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疼痛是如何产生的

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本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

疼痛是身体的警报系统。它通过促使您停止活动、回避刺激并休息,从而在组织愈合过程中提供保护,在短期内这是神经系统发挥的最有益的功能之一。但疼痛远比一个简单的“损伤计量器”复杂。真正理解疼痛机制会有所帮助,尤其是在疼痛持续存在时:警报系统本身可能变得过度敏感,导致疼痛持续存在,或者其强度与影像学检查所发现的实际情况不成比例,即使组织已经愈合。贯穿本页的一个核心且基于证据的信息是:疼痛并不总是意味着伤害。本页以通俗易懂的语言解释疼痛是什么以及它是如何运作的,随后为有兴趣的读者深入探讨疼痛为何会持续存在的生物学机制。

疼痛是什么及其作用

疼痛并非由传感器测量并像体温计读数一样原封不动地传输到大脑。它是大脑在权衡多种输入后产生的输出:包括来自身体的信号,以及情境、过往经历、情绪,以及大脑对当前情况威胁程度的判断。其目的是提供保护,通过吸引您的注意力并改变您的行为,使损伤得以愈合。

这就是为什么相同的损伤在不同日子或不同人身上疼痛程度可能截然不同,以及为什么即使疼痛与X光片上可见的情况不符,疼痛也是完全真实的。

急性疼痛与慢性疼痛

  • 急性疼痛是正常的警报:它伴随损伤出现,其程度大致与损伤程度成正比,并随着愈合过程而消退。这种疼痛正在发挥其应有的作用。
  • 慢性疼痛是指持续时间超过预期愈合时间的疼痛(通常定义为超过三个月左右)。在这种情况下,问题往往不在于持续的组织损伤,而是警报系统变得过度敏感且无法关闭。这种疼痛是真实的,且可能非常严重,但它不再是一个可靠的信号,表明身体某处正在受到损害。

这一区别至关重要,因为两者需要不同的处理方法:急性疼痛通过治疗损伤并提供短期缓解来管理;慢性疼痛则通过逐渐安抚和重新训练神经系统来管理,而不是通过追求越来越强的止痛药。

什么有助于缓解疼痛

  • 理解疼痛。 认识到“疼痛不等于伤害”能切实减轻慢性疼痛和残疾;恐惧和灾难化思维会加剧疼痛。
  • 活动与节奏控制。 温和的、循序渐进的活动可使过度敏感的系统脱敏;长期休息和回避通常会加重慢性疼痛。
  • 睡眠、情绪与压力。 睡眠不足、情绪低落和压力都会调高疼痛的“音量”;解决这些问题则能将其调低。
  • 针对特定疼痛使用合适的药物。 短期使用简单的镇痛药有助于缓解急性疼痛;与阿片类药物相比,慢性疼痛对靶向神经的药物、运动和心理策略的反应更好。

更深入的了解

本节将提供更详细、适合学生水平的解释。虽然了解这些内容对于管理您的疼痛并非必需,但如果您对疼痛是如何产生的以及为何会持续存在感到好奇,请继续阅读。

疼痛信号的传导过程

称为伤害性感受器(nociceptors)的特种神经末梢可检测潜在的有害刺激:极端压力、热量或受损组织释放的化学物质。它们通过两种类型的纤维发送信号。快速、有髓鞘的Aδ纤维传递尖锐、即刻的“疼痛”感,使人迅速缩回手;较慢、无髓鞘的C纤维传递随后出现的钝痛、酸痛和持续性疼痛。这些信号到达脊髓,在那里被中继(并已被调制),然后上传至大脑。不存在单一的“疼痛中枢”;多个脑区共同决定是否产生疼痛以及疼痛的程度。因此,疼痛是被构建出来的,而非单纯接收到的。

闸门控制理论

脊髓充当“闸门”的角色,可以调节传入疼痛信号的强度。非疼痛性输入可以“关闭”疼痛闸门,这就是为什么揉搓受伤部位或使用经皮神经电刺激(TENS)机器能够缓解疼痛的原因。大脑还会向脊髓发送下行信号,根据注意力、情绪和情境来增强或减弱疼痛(下行调制)。这是日常观察现象的真实机制:运动损伤在比赛期间几乎感觉不到,焦虑或疲惫时疼痛加重,而分心或获得安慰则能缓解疼痛。闸门并非隐喻,而是生理机制。

周围和中枢敏化

受伤后,神经系统会刻意提高其增益,以保护该区域:

  • 周围敏化: 损伤部位释放的化学物质使局部伤害性感受器更易兴奋,从而导致疼痛区域疼痛加剧(这就是为什么晒伤的皮肤在温水淋浴时会感到剧烈疼痛的原因)。
  • 中枢敏化: 脊髓和大脑本身变得更容易兴奋,从而放大每一个传入信号。

其标志性特征是痛觉超敏(本应引起疼痛的事物比正常情况下更痛)和痛觉过敏(本不应引起疼痛的事物,如轻触或衣物,变得疼痛)。在急性损伤中,这是有益的且可逆的。在慢性疼痛中,它可能会持续存在并自我维持。

当疼痛超越损伤:慢性疼痛与伤害感受性疼痛

在某些人身上,即使组织已经愈合,神经系统仍会保持敏化状态;警报被卡在“开启”位置。这种源于处理机制改变而非持续损伤或神经损伤的疼痛,被称为伤害感受性疼痛(其核心机制为中枢敏化)。它解释了一种常见且曾令人费解的临床现象:影像学检查几乎无异常发现,却存在严重、真实且致残的疼痛。认识到这一点并非将疼痛归咎于“你的想象”;这些改变是真实且可测量的神经系统变化。这重新定义了治疗目标:不再是寻找更多的结构性损伤以进行修复,而是下调过度敏感的神经系统。纤维肌痛症以及许多持续性肌肉骨骼疼痛均属于此类。

为什么强效止痛药并非慢性疼痛的解决方案

阿片类药物适用于短期、严重的急性疼痛,但不适合慢性疼痛。长期使用会导致身体产生耐受性(需要更大剂量才能达到相同效果),并且矛盾的是,还会引发阿片类药物诱导的痛觉过敏:这些药物会使神经系统随时间推移变得敏感。由于慢性疼痛主要是神经系统敏化问题,有效的治疗手段是那些能够重新训练该系统的工具:分级运动、睡眠管理、心理干预策略,以及针对神经的药物(而非阿片类药物)。

什么有益,什么有害

  • 分级活动与节奏控制可使系统脱敏;由恐惧驱动的回避行为和长期休息会进一步使其敏化。
  • 睡眠、情绪和压力管理可降低增益;睡眠不足和痛苦则会提高增益。
  • 教育及减少灾难化思维可显著减轻疼痛和残疾。
  • 针对特定疼痛选用合适的药物: 急性疼痛短期使用简单镇痛药;慢性疼痛则采用运动疗法、心理治疗及神经靶向药物(而非递增阿片类药物)。

参见


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