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Peso, Obesidade e Saúde Articular

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How body weight and obesity affect joint load, osteoarthritis, and the risks and outcomes of joint surgery — including the role of weight loss before an operation.

Uma balança de banheiro.
O excesso de peso sobrecarrega as articulações e aumenta o risco cirúrgico; mesmo uma perda modesta pode aliviar os sintomas e melhorar os resultados. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

O que é

A obesidade é mais do que uma carga mecânica sobre suas articulações. É uma doença sistêmica que causa inflamação profunda, a qual pode danificar a saúde articular ao longo do tempo. O índice de massa corporal elevado aumenta o risco de osteoartrite degenerativa nos joelhos e nas mãos, independentemente da sua saúde metabólica. Essa inflamação e o excesso de peso podem acelerar a progressão da artrite, especialmente após lesões como as lesões do menisco.

Seu médico considera seu índice de massa corporal ao planejar seu tratamento, mas ele não é uma barreira rígida para a cirurgia. As evidências atuais não apoiam o uso exclusivo do índice de massa corporal para excluir pacientes da artroplastia total primária de junta. Um índice de massa corporal superior a 40 não está associado a complicações precoces em centros cirúrgicos ambulatoriais. Um índice de massa corporal de 45 é considerado um limite seguro para a artroplastia total do joelho sem cimento. No entanto, os dados para índice de massa corporal maior ou igual a 45 são limitados, portanto, seu médico avaliará seu caso específico com cuidado.

Focar no manejo de condições de saúde preexistentes e no planejamento cirúrgico personalizado pode ajudar você a alcançar resultados comparáveis aos de pacientes com índice de massa corporal normal. Embora a obesidade aumente o risco de falha mecânica em algumas cirurgias de joelho assistidas por robô, técnicas modernas reduziram muitos riscos tradicionais. A preocupação com rigidez ou reoperação não deve impedir a realização da cirurgia quando ela for clinicamente necessária. Seu médico adaptará a abordagem à sua anatomia e estado de saúde para oferecer a melhor chance de uma recuperação bem-sucedida.

Funciona?

Sim, a substituição articular geralmente funciona bem para pacientes com maior peso corporal. As práticas cirúrgicas modernas e os designs dos implantes reduziram muitos riscos tradicionais. O seu médico pode alcançar resultados comparáveis aos de pacientes com peso normal, gerenciando as condições de saúde antes da cirurgia e planejando cuidadosamente. Um índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 45 é considerado um limite seguro para a substituição do joelho sem cimento. No entanto, os tamanhos das amostras foram pequenos demais para tirar conclusões firmes para pacientes com IMC de 45 ou superior.

A obesidade é uma doença sistêmica que afeta a saúde articular além do simples estresse mecânico. Ela aumenta a inflamação no corpo. Isso não significa que você não possa ter uma cirurgia. Por exemplo, a obesidade não aumenta o risco de infecção ou de cirurgia de revisão após a substituição do ombro. Também não aumenta o risco de rigidez após a manipulação do joelho. De fato, a artroscopia do quadril para dor no quadril produz melhorias a longo prazo em pacientes obesos que são equivalentes às de pacientes com peso normal.

Existem algumas áreas em que as evidências são limitadas ou mistas. Os dados atuais sobre extensões de haste tibial na substituição do joelho para pacientes obesos são insuficientes. Não podemos recomendá-los rotineiramente devido a dados de baixa certeza. Designs específicos podem ajudar indivíduos selecionados, mas são necessárias mais pesquisas. Um alto índice de massa corporal está associado a taxas mais altas de falha mecânica nas substituições robóticas do joelho. A obesidade também aumenta o risco de revisão após artroscopia do joelho e substituição unicompartmental do joelho.

Se você está considerando uma cirurgia, o seu médico avaliará os seus riscos específicos. O diabetes tipo 2 não é um fator de risco independente para reoperação quando ajustado pelo índice de massa corporal. O semaglutida parece ser uma alternativa segura à cirurgia bariátrica para o controle de peso antes da substituição do quadril. Ele oferece taxas semelhantes de sobrevivência do implante e de complicações. Embora a obesidade aumente o risco de revisões por todas as causas na substituição do ombro para fraturas, ela não aumenta o risco de infecção em outros procedimentos no ombro. O seu médico usará essas evidências para personalizar o seu plano de cuidados.

É adequado para você?

Seu médico provavelmente recomenda a substituição articular se você tiver artrite por desgaste severo que limita a vida diária. Evidências atuais mostram que um índice de massa corporal elevado não o desclassifica automaticamente. Por exemplo, um índice de massa corporal superior a 40 não está associado a complicações precoces em ambientes ambulatoriais. Um índice de massa corporal de 45 também é considerado um limite seguro para certas substituições de joelho. Seu médico pode gerenciar condições de saúde preexistentes e planejar sua cirurgia cuidadosamente para alcançar resultados semelhantes aos de pessoas com pesos corporais mais baixos.

A obesidade afeta a saúde articular por meio de inflamação sistêmica, não apenas por estresse mecânico. Isso significa que você pode enfrentar riscos específicos dependendo do procedimento. Pacientes obesos têm taxas mais altas de revisão após substituições parciais de joelho. Eles também enfrentam riscos aumentados de afrouxamento ou instabilidade do implante após substituições de ombro para fraturas. No entanto, técnicas cirúrgicas modernas e implantes reduziram muitos riscos tradicionais associados a pesos corporais mais elevados.

Se você está considerando uma cirurgia de quadril, a obesidade não está associada à necessidade de reoperações futuras. A semaglutida parece ser uma opção segura para o controle de peso antes da substituição de quadril, com resultados semelhantes aos da cirurgia bariátrica. Para preocupações com rigidez do joelho, o aumento da gravidade da obesidade não leva a piores resultados após manipulação sob anestesia.

Seu médico revisará seu perfil de saúde específico. Ele determinará se você é um bom candidato com base em mais do que apenas seu peso. Essa decisão deve ser compartilhada entre você e sua equipe médica.

A conclusão

Seu médico pode realizar com segurança a substituição articular mesmo que seu índice de massa corporal (IMC) seja elevado. Um IMC de até 45 é considerado um limite seguro para cirurgia de joelho. Peso mais elevado não aumenta o risco de complicações precoces ou rigidez. Você pode esperar resultados semelhantes aos de pessoas com peso normal. A principal ressalva é que a obesidade aumenta a inflamação nas suas articulações. Esse efeito sistêmico pode influenciar a saúde articular a longo prazo, além do estresse mecânico.


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