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Artrite Psoriática

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An inflammatory arthritis linked to psoriasis — sausage digits, nail changes and end-joint involvement — and why early treatment protects the joints.

Uma mão com articulações dos dedos inchadas e um dedo inteiro em forma de 'salsicha'.
A artrite psoriática pode causar articulações inchadas, um dedo inteiro inchado (dactilite) e alterações nas unhas. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

O que você está sentindo

A artrite psoriática tende a se instalar gradualmente, em vez de se anunciar. Você pode notar que uma ou mais articulações (frequentemente nos dedos, mas também no punho ou no cotovelo) ficaram rígidas e doloridas, e que a rigidez é mais intensa logo pela manhã ou após permanecer sentado(a) sem movimento, aliviando-se ao começar a se mover. Esse padrão de rigidez que melhora com o uso é uma indicação de que o problema é inflamatório, e não apenas desgaste mecânico.

Algumas características são especialmente típicas. Um dedo inteiro (ou dedo do pé) pode inchar como um pequeno salsicha, e isso é chamado de dactilite; pode ser doloroso ao toque e dificultar a flexão do díxito. Você pode observar alterações nas unhas: pequenas depressões ou crateras, sulcos longitudinais, descolamento amarelado da unha em relação ao leito ungueal ou fragmentação na borda. As articulações interfalangianas distais dos dedos, aquelas mais próximas da unha, estão frequentemente envolvidas, o que é um pouco incomum para a artrite inflamatória e constitui uma pista útil para o seu médico. Algumas pessoas também sentem dor exatamente onde um tendão se insere no osso, como no cotovelo ou na parte posterior do calcanhar.

Muitas pessoas com artrite psoriática também convivem com a condição cutânea psoríase, com placas de pele vermelha e escamosa, frequentemente nos cotovelos, joelhos ou couro cabeludo. O problema articular pode começar antes das alterações cutâneas, após elas, ou sem qualquer envolvimento cutâneo aparente. Junto com as dores articulares, uma fadiga profunda é comum e pode ser uma das partes mais debilitantes da doença.

(Se a sua principal preocupação é a artrite reumatoide ou um problema articular inflamatório mais geral, consulte nossa página separada sobre artrite inflamatória e reumatoide; a artrite psoriática é uma condição distinta, embora possa parecer semelhante.)

O que está realmente acontecendo

A artrite psoriática é uma condição mediada pelo sistema imunológico. Em vez de defender o corpo, o sistema imunológico ataca erroneamente os próprios tecidos e desencadeia a inflamação. O mesmo processo desregulado que causa a pele escamosa da psoríase também pode atingir as articulações e, distintivamente, as entese, as pequenas zonas onde os tendões e ligamentos se inserem no osso.

É essa inflamação que você sente como inchaço, rigidez e dor. O inchaço em forma de salsicha de um dedo inteiro resulta da inflamação nas articulações e nas bainhas dos tendões ao longo do dedo, simultaneamente. As alterações nas unhas e o envolvimento das articulações distais refletem a estreita conexão entre a unha, a pele e essa última articulação.

Esta não é a osteoartrite, a artrite por "desgaste e uso" associada à idade e ao uso excessivo; não é a mesma coisa que a artrite reumatoide, embora as duas condições inflamatórias possam se assemelhar. O ponto importante é que a artrite psoriática é ativa e contínua: se a inflamação não for controlada ao longo dos anos, ela pode danificar gradualmente e até deformar as articulações. A boa notícia é que o processo é tratável, e o controle da atividade imunológica protege as articulações desse dano.

O que podemos fazer a respeito

O diagnóstico é geralmente realizado por um reumatologista, especialista em doenças articulares inflamatórias. Não existe um único exame de sangue que confirme a artrite psoriática, portanto o diagnóstico é construído a partir da sua história clínica, do exame das articulações, unhas e pele, e de exames de imagem, como raios-X ou ultrassonografia. Diferenciar a artrite psoriática de outros tipos de artrite é importante, pois isso altera o tratamento.

A base do tratamento é médica, conduzida pela reumatologia, e visa acalmar o próprio processo imunológico:

  • Medicamentos modificadores da doença (DMARDs), como a metotrexato, são frequentemente o primeiro passo. Esses medicamentos reduzem a resposta imunológica hiperativa e protegem as articulações a longo prazo.
  • Medicamentos biológicos e direcionados são utilizados quando os DMARDs não são suficientes, ou para doenças mais agressivas. Estes são medicamentos de precisão que bloqueiam os sinais imunológicos específicos que impulsionam a inflamação, e podem ser muito eficazes para as articulações, enteses e pele simultaneamente.
  • Tratamento da psoríase cutânea anda de mãos dadas com o tratamento das articulações, e é frequentemente coordenado com um dermatologista.
  • Terapia manual e exercícios mantêm as articulações em movimento, preservam a força de preensão e a função, e ajudam com a rigidez e a fadiga.

A cirurgia tem um papel, mas limitado, principalmente para articulações que já foram danificadas ou deformadas por anos de inflamação, onde o objetivo é restaurar a função ou aliviar a dor. Mesmo nesses casos, o tratamento médico para controlar a doença continua. A mensagem mais importante é que o tratamento precoce protege as articulações: quanto antes a inflamação for controlada, menos danos permanentes serão causados.

O que esperar

A artrite psoriásica é uma condição crônica, e não algo que seja curado de uma vez e esquecido, mas é muito tratável, e a maioria das pessoas que inicia o tratamento precocemente tem um bom prognóstico. O objetivo do cuidado moderno é silenciar a doença de forma tão completa que as articulações se sintam e funcionem de maneira próxima ao normal, e isso é alcançável para muitas pessoas.

Por ser impulsionada pelo sistema imunológico, o tratamento geralmente é contínuo, e pode ser necessário algum ajuste para encontrar o medicamento, ou combinação, que melhor se adapte a você. A condição pode oscilar, com períodos mais silenciosos e surtos ocasionais. Manter contato regular com seu reumatologista é importante, tanto para manter a inflamação suprimida quanto para monitorar os medicamentos. A contrapartida desse compromisso a longo prazo é uma proteção real: manter a inflamação sob controle preserva sua força de preensão, a função das mãos e suas articulações para os anos vindouros.

Quando procurar ajuda

  • Dor ou inchaço articular com rigidez matinal, especialmente se um dedo inteiro inchar ou se a rigidez melhorar com o movimento: isto merece avaliação, idealmente por um reumatologista.
  • Psoríase associada a novos sintomas articulares. Se já tem psoríase e as articulações começam a doer, inchar ou ficar rígidas, mencione-o ao seu médico; a relação é importante e pode passar despercebida.
  • Alterações nas unhas, como pitting (pequenas depressões), estrias, esfarelamento ou descolamento da unha da sua base, particularmente em conjunto com dor articular ou dor nas articulações terminais dos dedos.
  • Dor no local onde um tendão se insere no osso (por exemplo, no cotovelo ou no calcanhar) que não melhora.
  • Articulações que se tornam rígidas, deformadas ou mais difíceis de utilizar ao longo do tempo: um sinal de que a doença pode não estar totalmente controlada, sendo importante reavaliar o caso para intensificar o tratamento antes que ocorram mais danos.

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