛则采用运动疗法、心理治疗及针对神经的药物(而非升级阿片类药物)。

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