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Gerenciamento da Dor e dos Opioides Após a Cirurgia

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How pain is managed after upper-limb surgery — multimodal pain relief, the role and risks of opioids, nerve blocks, and using the least medication needed.

Uma blister de comprimidos.
O bom controle da dor após a cirurgia combina várias medidas, mantendo o uso de opioides fortes por um período breve para evitar dependência. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

O que é

O manejo da dor e dos opioides após a cirurgia é um plano para mantê-lo confortável enquanto utiliza a menor quantidade possível de analgésicos fortes. Seu médico utiliza uma combinação de medicamentos e técnicas que atuam em sinergia. Essa abordagem é chamada de analgesia multimodal. Ela inclui medicamentos não opioides, injeções anestésicas locais e, às vezes, dispositivos que auxiliam na cicatrização do seu corpo. O objetivo é reduzir os níveis de dor e diminuir a necessidade de opioides desde o início.

Este plano é importante para todos que realizam cirurgia de articulação ou coluna. É especialmente benéfico se você tem fibromialgia ou se utiliza opioides antes da sua operação. Pacientes com fibromialgia têm maior probabilidade de necessitar de prescrições de opioides por até um ano após a artroscopia do quadril. Mesmo os não usuários podem continuar tomando opioides por 10 a 12 meses após cirurgia eletiva de articulação. Cerca de 39% dos usuários de opioides no pré-operatório continuam o uso por 10 a 12 meses após a cirurgia. Apenas cerca de 9% dos não usuários continuam. Seu médico adapta o plano às suas necessidades específicas para prevenir a dependência a longo prazo.

A estratégia funciona bloqueando os sinais de dor de diferentes maneiras. Alguns medicamentos reduzem o inchaço e a inflamação. Outros adormecem diretamente a área cirúrgica. Algumas técnicas reduzem a quantidade de opioide que seu corpo precisa para sentir alívio. Por exemplo, certos medicamentos podem reduzir a dor inicial após a substituição do quadril ou do joelho. Outros ajudam a reduzir náuseas e vômitos, o que auxilia na recuperação mais rápida. Ao combinar esses métodos, seu médico visa controlar sua dor de forma eficaz sem depender exclusivamente de opioides. Essa abordagem equilibrada ajuda você a se movimentar mais cedo e a ir para casa mais rapidamente.

Funciona?

O seu médico utilizará uma combinação de medicamentos e técnicas para manter a dor sob controle. Esta abordagem é chamada de analgesia multimodal. O objetivo é reduzir a sua necessidade de opioides, que são analgésicos potentes. A investigação demonstra que a combinação de diferentes tipos de alívio da dor funciona melhor do que a utilização de apenas um método. Por exemplo, a administração de um esteróide durante a cirurgia pode reduzir a dor inicial e a necessidade de opioides após a substituição do quadril. A toma de analgésicos não opioides antes da cirurgia também ajuda a reduzir as pontuações de dor e o consumo de opioides após procedimentos artroscópicos.

No entanto, nem todos os tratamentos funcionam para todos. Alguns estudos descobriram que certos medicamentos para a dor neuropática não reduziram o consumo de opioides ou a dor após a substituição do quadril. De facto, um desses medicamentos foi associado a mais efeitos secundários que afetam o seu sistema nervoso central. Outros tratamentos, como a adição de um ácido específico à injeção anestésica local para a substituição do joelho, reduziram ligeiramente a dor, mas não o suficiente para que notasse uma diferença real na sua recuperação. Da mesma forma, embora um novo dispositivo de nanotecnologia tenha ajudado a reduzir o consumo de opioides e as náuseas após a substituição do joelho, outros fatores, como a sua idade ou o número de âncoras utilizadas na cirurgia do ombro, podem ainda aumentar a sua necessidade de opioides.

O seu histórico pessoal é muito importante. Se tem fibromialgia, é significativamente mais provável que receba prescrições de opioides aos 90 dias e a um ano após a artroscopia do quadril, embora as suas taxas de reintervenção sejam semelhantes às dos outros. Cerca de 39% dos pacientes que utilizaram opioides antes de uma cirurgia eletiva das articulações continuaram a utilizá-los 10 a 12 meses depois. Em contraste, apenas 9% daqueles que não utilizaram opioides antes da cirurgia continuaram a fazê-lo depois. Os níveis de ansiedade parecem não afetar o consumo de opioides em pacientes que são novos nestes medicamentos.

Existem também limitações no que sabemos. Muitos estudos sobre medicamentos como a dexametasona têm doses fixas e carecem de dados de segurança a longo prazo. Precisamos de mais investigação para encontrar a melhor dosagem e monitorizar a segurança durante um período de recuperação mais longo. Embora alguns protocolos, como uma abordagem de reabilitação mais tranquila para a substituição do joelho, reduzam as estadias hospitalares e a exposição aos opioides sem adicionar riscos, outras estratégias podem não oferecer melhorias clinicamente significativas. A sua equipa de cuidados adaptará estas opções às suas necessidades específicas, mas expectativas honestas sobre o controlo da dor são essenciais para a sua recuperação.

É adequado para você?

Esta abordagem ajuda a maioria das pessoas a controlar a dor sem depender fortemente de analgésicos potentes. O uso de uma combinação de diferentes medicamentos e terapias funciona bem para substituições articulares e procedimentos da coluna. Também é útil após cirurgias de mão e braço. Se você tem fibromialgia, pode precisar de mais medicamentos para a dor por até um ano após a cirurgia de quadril. No entanto, seu risco de precisar de outra operação permanece o mesmo que o de outras pessoas.

Seu médico pode usar medicamentos especiais durante a cirurgia para reduzir a dor inicial. Tomar medicamentos para a dor antes da cirurgia também pode ajudar. Mas essas medidas podem não alterar suficientemente sua sensação de dor para fazer diferença a longo prazo. Se você já usa opioides, provavelmente precisará de doses maiores durante os primeiros três dias após a reparação do manguito rotador. Cerca de 39% das pessoas que usavam opioides antes da cirurgia ainda os utilizam dez a doze meses depois. Apenas 9% daqueles que não usavam opioides antes continuam a usá-los.

Idosos frequentemente precisam de menos medicamentos para a dor após a cirurgia de ombro. O número de âncoras usadas em sua reparação também pode afetar a quantidade de medicamento necessária. Sua situação social também pode desempenhar um papel. Pessoas que usam opioides antes da cirurgia frequentemente enfrentam mais desafios de vida do que aquelas que não usam.

Este plano é seguro para a maioria dos pacientes. Reduz a quantidade de analgésicos potentes que você recebe no hospital. A maior queda ocorre nos primeiros e segundos dias após a cirurgia de fratura dos membros superiores. O controle da dor permanece tão eficaz quanto com os métodos tradicionais. Seu médico adaptará este plano às suas necessidades. Converse com ele sobre o que funciona melhor para seu corpo e sua vida.

A conclusão

Você pode esperar que seu médico utilize uma combinação de métodos de alívio da dor para mantê-lo confortável, minimizando o uso de opioides. Cerca de 39% dos pacientes que usavam opioides antes da cirurgia ainda os utilizam 10 a 12 meses depois, em comparação com apenas 9% daqueles que não usavam. Isso destaca a importância dos seus hábitos pré-operatórios. Embora muitas técnicas sejam úteis, a etapa mais crítica é abordar o seu próprio uso de opioides antes da operação.


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