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Substituição da Articulação da Base do Polegar (Touch)

Um plano de recuperação em etapas após a substituição articular total de dupla mobilidade na base do polegar artrósica (o implante Touch), protegendo a nova articulação com uma tala para o polegar inicialmente, depois restaurando a oposição e o movimento, e, por fim, fortalecendo a força de pinça e de preensão.

Uma ilustração desenhada à mão da articulação da base do polegar substituída por um implante de dupla mobilidade de pequeno porte.
Substituição da articulação da base do polegar — um implante de dupla mobilidade recobre a articulação trapezometacarpiana desgastada. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

Este protocolo orienta a sua recuperação após uma artroplastia da base do polegar (uma artroplastia total de dupla mobilidade, implante Touch) para a artrose da base do polegar, com o Dr. Kieran Hirpara no Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Inicia-se com o seu programa de exercícios em casa, seguido pelo protocolo clínico estruturado, redigido para o seu fisioterapeuta da mão; traga esta página ou o seu PDF para a sua primeira sessão de terapia, de modo a que a sua reabilitação seja coordenada. O seu fisioterapeuta da mão pode ajustar o plano, consoante a evolução da sua recuperação. Toda a sua recuperação é orientada através de terapia da mão formal.

Se tiver alguma preocupação sobre a sua ferida após a cirurgia, entre em contacto com a clínica. É frequentemente útil tirar uma fotografia da ferida e enviá-la por e-mail para avaliação.

O que esperar

A articulação na base do seu polegar (a articulação trapeziometacarpiana, ou articulação CMC) é onde o polegar encontra o pulso, sendo um local muito comum de artrite. Nesta operação, as superfícies articulares desgastadas são removidas e substituídas por uma pequena articulação artificial: um implante de dupla mobilidade, uma pequena articulação esferoide com uma superfície móvel adicional que a torna estável e suave. O osso trapezoide é mantido e o comprimento do seu polegar é preservado, pelo que a recuperação é geralmente mais rápida do que na trapeziectomia (a operação mais antiga, que remove um osso e depende da formação de tecido cicatricial ao longo de vários meses).

Um implante bem posicionado é estável e capaz de partilhar a carga imediatamente, pelo que o polegar apenas precisa de ser protegido durante um curto período, em vez de ser imobilizado durante semanas. O plano consiste em estabilizar os tecidos moles, depois recuperar rapidamente a capacidade do polegar de oposição (tocar nos dedos) e movimento, e posteriormente desenvolver a força.

A recuperação decorre em três fases:

  • Primeiro, proteger (cerca das primeiras 2–3 semanas). Uma compressa macia e volumosa durante a primeira semana ou mais, seguida de uma tala para o polegar para repousar a nova articulação enquanto a ferida e os tecidos moles se estabilizam. Mantém os dedos, o pulso e o resto da mão em movimento.
  • Depois, mover (das 2–3 às 6 semanas). Fora da tala diurna, inicia movimentos ativos suaves (oposição, levantamento do polegar, abertura do espaço interdigital e movimentos circulares) e utiliza a mão para tarefas diárias leves.
  • Depois, fortalecer (a partir das 6 semanas). Uma vez que o implante se tenha integrado no osso, inicia-se o fortalecimento da pinça e da preensão, que é progressivo. A força continua a melhorar ao longo dos 6 a 12 meses seguintes.

O único aspeto a respeitar nas fases iniciais é que a nova articulação pode luxar se for forçada a uma posição extrema antes que os tecidos à sua volta tenham cicatrizado. Isto é incomum, e o plano inicial consiste simplesmente em não forçar o polegar enquanto este se estabiliza.

Precauções e limitações

  • Use a tala para o polegar conforme orientado (uma tala diurna durante as primeiras 2–3 semanas, seguida de uma tala noturna até 6 semanas) e mantenha a tala para proteção até que seu terapeuta da mão avance no tratamento.
  • NÃO force o polegar para posições extremas e evite pegadas súbitas ou inadequadas nas primeiras semanas; a nova articulação pode luxar se for forçada além do limite antes de se estabilizar. Movimente-se apenas dentro do conforto.
  • NÃO realize qualquer tipo de pinça forte, preensão, torção (abrir potes, usar chaves, torneiras) ou levantamento de peso até aproximadamente 6 semanas; o fortalecimento só começa quando seu terapeuta da mão iniciar o programa.
  • Mantenha os dedos, o punho e o restante da mão em movimento desde o início e eleve a mão precocemente para reduzir o inchaço.
  • NÃO dirija enquanto estiver usando a tala diurna ou enquanto não conseguir segurar o volante de forma confortável e sem dor.

Para o manejo de feridas, inchaço e cicatrizes, consulte as orientações da clínica sobre cuidados com feridas.

Os seus exercícios

Estes são os exercícios do seu folheto informativo. Inicie-os apenas conforme orientado pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão, respeitando sempre a amplitude e os limites que lhe foram indicados. Os exercícios iniciais (oposição, levantamento do polegar, movimento lateral, alongamento do espaço interdigital e círculos suaves) restauram o movimento do polegar sem sobrecarregar a nova articulação, e devem ser iniciados assim que deixar de usar a talabarte diurna. O putty e a pinça de chave são exercícios de fortalecimento tardios e não devem ser iniciados antes de cerca de seis semanas, altura em que o seu terapeuta da mão os introduz. Mantenha todos os movimentos suaves e sem esforço nas primeiras semanas, e interrompa qualquer atividade que cause dor aguda na base do polegar.

Seu protocolo clínico

O restante desta página é o protocolo clínico por fases para reabilitação após uma artroplastia total da articulação trapeziometacarpiana (Touch) com dupla mobilidade. Esta seção deve ser fornecida ao seu terapeuta da mão, e cada fase inicia-se com uma explicação em linguagem simples do que está ocorrendo. Diferente de uma trapeziectomia, o implante é imediatamente estável e compartilhador de carga, portanto, a imobilização é mínima e a oposição ativa é restaurada precocemente; o risco precoce específico do implante é luxação se forçado a um arco de movimento extremo, portanto, nas primeiras semanas protege-se contra posições forçadas/de arco final enquanto se restaura o movimento, progredindo então para fortalecimento com carga após a osseointegração.

Antes do tratamento, verifique o relatório cirúrgico do paciente e o histórico médico, e entre em contato com o cirurgião assistente quanto ao assentamento/estabilidade do implante e quaisquer preocupações intraoperatórias. O regime do Dr. Hirpara consiste em um curativo macio volumoso por 7–10 dias, seguido de tala dia de gesso para polegar (thumb spica) por 2–3 semanas, seguida de tala noturna continuando até 6 semanas (punho em neutro, polegar em abdução palmar média, IP livre). O trapezoide é preservado e o comprimento do polegar é mantido.

Fase I — proteger (semana 0 a ~2–3)

As primeiras semanas servem para estabilizar os tecidos moles e proteger a nova articulação. O polegar permanece imobilizado com uma bandagem volumosa e macia, seguida de uma tala dia para polegar em espica, enquanto os dedos, o punho e o restante da mão mantêm-se em movimento. Não realizar trabalho resistido do polegar, nem posições forçadas ou extremas do polegar (a luxação precoce é o risco específico do implante).

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Educação e precauções - Imobilizar a base do polegar: bandagem volumosa e macia durante 7–10 dias → tala dia para polegar em espica durante ~2–3 semanas (punho em posição neutra, polegar em abdução palmar média, articulação IP livre) - Evitar posições forçadas/extremas do polegar e preensões súbitas: a luxação é o risco específico do implante na fase inicial - Sem trabalho resistido do polegar (sem pinça, preensão, torção ou levantamento de cargas) - Manter o implante sem carga; utilizar a mão apenas em atividades leves sem carga

Conduta - Ferida: curativos cirúrgicos conforme orientação; monitorizar infeção - Edema: elevação, bombeamento suave da mão, gelo conforme necessário - Exercícios: amplitude de movimento ativa da articulação IP do polegar, dos dedos e do punho; manter a mobilidade da mão completa; sem trabalho ativo de CMC/oposição ainda, sem carga

Critérios para progressão - Ferida em estabilização; confortável; sair da tala dia por volta das 2–3 semanas para movimento ativo

Fase II — movimento ativo com talas noturnas (semana ~2–3 a 6)

A partir de aproximadamente duas a três semanas, a tala diurna é removida e inicia-se o movimento ativo suave do polegar: oposição (progressão de Kapandji), abdução palmar e radial, circundução suave e mobilização do espaço interdigital. A tala noturna é mantida até as seis semanas. O uso leve nas atividades diárias é incentivado; a preensão forte e a pinça ainda estão contraindicadas.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Avaliações - Oposição ativa do polegar (escore de Kapandji), abdução palmar/radial, largura do espaço interdigital; dor e edema; revisão da ferida/cicatriz

Educação e precauções - Fora da tala diurna; continuar a TALAS NOTURNA até 6 semanas - Apenas movimento ativo do polegar sem resistência: sem preensão forte ou pinça antes de 6 semanas - Manter o movimento dentro do conforto; evitar forçar o final do arco de movimento

Conduta - Exercícios: oposição ativa sem resistência (progressão de Kapandji), abdução palmar e radial, circundução suave, mobilização do espaço interdigital; uso funcional leve da mão nas atividades diárias; iniciar massagem cicatricial após a cicatrização da ferida

Critérios para progressão - Oposição ativa restaurada adequadamente; ferida cicatrizada; movimento ativo sem resistência sem dor por volta das 6 semanas

Fase III — carga e fortalecimento (a partir da 6ª semana)

A partir de aproximadamente seis semanas, o implante está osseointegrado e pode ser submetido à carga. O fortalecimento da pinça e da preensão começa (pinça com massa de modelar, pinça de chave e pinça de ponta, fortalecimento da oposição) e é progressivo. A força continua a amadurecer ao longo dos seguintes 6 a 12 meses.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Avaliações - Força de pinça de chave/ponta e de preensão em comparação com o lado contralateral; oposição; resposta à dor/inchaço à carga; testes funcionais e específicos para o trabalho, conforme apropriado

Educação e precauções - Iniciar fortalecimento progressivo da pinça e da preensão a partir das 6 semanas; aumentar a carga gradualmente - Esperar que a força amadureça ao longo de 6–12 meses; aconselhar paciência com cargas mais pesadas

Conduta - Exercícios: pinça com massa de modelar, pinça de chave/ponta, fortalecimento da oposição, resistência progressiva; fortalecimento da preensão; continuar qualquer mobilidade residual e trabalho de cicatriz - Considerar a alta quando a força for funcional e um retorno adequado da função for alcançado - Considerar encaminhamento de volta ao médico assistente se a recuperação estagnar ou houver um resultado insatisfatório

Critérios para alta - Pinça e preensão funcionais, quase simétricas; uso diário e específico para o trabalho sem dor

Retornar ao trabalho e às atividades

O uso leve das mãos nas atividades diárias (comer, escrever, cuidados pessoais leves) é incentivado dentro dos limites de conforto desde o início, desde que não envolva forçar o polegar ou realizar pinça e preensão fortes. Como você não deve dirigir enquanto usa a tala diurna ou enquanto não conseguir segurar o volante com conforto, planeje ajuda com o transporte nas primeiras duas semanas. A condução geralmente é retomada quando você sai da tala diurna e consegue segurar o volante sem dor, comumente entre duas e quatro semanas, conforme confirmado pelo Dr. Hirpara.

O trabalho de escritório e atividades leves geralmente são possíveis dentro de duas a quatro semanas; o trabalho manual e mais pesado só pode ser retomado por volta das seis semanas, com progressão gradual, pois a carga de pinça e preensão fortes só começa após seis semanas. A força continua a melhorar por 6 a 12 meses, portanto, as tarefas mais pesadas e exigentes são retomadas de forma progressiva, e não de uma só vez, com base na resposta do seu polegar, sob orientação do Dr. Hirpara e do seu terapeuta da mão, e não apenas com base no calendário.

Após o seu protocolo

Este protocolo complementa as orientações gerais de recuperação da clínica; consulte o manejo da dor pós-operatória, o cuidado com a ferida e o manejo da cicatriz. O plano em fases acima reflete as orientações publicadas de reabilitação após a artroplastia da base do polegar com dupla mobilidade, e sua recuperação contínua é orientada individualmente pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão de acordo com a evolução do seu polegar.


Evidence & references

Thumb Base Joint Replacement (Touch) — Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Dual-mobility TMC/CMC Total Joint Arthroplasty)

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after a dual-mobility total joint replacement of the trapeziometacarpal (thumb base / CMC) joint for advanced thumb base osteoarthritis — the Touch implant. Unlike trapeziectomy, the trapezium is retained and thumb length preserved, and a correctly seated dual-mobility implant is immediately stable and load-sharing. The rehab is therefore a minimal-immobilisation, early-motion pathway: protect briefly against the implant-specific early dislocation risk, restore opposition within the first month, then load.

Defining principle of the rehab here: a trapeziectomy relies on a scar/haematoma "spacer" forming where the bone was removed, which takes roughly 12 months to mature — so rehab is slow by necessity. A dual-mobility thumb base replacement instead provides an immediately stable, load-sharing artificial joint, so immobilisation can be minimal, opposition is restored within the first month, and recovery is faster than trapeziectomy. The dual-mobility cup specifically reduces the early dislocation risk that drove longer immobilisation with older single-mobility implants. The one deliberate early restraint is therefore avoidance of forced/extreme thumb positions (the implant-specific dislocation risk) for the first few weeks, after which loaded pinch/grip strengthening begins. This is a newer implant: the evidence base is short-to-mid-term and low-to-moderate level, and rehab regimens are under-reported and not standardised.


A. PROCEDURE OUTCOMES (dual-mobility Touch TMC arthroplasty)

Dual-mobility total joint replacement of the thumb base is a comparatively new alternative to trapeziectomy for advanced trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis. Early- to mid-term series report high implant survival and good restoration of pinch and function, with the principal trade-off being a higher complication/revision profile than the well-established trapeziectomy — though the dual-mobility design improves on the dislocation rate of earlier single-mobility implants.

  • High short-to-mid-term implant survival and good function. A Touch-specific series reported 96% implant survival at 2 years with high key-pinch strength; the main adverse events were soft-tissue complications (de Quervain-type tenosynovitis, trigger digit) rather than implant failure [Herren 2023]. A 150-patient dual-mobility cohort similarly reports early normalisation of function. Moderate (case series / retrospective cohort).
  • Faster recovery than trapeziectomy because the joint is immediately stable. Because the implant is load-sharing from the outset, the thumb is only briefly immobilised, patients return to near-normal activity early, and formal therapy may not always be required — contrasting with the ~12-month maturation of a trapeziectomy spacer [Duerinckx & Verstreken 2022]. Moderate (narrative review / cohort).
  • Opposition and pinch/grip recover well. Using the MOOVIS dual-mobility implant, the Kapandji opposition score improved from 7 to 10 with improved pinch and grip [Dreant 2018]. Moderate (cohort).
  • The dual-mobility design reduces dislocation. The extra articulation lowers the early dislocation risk that limited older single-mobility prostheses, supporting earlier mobilisation [Tchurukdichian 2019; Martins 2020]. Moderate (cohort / mechanistic).
  • Lower reoperation than ball-and-socket designs; persistent revision risk overall. A network meta-analysis found dual-mobility implants had lower reoperation than ball-and-socket designs, with TOUCH reoperation around 1.0% [Burnett 2026 NMA]. Reported outcomes continue to evolve in ongoing reviews [Tosti & Duerinckx 2026]. Moderate (NMA of mostly observational data).
  • Registry-level work-absence benchmark. Swedish registry data give a sense of real-world recovery: sick leave of roughly 94 days for men and 109 days for women — a benchmark to set realistic return-to-work expectations rather than a target. Moderate (registry).

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

The central rehab questions are (1) how long to immobilise, and (2) when to start motion and loading. Because the implant is immediately stable, the modern answer is minimal immobilisation with early active opposition — but the literature is explicit that there is no consensus and wide variation between centres, and that rehab protocols are under-reported.

  • Minimal immobilisation is justified by immediate stability. A correctly seated dual-mobility implant is stable and load-sharing, so prolonged casting is unnecessary; the thumb is briefly protected, then mobilised early, with opposition typically back within the first month [Duerinckx & Verstreken 2022]. Moderate (review).
  • No standardised regimen — wide variation in immobilisation and motion timing. A dedicated review of immobilisation and rehabilitation after thumb-base arthroplasty found reported immobilisation ranging from 2 to 12 weeks and active range-of-motion commencing anywhere from 1 to 6 weeks, with no consensus across studies [Barrett 2022]. This is the key caveat for any protocol: the timings are a defensible, surgeon-confirmed plan, not a trial-derived standard. Moderate (systematic review of heterogeneous protocols).
  • Early opposition recovery is achievable and is the functional priority. Improvement of the Kapandji opposition score (7→10) demonstrates that active opposition is the early rehab target and is realistically attainable in the first weeks-to-months [Dreant 2018]. Moderate (cohort).
  • The early restraint is dislocation avoidance, not protected healing. The dual-mobility design reduces but does not abolish early dislocation; the practical implication is to avoid forced/extreme thumb positions in the first weeks rather than to immobilise for prolonged periods [Tchurukdichian 2019; Martins 2020]. Moderate / mechanistic.

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Restraint Hand use / therapy focus Strength / load Notes
I — Protect Week 0 to ~2–3 Soft bulky dressing 7–10 d → thumb spica DAY splint Keep IP/MCP/digits/wrist moving; oedema control; avoid forced/extreme thumb positions No resisted thumb work Early dislocation is the implant-specific risk; minimal immobilisation because the implant is immediately stable
II — Active motion Week ~2–3 to 6 NIGHT splint to 6 wk Out of day splint; active unresisted opposition (Kapandji), palmar + radial abduction, gentle circumduction, web-space work; light everyday use; scar massage once healed Still no heavy grip/pinch Opposition typically restored within the first month; faster than trapeziectomy
III — Load / strengthen Week 6+ Restrictions lifted Progress pinch/grip-specific loading and task use Pinch + grip strengthening from 6 wk (putty, key/tip pinch); full weight-bearing ~6 wk Strength matures over 6–12 months; return to heavy/manual work staged across this window

(Phase windows reflect KH-confirmed parameters and are consistent with the wide ranges reported in the literature; they are typical guides, not trial-derived deadlines — see Barrett 2022.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Replacement vs trapeziectomy. Dual-mobility replacement restores the joint and gives a faster functional return (immediate stability, opposition back within a month) versus the ~12-month maturation of a trapeziectomy spacer, but at the cost of a higher complication and revision rate and a shorter evidence track record. Trapeziectomy remains the well-established, lower-risk benchmark. Moderate; trade-off, not a clear winner.
  2. How long to immobilise / when to start motion. No consensus — reported immobilisation spans 2–12 weeks and AROM start 1–6 weeks [Barrett 2022]. This page's day-splint-2–3-weeks → night-splint-to-6-weeks → strengthen-from-6-weeks plan is a defensible, surgeon-confirmed regimen within that reported range, not a proven standard. Weak–moderate.
  3. Dislocation risk. The dual-mobility cup reduces the early dislocation that limited older single-mobility implants, but the risk is not zero in the first weeks — hence the early forced/extreme-position restraint [Tchurukdichian 2019; Martins 2020]. Moderate / mechanistic.
  4. Complication profile. Soft-tissue complications (de Quervain-type tenosynovitis, trigger digit) are the commonest early issues rather than implant failure [Herren 2023]; reoperation is low for dual-mobility (TOUCH ~1.0%) and lower than ball-and-socket designs [Burnett 2026 NMA]. Moderate.
  5. Maturity of the evidence. This is a newer implant: outcomes are short-to-mid-term, evidence is low-to-moderate level (case series, retrospective cohorts, registry and NMA of mostly observational data), and rehabilitation is under-reported and not standardised. Tone should be appropriately cautious. Evidence base still maturing.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • MODERATE (cohort / registry / NMA of observational data): high short-to-mid-term implant survival (96% at 2 yr, Touch) with good key-pinch; Kapandji opposition 7→10; dual-mobility lower reoperation than ball-and-socket (TOUCH ~1.0%); registry sick-leave benchmark (~94 d men / 109 d women); faster functional return than trapeziectomy.
  • MODERATE (systematic review of heterogeneous protocols): no consensus on rehab — immobilisation 2–12 weeks, AROM start 1–6 weeks (Barrett 2022).
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the specific immobilisation-then-early-opposition-then-strengthen phase timings (surgeon-confirmed, within the reported range; not trial-derived); the dislocation-avoidance rationale (mechanistic).
  • CAVEAT: newer implant — short-to-mid-term, low-to-moderate-level evidence; higher complication/revision rates than trapeziectomy persist; rehab under-reported.

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Duerinckx J, Verstreken F. Dual mobility prosthesis for trapeziometacarpal joint arthritis. EFORT Open Rev. 2022. DOI: 10.1530/eor-22-0027
  • Herren DB, et al. Trapeziometacarpal joint replacement with the Touch prosthesis: two-year results. J Hand Surg (Eur Vol). 2023. DOI: 10.1177/17531934231179581
  • Dreant N, et al. Trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty with the dual-mobility MOOVIS prosthesis. Hand (NY). 2018. DOI: 10.1177/1558944718797341
  • Tchurukdichian A, et al. Dual-mobility implant reduces the dislocation risk in trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty. Hand (NY). 2019. DOI: 10.1177/1558944719855690
  • Martins A, et al. Dual-mobility trapeziometacarpal prosthesis. J Hand Surg (Eur Vol). 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1753193420901435
  • Barrett H, et al. Immobilization and rehabilitation after trapeziometacarpal joint arthroplasty: a review. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.05.011
  • Tosti R, Duerinckx J. Trapeziometacarpal total joint arthroplasty: current concepts. J Hand Surg Am. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.01.003
  • Burnett K, et al. Implant designs for trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty: a network meta-analysis of reoperation. J Hand Surg Am. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.12.011

Thumb base arthroplasty literature (URLs)

  • Herren DB, et al. TOUCH trapeziometacarpal prosthesis — two-year results. PMC. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12098211/
  • Dual-mobility trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty — 150-patient cohort. PMC. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12662895/
  • TOUCH prosthesis case series. PMC. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8470025/
  • KeriMedical — TOUCH thumb base prosthesis patient information. https://www.kerimedical.com/en/patients/

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g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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