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Fixação da Clavícula (ORIF)

Rehabilitation after plate fixation of a clavicle fracture, gated on radiographic healing at review.

Updated Jun 2026
Ilustração de uma pessoa em pé com boa postura, o braço apoiado em uma tipóia.
Boa postura e movimento protegido enquanto uma fratura da clavícula se cura. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

Este protocolo orienta a sua recuperação após a fixação com placa de uma fratura da clavícula (osso da clavícula), redução aberta e fixação interna (ROFI), com o Dr. Kieran Hirpara no Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Cada fase abaixo começa com uma explicação em linguagem simples sobre o que está acontecendo e o que é mais importante, seguida pelo protocolo estruturado para o seu fisioterapeuta; leve esta página ou o seu PDF à sua primeira consulta de fisioterapia para que a sua reabilitação seja coordenada. O seu fisioterapeuta pode ajustar o plano dependendo de como a sua recuperação está progredindo.

Se tiver alguma preocupação sobre a sua ferida após a cirurgia, entre em contato com a clínica. Muitas vezes, é útil tirar uma foto da ferida e enviá-la por e-mail para avaliação.

O que esperar

A operação mantém as extremidades fraturadas da clavícula em posição com uma placa e parafusos, permitindo que o osso cicatrize. A placa é resistente, mas funciona como uma tala, não como substituto do osso já consolidado: o osso em si geralmente leva cerca de seis a doze semanas para se unir, e continua a fortalecer-se (remodelação) durante os meses seguintes. A reabilitação é escalonada de acordo com essa biologia: nas primeiras semanas, protege-se a fixação enquanto a fratura começa a consolidar; em seguida, recupera-se a mobilidade; e, por último, introduzem-se cargas e a prática desportiva, quando o osso estiver apto a suportá-las.

Por se tratar de uma fratura, cada etapa subsequente (elevar o braço acima da altura do ombro, fortalecer, levantar pesos mais pesados e regresso à prática desportiva) depende não apenas do calendário, mas da aparência da fratura na radiografia, conforme confirmado na sua consulta de acompanhamento com o Dr. Hirpara. Os intervalos de semanas indicados abaixo são típicos, não fixos.

A consolidação óssea é mais lenta em fumadores e em pessoas com diabetes, e o tabagismo, em particular, pode atrasar ou mesmo impedir a união da fratura. Se fuma, as semanas após a fratura constituem um momento particularmente oportuno para parar.

A clavícula situa-se diretamente sob a pele, pelo que é comum sentir (e ver) a placa após a diminuição do inchaço. Pode haver sensibilidade sob o cinto de segurança ou a alça de uma mochila nos primeiros meses; isto geralmente melhora à medida que a área se dessensibiliza. Se a placa continuar a causar incómodo após a fratura ter completamente consolidado, a sua remoção é uma opção que pode ser discutida numa consulta posterior; trata-se de uma decisão separada, sem urgência, tomada bem depois de o osso se ter unido.

O percurso em resumo:

  • Fase I — Proteção: semanas 0–3
  • Fase II — Movimento inicial: semanas 3–6
  • Fase III — Fortalecimento: semanas 6–12
  • Fase IV — Retorno à atividade total e desportiva: a partir da semana 12

Usando a sua manta

A manta suporta o peso do braço, alivia o desconforto e protege o osso em cicatrização nas primeiras semanas. As regras são simples:

  • Use-a especialmente quando sair de casa, para proteger o braço e evitar que as pessoas o batam. Não precisa de dormir com ela.
  • Durante as primeiras três semanas, use-a na maior parte do tempo. A partir daí, vai sendo gradualmente retirada conforme o conforto permitir, e a maioria das pessoas deixa de a usar por volta das seis semanas.
  • Retire-a para tomar banho, para os seus exercícios e para tarefas tranquilas realizadas sentado com o braço apoiado: comer, escrever, ler.
  • Em casa, pode retirá-la se agir com prudência: braço apoiado numa almofada enquanto está sentado, e a mão mantida abaixo da altura do ombro.
  • Não conduza enquanto estiver a usar a manta. A condução só recomeça quando deixar de usar a manta e puder controlar o carro de forma confortável e segura, conforme confirmado na sua consulta de acompanhamento com o Dr. Hirpara.

Os seus primeiros dias após a cirurgia

Se foi utilizado um bloqueio nervoso durante a cirurgia, o braço pode sentir-se adormecido e pesado durante algumas horas após o procedimento; mantenha-o protegido na atela até que a sensibilidade normal seja restabelecida. Algumas dicas práticas para os primeiros dias:

  • Tome os analgésicos antes de realizar os seus exercícios e antes das suas consultas de fisioterapia.
  • Aplique gelo sobre a área para dor e inchaço, durante cerca de 15 a 20 minutos de cada vez, envolto num pano húmido, nunca diretamente sobre a pele ou a ferida.
  • Ao usar a atela, relaxe o ombro e deixe que a atela suporte o peso do seu braço.
  • Atenção à postura: mantenha as orelhas, ombros e ancas alinhados e evite deixar os ombros cair para a frente; uma boa postura protege a posição da fratura e ajuda a prevenir a rigidez.
  • Mantenha os dedos, o pulso, o cotovelo e o pescoço em movimento desde o início.
  • Se tiver quaisquer problemas, contacte a clínica ou informe o seu fisioterapeuta.

Fase I — Proteção (Semanas 0–3)

As primeiras semanas consistem em proteger a fixação enquanto a fratura começa a consolidar. Você estará no suporte (sling), controlando o inchaço com gelo e realizando exercícios suaves que mantêm o restante do braço em movimento: a mão, o punho, o cotovelo e o pescoço, juntamente com exercícios de pêndulo e movimento assistido suave do ombro abaixo da altura do ombro. As regras mais importantes são: não elevar o cotovelo acima da altura do ombro, não levantar ou carregar objetos com o braço operado, não empurrar para cima através do braço e não dirigir enquanto estiver usando o suporte.

Para o seu fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Proteger a fixação, o osso em cicatrização e os tecidos moles
  • Controlar a dor e o inchaço
  • Restaurar a amplitude de movimento passiva do ombro abaixo de 90° de elevação
  • Manter a amplitude de movimento completa do cotovelo, punho, mão e coluna cervical

Conduta

  • Crioterapia e modalidades conforme necessário; analgesia antes dos exercícios e sessões
  • Verificar o ajuste do suporte; educar sobre o uso do suporte (uso protetor, especialmente fora de casa; não é necessário durante a noite, conforme a convenção da prática) e postura
  • Exercícios de pêndulo e deslizes sobre a mesa
  • AMP: rotação externa e interna no plano da escápula até o conforto; flexão / elevação frontal / abdução até um máximo de 90°
  • AMPA: rotação externa com bastão em posição neutra; flexão assistida em decúbito dorsal até 90°
  • AROM: cotovelo, punho, mão e coluna cervical; trabalho de preensão (apertar bola)
  • A partir da semana 2: flexão/extensão resistida do punho e rotação do antebraço; ajuste e retração escapular suaves
  • Cardio: caminhada com o braço no suporte; bicicleta estacionária ou reclinada com o braço no suporte

Precauções

  • Nenhuma elevação ativa do ombro
  • Nenhuma flexão ou abdução do ombro além de 90°, inclusive passivamente
  • Não levantar ou carregar objetos com o braço operado; não apoiar peso através do braço
  • Não dirigir enquanto estiver usando o suporte

Critérios para progressão

  • Flexão/elevação frontal passiva confortável até 90° e rotação externa até aproximadamente 30°
  • Dor controlada abaixo de 4/10 em repouso
  • Amplitude de movimento ativa completa do cotovelo, punho e mão
  • Ferida cicatrizada, sem sinais de complicação

Fase II — Movimento precoce (Semana 3–6)

A fratura está a começar a consolidar, mas ainda não está curada: esta fase recupera o movimento, não a força. A atadura é progressivamente retirada conforme o conforto permitir, a amplitude de movimento passiva e assistida progride em direção à total, e começa a mover o braço com a sua própria força abaixo da altura do ombro, juntamente com exercícios de ativação muscular suave (isométricos). Mantenha qualquer objeto que levante ou transporte com um peso máximo equivalente ao de uma chávena de café, e evite qualquer alongamento vigoroso. Esta fase termina com uma radiografia e uma avaliação com o Dr. Hirpara por volta das seis semanas; essa avaliação, e não apenas o calendário, abre a porta para o fortalecimento e para o movimento acima da altura do ombro.

Para o seu fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Reduzir o uso da atadura (abandonada por volta da semana 6)
  • Progressão da amplitude de movimento passiva em direção à total em todos os planos
  • Estabelecer amplitude de movimento ativa abaixo de 90° com boa mecânica
  • Iniciar trabalho isométrico suave e periescapular

Gestão

  • AMP: progressão em direção à amplitude total em todos os planos, até à tolerância; sem alongamento vigoroso
  • AMAP: flexão em decúbito dorsal com uma barra, progredindo para a posição ereta (progressão tipo cadeirão), deslizes na parede e no trilho, polias
  • AMA: elevação abaixo de 90°, sem dor; flexão em decúbito dorsal a progredir para a posição de pé; rotação externa sentado e em decúbito lateral
  • Trabalho isométrico do manguito rotador em neutro; fortalecimento periescapular leve (retração escapular, remada baixa, remada média); trabalho leve de bíceps e tríceps
  • Monitorizar padrões de compensação (elevação do ombro, substituição escapular)
  • Cardio: caminhada; bicicleta estacionária

Precauções

  • Não levantar ou transportar pesos superiores a cerca de uma chávena de café
  • Não realizar elevação ativa além de 90° até que a consolidação da fratura seja confirmada na avaliação das seis semanas
  • Não realizar alongamentos vigorosos do ombro ou posições que provoquem dor
  • Não apoiar peso através do braço
  • Não conduzir enquanto usa a atadura

Critérios para progressão

  • Amplitude de movimento passiva total, ou quase total
  • Elevação ativa até 90° com compensação mínima e dor inferior a 4/10
  • Consolidação satisfatória da fratura na radiografia, conforme confirmado na avaliação com o Dr. Hirpara

Fase III — Fortalecimento (Semanas 6–12)

Assim que a sua avaliação confirmar que a fratura está a sarar bem, os movimentos acima da altura do ombro começam e a amplitude de movimento ativa completa é progressivamente alcançada nas semanas seguintes. O fortalecimento inicia-se de forma suave: primeiro, trabalho de ativação muscular, depois bandas elásticas e, em seguida, pesos leves para os músculos do manguito rotador e da escápula. A carga de levantamento mantém-se leve (não superior a cerca de 2 kg) até às 12 semanas; o levantamento de cargas pesadas ou acima da cabeça é adiado, e não há prática de desportos de contacto nesta fase. A natação e a bicicleta são tipicamente reintroduzidas durante esta fase, conforme orientação do seu fisioterapeuta.

Para o seu fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Amplitude de movimento ativa completa em todos os planos, com mecânica normal
  • Iniciar e progressar o fortalecimento do manguito rotador e dos músculos periescapulares
  • Retorno às atividades diárias normais

Gestão

  • Progressão da amplitude de movimento ativa (AMA) acima de 90° em todos os planos, minimizando padrões compensatórios
  • Alongamento conforme necessário: dorsal largo, peitoral, cápsula posterior e alongamento "sleeper"
  • Fortalecimento: trabalho isométrico do manguito, progressando para rotação externa/interna resistida com bandas, inicialmente abaixo da altura do ombro; retração escapular e remadas; elevações laterais (scaption), trabalho do serrátil anterior e flexões de parede no final da fase
  • Pesos livres leves, progressão conforme tolerado: carga baixa, repetições mais elevadas
  • Cardio: bicicleta estacionária e caminhada; natação e corrida a partir das 8–10 semanas, se aprovado na avaliação

Precauções

  • Não levantar cargas superiores a cerca de 2 kg até às 12 semanas
  • Evitar levantamento de cargas pesadas acima da cabeça ou afastadas do corpo até às 12 semanas
  • Sem desportos de contacto; sem pliometria ou carga de impacto até ao final da fase (cerca de 10–12 semanas)
  • O fortalecimento mantém-se dentro de uma faixa confortável e não deve provocar dor persistente

Critérios para progressão

  • Amplitude de movimento ativa de pelo menos 90% do lado contralateral
  • Boa ativação do manguito rotador e dos músculos periescapulares, com dor não superior a 3/10 durante o trabalho resistido
  • Consolidação da fratura em progressão na radiografia, conforme confirmado na avaliação com o Dr. Hirpara

Fase IV — Retorno à atividade e ao esporte completos (a partir da semana 12)

A fase final é um retorno gradual a levantamentos de carga mais pesada, trabalho manual e esporte. O trabalho de força progride através de resistências mais pesadas, posições acima da cabeça e, para atletas, exercícios pliométricos, de arremesso e específicos do esporte. Esportes de contato e colisão (futebol, rugby, equitação) exigem consolidação óssea visível na radiografia, conforme confirmado na sua avaliação com o Dr. Hirpara, tipicamente a partir de três a quatro meses, no mínimo, e alguns protocolos adiam o retorno a esportes de colisão até seis meses. Retornar antes da consolidação óssea aumenta o risco de nova fratura, portanto, esta é uma etapa que deve ser respeitada.

Para o seu fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Amplitude de movimento completa e sem dor, mantida
  • Força de pelo menos 90% em relação ao lado não envolvido
  • Retorno gradual ao trabalho manual, atividades recreativas e ao esporte

Conduta

  • Treinamento resistido progressivo, incluindo carga excêntrica, posições acima da cabeça e padrões funcionais, conforme tolerado
  • Estabilização rítmica e trabalho proprioceptivo; programas pliométricos e de arremesso intervalado ou de raquete para atletas de membros superiores acima da cabeça
  • Condicionamento específico para o trabalho para trabalhadores manuais; exercícios específicos do esporte antes da liberação para a prática sem restrições
  • Decisão sobre o retorno ao esporte individualizada (contato versus não contato, demanda do membro superior) e coordenada com o cirurgião

Critérios para progressão

  • Amplitude de movimento ativa completa e sem dor
  • Força de pelo menos 90% em relação ao lado não envolvido na dinamometria, sem dor durante o teste de força
  • Conclusão de um programa de retorno ao esporte graduado, sem dor ou apreensão
  • Consolidação radiográfica confirmada na avaliação com o Dr. Hirpara antes do retorno a esportes de contato ou colisão

Após o seu protocolo

As fases acima são adaptadas de protocolos de reabilitação publicados para a fixação de fratura de clavícula: Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine, Mammoth Orthopedic Institute, a Universidade do Colorado (Dr. Jonathan Bravman) e Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush (Dr. Brian Cole), juntamente com as orientações de fisioterapia do NHS de West Suffolk e United Lincolnshire, e evidências de retorno ao esporte de uma revisão sistemática de fraturas de clavícula em atletas. As faixas semanais são típicas, e não fixas, e a sua progressão é guiada pelo seu fisioterapeuta e condicionada à consolidação da fratura nas suas consultas de acompanhamento com o Dr. Hirpara. Esta página complementa as orientações gerais de recuperação da prática; consulte o manejo da dor pós-operatória e o cuidado com a ferida. Para o procedimento cirúrgico em si, consulte a fixação da clavícula. As evidências por trás deste protocolo (os dados dos ensaios operativos versus não operativos, as taxas de consolidação e de retorno ao esporte, e os protocolos publicados pelos cirurgiões) estão resumidas na seção de evidências, disponível como um PDF no topo desta página.


Evidence & references

Midshaft Clavicle Fracture — Operative vs Non-operative Management & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Plate ORIF)

Topic scope: (A) the decision between non-operative management and plate fixation for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures (the randomised-trial evidence on union, function and return to sport), and (B) post-operative rehabilitation after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the clavicle with a plate and screws. Distal-third and proximal-third fractures, which involve different fixation constructs, are noted only where they bear on the rehab principles.

Defining principle of the surgical rehab here: clavicle ORIF is a protect-the-fixation / protect-the-healing-fracture pathway, NOT an early-aggressive-motion pathway. The plate is a splint, not a substitute for healed bone — it neutralises load while the fracture itself unites over roughly 6–12 weeks and remodels for months afterwards. So the rehab is staged around fracture biology: a sling and below-shoulder-height-only motion early to protect the construct, range of motion progressed as the fracture knits (overhead motion deferred until the ~6-week x-ray), and strengthening / loading / collision sport withheld until radiographic union is confirmed. This is the opposite of a debridement or capsular-release pathway, where motion is the goal from day one and there is no fracture to protect. The single most important gate throughout is the x-ray, not the calendar — every major step up depends on how the fracture is healing.


A. THE OPERATIVE-vs-NON-OPERATIVE DECISION

Most clavicle fractures heal without surgery. The debate concerns completely displaced midshaft fractures (typically ≥100% displacement or ≥~2 cm shortening), where historic "all clavicles heal" teaching was overturned by randomised data.

The landmark trial — Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society (COTS) 2007

The COTS multicentre RCT randomised 132 patients with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures to plate ORIF vs non-operative sling treatment. Plate fixation produced a markedly lower nonunion rate (~2% vs ~23–24% non-operative), fewer symptomatic malunions, faster time to union, and better Constant and DASH scores at one year. This trial is the basis for offering surgery to active patients with completely displaced fractures — it did not establish that all such fractures require surgery. STRONG (RCT). [COTS 2007]

What later evidence tempered

  • Meta-analyses of RCTs confirm operative fixation reduces nonunion and symptomatic malunion but show that much of the early functional advantage converges by 1 year, and comes at the cost of hardware-related reoperation. The decision is therefore shared and patient-specific (activity demands, displacement, comminution, smoking, occupation) rather than automatic. STRONG (SR/MA of RCTs). [Woltz-type meta-analysis; meta-regression, JSES 2020 — DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2020.02.011]
  • A modern cohort comparison of dual mini-fragment plating vs non-operative care (mean 3.4-yr follow-up) found fewer union complications with fixation but similar patient-reported outcomes at final follow-up — echoing the "fixation buys reliable union, not necessarily a better long-term shoulder" theme. MODERATE (cohort). [DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2024.10.018]
  • Heterogeneity between trials (how nonunion and displacement were defined, statistical handling of time-to-union) explains some of the apparent disagreement across studies — a caution against over-reading any single union statistic. MODERATE. [DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2012.03.015; meta-regression DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2020.02.011]

Construct choice (informs the rehab, not the patient's behaviour)

  • Plate vs intramedullary fixation: an RCT comparing locked intramedullary nailing with plating found both achieve union; plates remain the workhorse for comminuted/displaced patterns. MODERATE (RCT). [DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2010.05.002]
  • Plate position: superior plating is biomechanically strong but the plate lies directly under thin skin and is frequently symptomatic; anteroinferior plating lowers symptomatic hardware and removal rates. This is why patients commonly feel and see the plate, and why removal is a later, elective conversation. [Hardware-removal cohort, DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2017.03.011]
  • Fixation reaches union even when delayed: immediate fixation vs delayed reconstruction of displaced midshaft fractures both restore objective strength and patient-oriented outcomes — reassuring that a fracture initially treated non-operatively can still be fixed successfully if it fails to unite. MODERATE (cohort). [DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2007.01.001]

B. POST-OPERATIVE REHABILITATION (plate ORIF)

The operation holds the fracture ends in position with a plate and screws so the bone can heal. Rehab is the same staged, fracture-protective sequence used across published surgeon and NHS protocols. Key facts that shape it:

  • The plate neutralises load but the bone must unite biologically — typically 6–12 weeks to radiographic union, with remodelling for months after. Strengthening and loading that precede union risk implant loosening or re-fracture. Consensus / biomechanical.
  • Bone healing is slower in smokers and in diabetics, and smoking can delay or prevent union — a modifiable risk worth addressing in the post-fracture window. Established.
  • Overhead motion and strengthening are gated on the x-ray, not a fixed date — published protocols restrict elevation to ≤90° until early healing is confirmed (commonly the ~6-week review).

Consensus phased post-op timeline (plate ORIF)

Phase Window Sling ROM Strengthening Notes
I — Protection Week 0–3 Most of the time; off for showers/exercises/seated tasks; not required overnight Passive/AAROM below 90° only — flexion/scaption/abduction capped at 90°, ER/IR in scapular plane to comfort; pendulums, table slides; full elbow/wrist/hand/cervical AROM None at shoulder (grip + wrist only) Protect fixation; settle pain/swelling; no driving while in sling; no lifting/carrying/weight-bearing through the arm
II — Early motion Week 3–6 Weaned as comfort allows; discarded by ~6 wk Progress passive→full all planes (no forceful stretch); active motion below 90°; AAROM lawn-chair/pulley progression Gentle isometrics + light periscapular work only Recover movement, not strength. Lift ≤ a coffee cup. Phase ends with x-ray + review that gates overhead motion + strengthening
III — Strengthening Week 6–12 Off AROM progresses above 90° once union confirmed; full active range built up Cuff + scapular strengthening: isometric → bands → light weights; lift ≤ ~2 kg until 12 wk Swimming/cycling typically return; no contact sport; no overhead/heavy lifting
IV — Return to activity & sport Week 12 + Off Full, pain-free, maintained Progressive heavy/eccentric/overhead loading; sport-specific + plyometric drills Contact/collision sport needs radiographic union — typically ~3–4 months at the earliest, some protocols stage collision as late as 6 months

The structure above matches the topic's patient protocol and is drawn from published surgeon ORIF protocols (Massachusetts General Brigham; Mammoth Orthopedic Institute; University of Colorado / Bravman; Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush / Cole) and NHS physiotherapy guidance (West Suffolk; United Lincolnshire). These protocols broadly agree on the sling ~3 weeks, ROM ≤90° early, overhead and strengthening after the ~6-week review, return to sport gated on union sequence; exact week boundaries vary by surgeon. WEAK / CONSENSUS — no rehab RCT defines the optimal regimen.

Return to sport — the evidence

  • A systematic review of return to sport after clavicle fractures (Robertson & Wood, Br Med Bull 2016, 23 studies) found ~92% return to sport, at a mean of ~96 days (~3 months). MODERATE (SR of heterogeneous cohorts). [Robertson 2016]
  • A more recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported mean return to play ~3.1 months operative vs ~3.9 months non-operative, with similar overall return rates but a higher rate of return to pre-injury level after operative treatment. MODERATE. [RTP SR-MA, JSES Rev 2024]
  • In elite athletes specifically (e.g. NFL series), operative management has been used to achieve predictable, timely return — though selection bias makes these cohorts hard to generalise. WEAK (selected cohorts). [DOI 10.1177/0363546510372795]

The consistent signal: most athletes return by ~3 months, operative slightly faster and more reliably to pre-injury level — but union on x-ray, not the average timeline, governs clearance for collision sport.


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Who actually needs surgery. COTS established that fixation reduces nonunion/malunion in completely displaced midshaft fractures, but the early functional gap narrows by a year and fixation adds hardware reoperations. The modern position is shared decision-making for the active, completely-displaced patient — not routine fixation of all displaced fractures. Strong evidence, nuanced application.
  2. How big is the nonunion benefit, really? Reported nonunion rates vary with how "nonunion" and "displacement" are defined and how time-to-union is analysed; meta-regression shows this heterogeneity drives much of the between-study disagreement. Treat single headline figures with caution. Moderate.
  3. Hardware prominence and removal. Because the clavicle is subcutaneous, plates are often felt and sometimes symptomatic; removal rates depend heavily on plate position (anteroinferior < superior) and design (low-profile/dual). Removal is an elective, post-union decision. Moderate (cohorts).
  4. The rehab protocol itself is consensus. Phase timings come from surgeon patient-guidance documents and NHS leaflets, not a rehab RCT. The ≤90°-until-6-weeks and union-gated-sport principles are widely shared; precise week boundaries are not trial-derived. Weak/consensus.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • STRONG (RCT / SR-MA of RCTs): plate fixation reduces nonunion and symptomatic malunion in displaced midshaft fractures (COTS 2007 RCT; meta-analyses), with early functional benefit that converges by ~1 year; plate vs IM nail both achieve union (RCT).
  • MODERATE (cohorts / SR of cohorts): similar long-term PROs fixation vs non-op despite fewer union complications (dual-plate cohort 2024); return to sport ~92% at ~3 months, operative slightly faster/more reliable to pre-injury level (Robertson 2016 SR; RTP SR-MA 2024); hardware removal rate and its dependence on plate position; delayed fixation still succeeds.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the post-operative rehabilitation protocol itself (surgeon + NHS patient-guidance documents; no defining rehab RCT); elite-athlete operative series (selection bias).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles) — clavicle-specific evidence

  • Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(1):1–10. (also corpus-adjacent reanalysis: DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2012.03.015)
  • Factors explaining heterogeneity in studies comparing surgical and nonsurgical treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures: a meta-regression analysis of RCTs and high-quality observational studies. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.02.011
  • Dual mini-fragment plate fixation of midshaft clavicle fractures demonstrates fewer union complications but similar patient-reported outcomes compared to nonoperative management: a cohort study (mean 3.4-yr follow-up). J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.10.018
  • Locked intramedullary fixation vs plating for displaced and shortened mid-shaft clavicle fractures: a randomized clinical trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2010.05.002
  • Does delay matter? Restoration of objectively measured shoulder strength and patient-oriented outcome after immediate fixation versus delayed reconstruction of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2007.01.001
  • Functional outcome of surgical treatment of symptomatic nonunion and malunion of midshaft clavicle fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2006.12.002
  • Plate fixation of midshaft clavicular fractures: patient-reported outcomes and hardware-related complications. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.09.029
  • What is the hardware removal rate after anteroinferior plating of the clavicle? A retrospective cohort study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.03.011
  • A biomechanical and clinical comparison of midshaft clavicle plate fixation: are 2 screws as good as 3 on each side of the fracture? Orthop J Sports Med. 2017. DOI: 10.1177/2325967117725293
  • Evolving management of middle-third clavicle fractures in the National Football League. Am J Sports Med. 2010. DOI: 10.1177/0363546510372795
  • Effect of different statistical methods on union or time to union in a published study about clavicular fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2012.03.015
  • Treatment of clavicle fractures: current concepts review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.053

Literature (URLs)

  • Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter RCT. JBJS 2007. https://journals.lww.com/jbjsjournal/fulltext/2007/01000/nonoperative_treatment_compared_with_plate.1.aspx
  • Plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a meta-analysis of RCTs. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28632595/
  • Robertson GA, Wood AM. Return to sport following clavicle fractures: a systematic review. Br Med Bull. 2016;119(1):111–128. https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article-abstract/119/1/111/1744610
  • Return to play following clavicular fracture — a systematic review and meta-analysis. JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666639124001500
  • Hardware removal after clavicle plating (rates, plate position): retrospective cohort. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28478898/
  • Have new plate designs reduced hardware removal following midshaft clavicle fixation? J Clin Med. 2025. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/18/6351

Published rehab protocols (patient-guidance — basis for the phase structure)

  • Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine. Rehabilitation Protocol for Clavicle ORIF. https://www.massgeneral.org/assets/MGH/pdf/orthopaedics/sports-medicine/physical-therapy/rehabilitation-protocol-for-clavicle-ORIF.pdf
  • Crall T, Perumal J. Rehabilitation Guidelines for Clavicle Fracture S/P ORIF. Mammoth Orthopedic Institute. 2018. https://www.mammothortho.com/pdf/shoulder-clavicle-fx-orif-protocol.pdf
  • Bravman JT. Clavicle ORIF Rehab Protocol. University of Colorado School of Medicine. https://www.sportsandshoulderdoc.com/pt-protocols/clavicle-orif.pdf
  • Cole BJ. Clavicle Fracture ORIF Rehabilitation Protocol. Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush. https://www.briancolemd.com/wp-content/themes/ypo-theme/pdf/orif-clavicle-fracture-post-op-ver2.pdf
  • West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust. Clavicle ORIF — physiotherapy advice for patients after surgery. 2023. https://www.wsh.nhs.uk/CMS-Documents/Patient-leaflets/Physiotherapy/6857-1-Clavicle-open-reduction-internal-fixation-ORIF-physiotherapy-advice.pdf
  • United Lincolnshire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust. Clavicle Fracture ORIF — physiotherapy advice for patients after surgery. June 2025. https://www.ulh.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Clavicle-fracture.pdf

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