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Lesão do Ligamento Colateral Ulnar (Lesão de Tommy John)

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The medial elbow ligament injury of throwers — how it presents, when rehab is enough, and what Tommy John reconstruction involves.

Um arremessador de beisebol na fase final de cocking do arremesso, com dor destacada no cotovelo interno.
Lesão do ligamento colateral ulnar (Tommy John): o estresse valgo repetitivo durante o arremesso sobrecarrega o ligamento na face interna do cotovelo. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

O que você está sentindo

Se você pratica arremessos com frequência (beisebol, arremesso de dardo ou qualquer esporte que envolva arremessos acima da cabeça com força), pode notar uma dor ou incômodo no lado interno do cotovelo. Frequentemente, ela surge no momento de máximo esforço, logo antes do seu braço se impulsionar para frente para liberar o objeto. Muitos atletas que praticam arremessos descrevem isso como uma dor profunda e persistente logo acima do proeminência óssea no lado interno do cotovelo.

Outro sinal comum é a mudança na sua técnica de arremesso. Você perde um pouco de velocidade, seus arremessos perdem a precisão habitual ou a potência, ou simplesmente não consegue arremessar com tanta força ou distância como antes. Às vezes, a dor se acumula gradualmente ao longo de uma temporada; ocasionalmente, um único arremesso causa uma dor aguda ou um estalo ("pop"), e o cotovelo de repente parece instável ou inútil.

Algumas pessoas também notam formigamento, dormência ou sensação de "alfinetadas" que se irradiam para o dedo anelar e o dedo mínimo. Isso ocorre porque um nervo passa logo atrás do lado interno do cotovelo, e o inchaço ou a instabilidade nessa área podem irritá-lo.

O que está realmente acontecendo

Uma forte faixa de tecido chamada ligamento colateral ulnar (LCU) situa-se no lado interno do seu cotovelo. Sua função é impedir que o cotovelo se abra no lado interno quando uma força o empurra nessa direção, um movimento chamado valgo. Arremessar impõe uma enorme e repetida tensão exatamente sobre esse ligamento. Cada arremesso vigoroso o estica um pouco, e, ao longo de milhares de arremessos, o ligamento pode se desgastar lentamente, afinar e enfraquecer. Com menos frequência, um único arremesso violento o rompe.

Quando o LCU está danificado, ele não consegue mais manter o cotovelo firmemente, de modo que a articulação fica ligeiramente frouxa sob as cargas de arremesso. Essa frouxidão é o que causa a dor, a perda de velocidade e precisão, e, por vezes, os sintomas nervosos. Esta é a mesma lesão famosa como "Tommy John", nomeada em homenagem ao primeiro arremessador de beisebol que teve sua reconstrução cirúrgica e retornou aos arremessos.

Vale saber que esta é, de longe, uma lesão de atletas arremessadores. Para pessoas que não praticam arremessos repetitivos acima da cabeça, um LCU danificado raramente causa problemas na vida cotidiana, porque as atividades comuns não sobrecarregam o ligamento da maneira que o arremesso faz.

O que podemos fazer a respeito

O tratamento adequado depende da gravidade do dano ao ligamento, bem como da necessidade de retorno ao arremesso de alto nível.

O tratamento não cirúrgico é a primeira opção para lesões parciais ou de baixo grau, e para aqueles que não precisam arremessar em competição. Isso implica um período de repouso em relação ao arremesso, seguido de um programa de reabilitação cuidadosamente escalonado que reconstrói a força do antebraço, do ombro e do core, corrige a mecânica do arremesso e reintroduz o arremesso gradualmente por meio de um "programa de arremesso" estruturado. Injeções de substâncias como plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) são às vezes oferecidas para estimular a cicatrização, mas as evidências de sua eficácia ainda são incertas.

A cirurgia é considerada quando o ligamento está completamente rompido, ou quando uma boa reabilitação não permitiu que um arremessador dedicado retornasse ao monte. Existem duas operações principais:

  • Reconstrução do LUI ("cirurgia de Tommy John"). O ligamento danificado é reconstruído utilizando um enxerto tendíneo, geralmente retirado do próprio antebraço ou perna do paciente, que é passado por pequenos túneis ósseos para recriar um novo ligamento forte. Esta é a operação há muito estabelecida e comprovada para arremessadores.
  • Reparo do LUI com tala interna. Em atletas jovens selecionados cujo ligamento se desprendeu limpa e completamente do osso em uma das extremidades (em vez de estar desfiado em toda a sua extensão), o cirurgião pode suturar o ligamento de volta e reforçá-lo com uma fita forte. Isso tende a permitir um retorno mais rápido ao arremesso e é reservado para o tipo adequado de lesão.

Em ambas as operações, o cirurgião também avalia o nervo no cotovelo medial e o protege ou desloca se estiver irritado.

O que esperar

Para a maioria dos lançadores que realizam cirurgia, o prognóstico é genuinamente bom: a grande maioria retorna ao seu nível anterior de lançamento, embora isso exija paciência. A reconstrução (procedimento Tommy John) geralmente implica uma recuperação em etapas ao longo de aproximadamente um ano ou mais antes do retorno aos lançamentos competitivos, enquanto uma reparação com brace interno, em pacientes adequados, pode ser mais rápida. De qualquer forma, o retorno é impulsionado por um programa de reabilitação longo e estruturado, e não apenas pela operação; o retorno apressado é a principal causa de recidivas.

A recuperação não é universalmente garantida: um pequeno número de atletas não retorna ao mesmo nível, e os sintomas nervosos ou o enxerto às vezes exigem acompanhamento contínuo. No entanto, com um diagnóstico claro, a escolha adequada do tratamento e uma reabilitação comprometida, os resultados para esta lesão estão entre os mais satisfatórios na cirurgia esportiva.

Quando procurar ajuda médica

  • Dor no cotovelo interno ao arremessar, especialmente se persistir ou piorar ao longo da temporada.
  • Queda na velocidade, precisão ou resistência do arremesso que não melhora com o repouso.
  • Um "estalo" súbito ou dor aguda no cotovelo interno durante o arremesso, seguido de sensação de fraqueza ou instabilidade no braço.
  • Formigamento, dormência ou fraqueza nos dedos anelar e mínimo.
  • Dor no cotovelo interno em jovens arremessadores em crescimento: a placa de crescimento de uma criança pode ser lesionada pelo mesmo estresse do arremesso e necessita de avaliação imediata.

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