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Síndrome do Túnel Radial

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Radial tunnel syndrome — causes forearm pain, weakness straightening fingers, and is distinct from tennis elbow.

Updated Jun 2026
Ilustração de uma pessoa segurando o antebraço superior externo com dor.
A síndrome do túnel radial causa dor surda no antebraço superior lateral, logo abaixo do cotovelo. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

O que você está sentindo

Você provavelmente está experimentando dor na parte externa do seu braço e antebraço. Esse desconforto resulta da compressão de um nervo chamado nervo interósseo posterior. Pense neste nervo como um cabo que percorre a parte posterior do seu braço. Quando ele é comprimido no túnel radial, ele envia sinais que se sentem como uma dor profunda ou sensibilidade.

A dor frequentemente piora quando você usa o braço. Você pode notar que ela se intensifica após atividades que envolvem girar o antebraço ou segurar objetos. Por exemplo, virar uma maçaneta, usar uma chave de fenda ou levantar uma sacola de compras pesada pode desencadear a sensação. O desconforto também pode ser mais perceptível quando você acorda pela manhã.

As tarefas diárias podem se tornar difíceis. Alcançar atrás das costas para fechar um sutiã ou guardar a camisa dentro da calça pode causar dor aguda. Você pode achar difícil dormir do lado do seu braço afetado porque a pressão agrava o nervo. Embora a fraqueza muscular seja menos comum, algumas pessoas percebem que sua mão fica mais fraca ou menos coordenada com o tempo.

É importante saber que esta condição é rara. Não há um único teste que prove definitivamente que você tem síndrome do túnel radial. Os médicos frequentemente diagnosticam com base nos seus sintomas e no exame físico. Alguns pacientes apresentam alterações na ressonância magnética, como inchaço nos músculos controlados por este nervo. No entanto, essas alterações nem sempre estão presentes.

O tratamento geralmente começa com opções não cirúrgicas. Repouso, modificação das atividades e fisioterapia são as primeiras etapas que seu cirurgião provavelmente recomendará. Se essas medidas não ajudarem após um período de tempo, a descompressão cirúrgica pode ser considerada. Este procedimento envolve liberar as áreas apertadas ao redor do nervo para aliviar a pressão.

Sua experiência pode variar. Algumas pessoas encontram alívio com o tratamento conservador, enquanto outras precisam de cirurgia. O objetivo é reduzir a dor e restaurar a função para que você possa retornar às suas atividades normais. Mantenha um registro do que melhora ou piora sua dor. Essas informações ajudam seu cirurgião a elaborar um plano que funcione para você.

O que está realmente acontecendo

A síndrome do túnel radial é uma neuropatia por compressão do nervo radial. Isso significa que o nervo radial está sendo comprimido ou pinçado enquanto percorre o seu antebraço. O nervo radial é um grande feixe de tecido que envia sinais do seu cérebro para os músculos e a pele do braço. Quando esse feixe é comprimido, não consegue transmitir mensagens adequadamente.

O nervo radial passa por um túnel estreito e fibroso no seu antebraço. Imagine este túnel como uma manga apertada ou um tubo estreito. Em alguns casos, estruturas ao redor deste túnel pressionam o nervo. Essa pressão irrita o nervo e causa dor, fraqueza ou formigamento no braço e na mão. A causa exata dessa compressão pode variar de pessoa para pessoa.

A maioria das informações sobre essa condição provém de estudos pequenos ou relatos individuais de casos. Por ser uma condição incomum, não há um grande volume de evidências de alto nível para orientar cada decisão. É por isso que o seu cirurgião pode depender da sua experiência clínica e dos seus sintomas específicos para determinar o melhor caminho a seguir.

O manejo não cirúrgico é o tratamento de primeira linha para a síndrome do túnel radial. Isso geralmente envolve repouso, modificação das atividades e, possivelmente, fisioterapia para reduzir a pressão sobre o nervo. Muitas pessoas encontram alívio com essas medidas conservadoras.

Se os tratamentos não cirúrgicos não ajudarem, a descompressão cirúrgica é uma opção viável para casos refratários. Este procedimento envolve a liberação das estruturas apertadas ao redor do nervo para dar mais espaço a ele. Geralmente é considerada quando os sintomas persistem apesar de outros tratamentos. Há controvérsia em andamento quanto ao diagnóstico e aos desfechos da síndrome do túnel radial, razão pela qual um entendimento claro da sua situação específica é importante.

O que podemos fazer a respeito

Seu cirurgião provavelmente começará com o manejo não operatório como tratamento de primeira linha para a síndrome do túnel radial. Essa abordagem foca no repouso e na evitação da flexão do cotovelo para reduzir a pressão sobre o nervo. A maioria dos casos de compressão nervosa no cotovelo melhora com esse tratamento conservador. Você deve dar tempo suficiente para que essa abordagem não cirúrgica prolongada surta efeito, pois ela é indicada na maioria dos casos.

Se o repouso sozinho não proporcionar alívio, seu cirurgião pode recomendar exercícios ou terapias específicas. Embora as evidências destaquem o repouso e a evitação do movimento, a fisioterapia frequentemente visa restaurar a função normal sem agravar a compressão. O objetivo é permitir que o nervo irritado se acalme. Muitos pacientes percebem que mudanças simples nas atividades diárias e movimentos suaves são suficientes para gerenciar os sintomas eficazmente.

O manejo médico pode ajudar a controlar a dor enquanto você se recupera. Seu cirurgião pode sugerir medicamentos anti-inflamatórios para reduzir o inchaço ao redor do nervo. Em alguns casos, injeções podem ser consideradas para proporcionar alívio direcionado. Esses tratamentos visam acalmar a inflamação e aliviar o desconforto. O efeito dessas intervenções varia, mas são comumente usadas para preencher a lacuna até que o nervo cicatrize naturalmente.

A cirurgia é considerada apenas se a síndrome do túnel radial for refratária ao manejo não cirúrgico. Ela permanece como uma opção viável para casos que não melhoram com o tratamento conservador. Seu cirurgião avaliará se a descompressão cirúrgica é necessária. Este procedimento envolve liberar a pressão sobre o nervo para restaurar a função normal. É tipicamente reservado para casos de neuropatia por compressão do nervo radial proximal que são resistentes a outros tratamentos.

Se a cirurgia for necessária, seu cirurgião discutirá a melhor abordagem para sua situação específica. O procedimento visa descomprimir o nervo dissecando o túnel fibroso ao longo de todo o seu comprimento. Isso ajuda a aliviar a compressão que causa sua dor. A recuperação após a cirurgia varia, mas a maioria dos pacientes experimenta melhora significativa em seus sintomas. Seu cirurgião o guiará pelos cuidados pós-operatórios para garantir uma recuperação tranquila.

É importante notar que a síndrome do túnel radial é uma síndrome dolorosa causada pela compressão do nervo interósseo posterior no antebraço proximal. O diagnóstico depende fortemente da avaliação clínica, pois os exames de imagem nem sempre mostram sinais claros. A ressonância magnética pode ser útil na identificação de alterações musculares associadas à condição. No entanto, seu cirurgião dependerá principalmente dos seus sintomas e do exame físico para tomar decisões de tratamento.

A maioria dos casos de compressão nervosa melhora com o tratamento não cirúrgico ou cirúrgico. Seu cirurgião adaptará o plano às suas necessidades, começando com as opções menos invasivas. A comunicação aberta com sua equipe de cuidados é fundamental para gerenciar sua recuperação. Ao seguir os passos recomendados, você pode abordar a causa raiz da sua dor e retornar às suas atividades normais.

O que esperar

A síndrome do túnel radial é uma compressão do nervo radial no antebraço. Esta condição é rara. Por ser incomum, a maioria das informações médicas provém de estudos pequenos, em vez de ensaios clínicos amplos. Existe um debate contínuo entre especialistas sobre como diagnosticar esta condição e sobre a eficácia dos tratamentos. Isto significa que não existe um padrão único e aceite para o diagnóstico.

O tratamento não cirúrgico é a primeira linha de tratamento para a maioria das pessoas. Muitos pacientes obtêm alívio sem cirurgia. Se os seus sintomas não melhorarem com o tratamento conservador, a descompressão cirúrgica é uma opção viável. Isto é especialmente verdadeiro se tiver uma compressão do nervo radial de alto nível que resista a outros tratamentos. O seu cirurgião provavelmente terá de examinar cuidadosamente todo o comprimento do túnel fibroso em torno do nervo para aliviar a pressão.

Os resultados podem variar. Alguns pacientes recuperam bem, enquanto outros podem continuar a ter sintomas. Como o diagnóstico é complexo, os resultados nem sempre são previsíveis. Se for necessária cirurgia, é importante escolher um cirurgião experiente. Os maus resultados podem, por vezes, ser evitados com uma atenção cuidadosa durante o procedimento.

Se não for tratado, os sintomas podem persistir. No entanto, muitos casos resolvem-se com o tempo e com cuidados não cirúrgicos. Se necessitar de cirurgia, a recuperação é um processo. Deve esperar uma melhoria gradual ao longo de semanas a meses. Não espere alívio imediato. O objetivo é reduzir a dor e restaurar a função.

É honesto dizer que nem todos os casos se resolvem completamente. Alguns pacientes podem permanecer insatisfeitos com o resultado. Se os sintomas retornarem ou persistirem após a cirurgia primária, pode ser considerada uma cirurgia de revisão. No entanto, os resultados da cirurgia de revisão são menos previsíveis e, frequentemente, menos satisfatórios do que a primeira operação. O risco de necessitar de uma segunda cirurgia é geralmente baixo para a maioria dos pacientes, mas pode ser maior para aqueles com menos de 50 anos ou para aqueles com certas condições de saúde, como doença renal crónica.

O seu prognóstico depende da forma como o seu corpo responde ao tratamento. Tenha paciência com o processo. Comunique abertamente com o seu cirurgião sobre o seu progresso. Expectativas realistas ajudam-no a lidar com esta condição com confiança.

Quando procurar ajuda

A síndrome do túnel radial é uma condição dolorosa rara causada por compressão nervosa no antebraço. Como não existe um teste padrão para confirmar este diagnóstico, a avaliação profissional é importante. Consulte o seu médico de família se tiver dor persistente que não melhora com o repouso. Solicite uma avaliação especializada se notar fraqueza, instabilidade ou se os sintomas interferirem no seu sono ou no trabalho. A piora súbita dos sintomas também exige atenção imediata. Embora alterações musculares possam ser visualizadas numa ressonância magnética, apenas um clínico pode determinar o melhor caminho a seguir. Uma avaliação precoce ajuda a evitar procedimentos desnecessários e garante que receba o cuidado adequado para esta condição nervosa pouco comum.

Reviewed by Dr Kieran Hirpara · 10 June 2026.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

Overview

  • Radial tunnel syndrome is a compression neuropathy of the radial nerve [2].
  • Most publications regarding uncommon upper extremity compression syndromes, including radial tunnel syndrome, are small retrospective series or case reports [2].
  • Treatment decisions for uncommon upper extremity compression syndromes are not typically based on high levels of evidence [2].
  • Nonsurgical management is the first-line treatment for radial tunnel syndrome [1].
  • Surgical decompression is a viable option for refractory cases of radial tunnel syndrome [1].
  • There is ongoing controversy regarding the diagnosis and outcomes of radial tunnel syndrome [1].
  • High radial nerve entrapment neuropathy cases resistant to conservative treatment are advocated for surgical intervention [14].
  • Surgical treatment for high radial nerve entrapment neuropathy requires dissecting the entire length of the fibrous tunnel [14].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Bony encasement of the ulnar nerve can occur secondary to heterotopic ossification of the elbow [3].
  • Chronic structural adaptations of the shoulder and elbow are correlated in professional baseball pitchers, but adaptations in shoulder strength or range of motion are not significantly related to chronic structural adaptations of the elbow [35].
  • The humeral trochlea protrudes into the cubital tunnel during elbow flexion, causing dynamic morphologic changes in the ulnar nerve [38].
  • Shoulder position increases ulnar nerve strain at the elbow in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome [45].
  • Increased elbow flexion influences the intraneural blood flow of the ulnar nerve in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome [47].
  • The mechanism of symptom provocation by the elbow flexion test in cubital tunnel syndrome cannot be explained simply by dynamic pressure in the cubital tunnel, suggesting other pathophysiological factors contribute [51].
  • Ulnar nerve gliding is most severe during passive wrist movement in elbow flexion and forearm supination [53].
  • A cadaveric study could not detect a definitive effect of elbow deformity (cubitus valgus/varus) on ulnar nerve strain or demonstrate the extent of acceptable clinical elbow deformity [57].
  • The throwing elbow is a common source of nerve injuries due to the unique combination of anatomy, high forces, and sheer repetition associated with throwing sports [58].
  • Dynamic ulnar nerve compression at the elbow can be caused by the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle, an uncommon disorder with pathophysiologic mechanisms that remain to be elucidated [64].

Classification

  • Radial tunnel syndrome is defined as a pain syndrome caused by compression of the posterior interosseous nerve at the proximal forearm [11].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome is considered an illness construct based on speculative pathophysiology with no verifiable pathophysiology or accepted reference standard for diagnosis [5].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome are viewed as a single condition presenting along a spectrum of nerve entrapment [26].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome are distinct entities within the review of history, anatomy, and clinical presentation [6].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome is classified as an unusual compression neuropathy of the forearm [12].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome is classified as an uncommon compression syndrome of the radial nerve [2].
  • Radial neuropathies are rare compared to other entrapment neuropathies [4].

Clinical Presentation

  • Radial tunnel syndrome is a pain syndrome caused by compression of the posterior interosseous nerve at the proximal forearm [11].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome is an illness construct based on a speculative pathophysiology with no verifiable pathophysiology or accepted reference standard for diagnosis [5].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome are viewed as a single condition presenting along a spectrum of nerve entrapment [26].
  • The deep branch of the radial nerve and the posterior interosseous nerve are distinct entities requiring consistent terminology distinction [26].
  • Radial neuropathies are rare [4].
  • Muscle denervation edema or atrophy along the distribution of the posterior interosseous nerve is the most common MR finding in radial tunnel syndrome [27].

Investigations

  • Radial tunnel syndrome is an illness construct based on a speculative pathophysiology with no verifiable pathophysiology or accepted reference standard for diagnosis [5].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome is a pain syndrome caused by compression of the posterior interosseous nerve at the proximal forearm [11].
  • Muscle denervation edema or atrophy along the distribution of the posterior interosseous nerve is the most common MR finding in radial tunnel syndrome [27].
  • MRI has emerged as the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of elbow pain in the athlete due to its high spatial resolution, excellent soft tissue contrast, and multiplanar imaging capabilities [67].
  • Clinical evaluation is paramount in the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome because electrodiagnostic testing often is not sufficiently sensitive to detect changes associated with the syndrome [10].
  • Ultrasound may be able to better identify patients with early stages of ulnar neuropathy with negative electrodiagnostic findings [69].
  • MRI is an effective diagnostic modality, and clinicians should be aware of primary synovial chondromatosis as a causative factor of cubital tunnel syndrome [21].
  • Only a small number of individuals with MRI evidence of an anconeus epitrochlearis muscle (AEM) had clinical evidence of ulnar neuropathy [46].
  • Radial neuropathies are rare [4].
  • Ulnar neuropathies are more frequent in men [4].

Treatment

Non-Operative Management

  • Nonsurgical management is the first-line treatment for radial tunnel syndrome [1].
  • Initial treatment of most compressive neuropathies at the elbow is nonoperative, consisting of rest and avoidance of elbow flexion [36].
  • Most cases of ulnar nerve compression improve with nonsurgical treatment [43].
  • A prolonged nonsurgical approach is warranted in most cases for median nerve or anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) compression, as surgical decompression is rarely indicated [44].

Operative Management: Radial Tunnel Syndrome

  • Surgical decompression remains a viable option for radial tunnel syndrome cases that are refractory to nonsurgical management [1].
  • Surgery is advocated for high radial nerve entrapment neuropathy cases that are resistant to conservative treatment [14].
  • In cases of high radial nerve entrapment requiring surgery, it is important to dissect the entire length of the fibrous tunnel [14].

Operative Management: Cubital Tunnel Syndrome (General)

  • Treatment decisions for cubital tunnel syndrome are not typically based on high levels of evidence, as most publications are small retrospective series or case reports [2].
  • Surgery was effective in treating cubital tunnel syndrome, with more than 90% of patients cured or showing improvement in a multicenter study with a mean follow-up of 92 months [20].
  • Most cases of ulnar nerve compression get better with surgical decompression [43].
  • Reoperation after primary surgery of cubital tunnel syndrome gave satisfactory results for patients who fail conservative treatment [18].

Operative Techniques: In Situ Decompression

  • In situ decompression of the ulnar nerve is a reliable treatment for cubital tunnel syndrome with a low failure rate [39].
  • In situ decompression represents an efficient and safe method for cubital tunnel syndrome management [54].
  • The endoscopic technique has proven effective in the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome [42].

Operative Techniques: Transposition and Epicondylectomy

  • Medial epicondylectomy is recommended for patients with cubital tunnel syndrome associated with abnormal nerve-conduction velocity [13].
  • Both minimal medial epicondylectomy and anterior subcutaneous transposition can be used for the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome with a high rate of satisfaction [37].
  • Partial epicondylectomy represents an efficient and safe method for cubital tunnel syndrome management [54].

Operative Techniques: Comparative Outcomes

  • Current evidence suggests that different surgical methods to treat ulnar neuropathy at the elbow do not differ in their clinical outcomes [15].
  • There is similar effectiveness between endoscopic (ECTuR) and open (OCTuR) techniques for the treatment of idiopathic cubital tunnel syndrome, with similar outcomes, complication profiles, and reoperation rates [40].
  • The patient-reported outcome of surgical treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome is good but is affected by preoperative symptom severity [9].

Operative Considerations and Diagnosis

  • Clinical evaluation is paramount in the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome because electrodiagnostic testing often is not sufficiently sensitive to detect changes associated with the syndrome [10].
  • Elbow arthroscopy is not necessarily contraindicated in patients with a subluxating or transposed ulnar nerve [52].

Complications

  • Radial tunnel syndrome is an illness construct based on a speculative pathophysiology with no verifiable pathophysiology or accepted reference standard for diagnosis [5].
  • Most publications regarding uncommon compression syndromes of the radial, ulnar, and median nerves are small retrospective series or case reports [2].
  • Treatment decisions for uncommon compression syndromes are not typically based on high levels of evidence [2].
  • Radial neuropathies are rare [4].
  • The short-term complication rate of cubital tunnel surgery is 3.2% [28].
  • The short-term complication rate of cubital tunnel surgery is higher for patients with chronic kidney disease [28].
  • Reoperation after primary surgery of cubital tunnel syndrome gave satisfactory results for patients who fail conservative treatment [18].
  • Results of revision surgery for recurrent or persistent cubital tunnel syndrome are less predictable and satisfying than primary surgery [29].
  • For patients with idiopathic cubital tunnel syndrome, the risk of revision surgery following in situ ulnar nerve decompression is low [66].
  • The risk of revision surgery following in situ ulnar nerve decompression for idiopathic cubital tunnel syndrome is increased in patients younger than 50 years [66].
  • Poor outcomes and unnecessary revision surgeries for cubital tunnel syndrome can be avoided with intraoperative attention to 7 structures distal to the medial epicondyle [17].

Recovery

  • Surgical decompression is a viable option for refractory cases of radial tunnel syndrome despite ongoing controversy regarding diagnosis and outcomes [1].
  • Most publications on uncommon compression syndromes of the radial nerve are small retrospective series or case reports, and treatment decisions are not typically based on high levels of evidence [2].
  • Radial neuropathies are rare [4].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] The article reviews the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of radial tunnel syndrome, noting that while nonsurgical management is first-line, surgical decompression remains a viable option for refractory cases despite ongoing controversy regarding diagnosis and outcomes. [1] (10.5435/jaaos-d-23-00314)
  • [L4] This article reviews uncommon compression syndromes of the radial, ulnar, and median nerves, noting that most publications are small retrospective series or case reports and treatment decisions are not typically based on high levels of evidence. [2] (10.1016/j.hcl.2013.04.014)
  • [L4] This treatment approach leads to superior range of motion, improved or resolved ulnar neuropathy, and good to excellent long-term functional outcomes. [3] (10.1016/j.jse.2023.12.003)
  • [L3] Ulnar and radial neuropathies were less common, with ulnar neuropathies more frequent in men and radial neuropathies being rare. [4] (10.1177/1753193419886741)
  • [L5] Radial tunnel syndrome is an illness construct based on a speculative pathophysiology with no verifiable pathophysiology or accepted reference standard for diagnosis. [5] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.03.020)
  • [Paper] This article is a review of the history, anatomy, and clinical presentation of radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome (PINS). [6] (10.1016/s0749-0712(21)00357-7)
  • [L3] The patient-reported outcome of surgical treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome is good but is affected by preoperative symptom severity. [9] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.05.014)
  • [L4] Clinical evaluation is paramount in the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome because electrodiagnostic testing often is not sufficiently sensitive to detect changes associated with the syndrome. [10] (10.1016/j.hcl.2013.08.019)
  • [L5] Radial tunnel syndrome is a pain syndrome caused by compression of the posterior interosseous nerve at the proximal forearm. [11] (10.1016/j.ocl.2012.07.022)
  • [L5] This article is a review examining unusual compression neuropathies of the forearm, specifically focusing on the radial nerve, including posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, radial tunnel syndrome, and superficial radial nerve compression (Wartenberg's syndrome). [12] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.10.016)
  • [L4] The procedure is recommended for patients with cubital tunnel syndrome associated with abnormal nerve-conduction velocity. [13] (10.2106/00004623-198062060-00016)
  • [Case_report] The authors advocate for surgery in high radial nerve entrapment neuropathy cases resistant to conservative treatment, emphasizing the importance of dissecting the entire length of the fibrous tunnel. [14] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.02.060)
  • [L4] Current evidence suggests that different surgical methods to treat ulnar neuropathy at the elbow do not differ in their clinical outcomes. [15] (10.1016/j.hcl.2013.04.013)
  • [L5] Poor outcomes and unnecessary revision surgeries for cubital tunnel syndrome can be avoided with intraoperative attention to 7 structures distal to the medial epicondyle. [17] (10.1177/1558944718771390)
  • [L4] Surgery was effective in treating cubital tunnel syndrome with more than 90% of patients cured or showing improvement. [20] (10.1016/j.otsr.2014.03.009)
  • [Case_report] MRI is an effective diagnostic modality, and clinicians should be aware of primary synovial chondromatosis as a causative factor of cubital tunnel syndrome. [21] (10.1177/1758573216683396)
  • [L5] The authors advocate for consistent use of the terminology distinguishing the deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN) and the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN), and recommend viewing radial tunnel syndrome and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome as a single condition presenting along a spectrum of nerve entrapment. [26] (10.1177/17531934241254706)
  • [L4] Muscle denervation edema or atrophy along the distribution of the posterior interosseous nerve is the most common MR finding in radial tunnel syndrome. [27] (10.1148/radiol.2401050028)
  • [L4] The short-term complication rates of cubital tunnel surgery are low (3.2%), but higher for patients with chronic kidney disease. [28] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.01.020)
  • [L4] Results of revision surgery for recurrent or persistent cubital tunnel syndrome are less predictable and satisfying than primary surgery. [29] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.11.024)
  • [L3] However, no significant relationships between adaptations in shoulder strength or ROM were related to chronic structural adaptations of the elbow. [35] (10.1177/03635465251317509)
  • [L5] Initial treatment of most compressive neuropathies at the elbow is nonoperative, consisting of rest and avoidance of elbow flexion. [36] (10.5435/00124635-199809000-00004)
  • [L3] Both methods can be used for the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome with a high rate of satisfaction. [37] (10.1016/j.jse.2005.10.007)
  • [L5] The humeral trochlea protrudes into the cubital tunnel during elbow flexion, causing dynamic morphologic changes in the ulnar nerve. [38] (10.1016/j.jse.2022.05.026)
  • [L4] In situ decompression of the ulnar nerve is a reliable treatment for cubital tunnel syndrome with a low failure rate. [39] (10.1177/1753193408101467)
  • [L1] The current study demonstrates similar effectiveness between the endoscopic (ECTuR) and open (OCTuR) techniques for treatment of idiopathic cubital tunnel syndrome with similar outcomes, complication profiles, and reoperation rates. [40] (10.1177/1558944715616097)
  • [L4] The technique has proven effective in the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome. [42] (10.1177/1753193408094443)
  • [L5] Surgical decompression of the median nerve or the AIN in the forearm is rarely indicated; a prolonged nonsurgical approach is warranted in most cases. [44] (10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00010)
  • [L4] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that shoulder position changes the ulnar nerve strain around the elbow in living patients with CubTS. [45] (10.1016/j.jse.2015.01.014)
  • [L4] Only a small number of individuals with MRI evidence of an AEM had clinical evidence of ulnar neuropathy. [46] (10.1016/j.jse.2018.03.021)
  • [L3] Increased elbow flexion in patients with CuTS influences the intraneural blood flow of the ulnar nerve. [47] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.06.024)
  • [L3] The mechanism of provocation of symptoms of cubital tunnel syndrome by the elbow flexion test could not be explained simply by dynamic pressure in the cubital tunnel, and other pathophysiological factors could also be contributing. [51] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.11.013)
  • [L4] Elbow arthroscopy is not necessarily contraindicated in patients with a subluxating or transposed ulnar nerve. [52] (10.1016/j.arthro.2009.04.024)
  • [L4] Ulnar nerve gliding was most severe during passive wrist movement in elbow flexion and forearm supination. [53] (10.5397/cise.2024.00934)
  • [L3] In situ decompression and partial epicondylectomy both represent efficient and safe methods for cubital tunnel syndrome management. [54] (10.1016/j.jse.2009.10.014)
  • [L5] The study could not detect a definitive effect of elbow deformity on ulnar nerve strain or demonstrate the extent of acceptable clinical elbow deformity. [57] (10.1186/s12891-022-05786-9)
  • [L5] The throwing elbow is a common source of nerve injuries due to the unique combination of anatomy, high forces, and sheer repetition associated with throwing sports. [58] (10.1016/j.csm.2004.04.012)
  • [L4] Dynamic ulnar nerve compression at the elbow due to the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is an uncommon, little-known disorder with much remaining to be elucidated about its incidence and pathophysiologic mechanisms. [64] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.11.002)
  • [L3] For patients with idiopathic cubital tunnel syndrome, the risk of revision surgery following in situ ulnar nerve decompression is low, but increased in patients younger than 50 years. [66] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.12.012)
  • [L5] MRI has emerged as the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of elbow pain in the athlete due to its high spatial resolution, excellent soft tissue contrast, and multiplanar imaging capabilities. [67] (10.1016/j.csm.2010.06.004)
  • [L4] Ultrasound may be able to better identify patients with early stages of ulnar neuropathy with negative electrodiagnostic findings. [69] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.08.014)

References

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