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Fusão da Articulação da DIP

Um plano de recuperação protegido após a fusão (artrodese) da articulação da ponta do dedo mais próxima da unha, mantendo a ponta do dedo imobilizada com tala enquanto todas as outras articulações permanecem em movimento e o inchaço é controlado, seguido da reconstrução progressiva da pinça e da força de preensão assim que a consolidação óssea estiver completa.

Ilustração da articulação da ponta do dedo mais próxima da unha (a articulação DIP) fundida em uma única unidade sólida, travada em uma posição funcional ligeiramente flexionada.
A fusão da articulação da DIP (articulação distal interfalangeana) fixa a pequena articulação mais próxima da unha em uma única unidade sólida e sem dor, em uma posição ligeiramente fletida; os ossos se fundem nas primeiras semanas, de modo que a articulação deixa de se mover. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

Este protocolo orienta a sua recuperação após uma artrodese da articulação interfalângica distal (DIP), que une permanentemente a pequena articulação na ponta do dedo, mais próxima da unha, com o Dr Kieran Hirpara no Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Começa com o seu programa de exercícios em casa, seguido pelo protocolo clínico estruturado escrito para o seu fisioterapeuta da mão: traga esta página ou o seu PDF para a sua primeira sessão de terapia, para que a sua reabilitação seja coordenada. O seu terapeuta pode ajustar o plano, dependendo da evolução da sua recuperação.

Se tiver alguma preocupação sobre a sua ferida após a cirurgia, entre em contacto com a clínica. É frequentemente útil tirar uma foto da ferida e enviá-la por e-mail para avaliação.

O que esperar

A artrodese da articulação da DIP é realizada quando a pequena articulação mais próxima da unha está desgastada e dolorosa, geralmente devido à artrite (os nódulos ósseos chamados nódulos de Heberden), ou para remover um cisto mucoso incômodo juntamente com o esporão ósseo subjacente. Em vez de tentar manter uma articulação dolorosa e danificada em movimento, a operação a funde firmemente em uma posição levemente flexionada e funcional (cerca de 35°). Por design, essa articulação nunca mais se move, e, em troca, a dor desaparece e a ponta do dedo torna-se estável e forte para realizar pinça. A fixação é geralmente um parafuso sem cabeça enterrado que permanece para sempre (não há necessidade de removê-lo) ou, às vezes, um pino de Kirschner (K-wire) que é retirado por volta das seis semanas. Se um cisto mucoso foi removido, você também terá cuidados com a pele ou com a prega ungueal à medida que a área cicatriza.

Toda a sua reabilitação é baseada em uma ideia simples: proteger a artrodese até que o osso se una, mas manter todas as outras articulações em movimento. O osso geralmente parece unido por volta de seis a oito semanas, com a radiografia confirmando a união por volta das dez semanas. Até lá:

  • A ponta do dedo artrodeseada é imobilizada e protegida para que o osso em cicatrização não seja perturbado.
  • Todas as outras articulações continuam em movimento: a articulação média do dedo, a articulação metacarpofalângica (nó), o polegar, o punho e todos os seus outros dedos, para que a mão não fique rígida.
  • O inchaço é controlado e a cicatriz é manejada para que o dedo permaneça confortável e flexível.
  • Uma vez que o osso se una, a pinça e a preensão são reconstruídas gradualmente, e não de uma só vez.

Precauções e limitações

  • Use a tala de ponta de dedo conforme orientado. Inicialmente, deve ser usada continuamente; posteriormente, apenas durante as atividades. Ela mantém a articulação fundida imóvel, mas deixa a articulação média do dedo (a articulação interfalângica proximal - PIP) livre para se mover.
  • NÃO faça preensão de força, pinça forte ou levante pesos pesados com o dedo operado até que a fusão esteja consolidada e você receba autorização; limite-se a cerca de 1 kg (≈2 lb) nas primeiras seis semanas.
  • Mantenha todas as outras articulações em movimento desde o início: as articulações média e metacarpofalângica do dedo, o polegar, o punho e todos os outros dedos.
  • Mantenha o curativo seco e a mão elevada nos primeiros 10–14 dias para reduzir o inchaço, e siga as orientações de cuidado da prega ungueal ou do local da cística, se uma cística mucosa foi removida.
  • Se você tiver um pino de Kirschner (K-wire), proteja-o e mantenha a área limpa até sua remoção, que ocorre por volta das seis semanas; um parafuso enterrado não precisa ser removido.
  • NÃO dirija até que você tenha saído da tala volumosa e possa segurar e controlar o volante com segurança, geralmente por volta das seis semanas, a critério do seu cirurgião.

Para o manejo da ferida, do inchaço e da cicatriz, consulte as orientações de cuidados com a ferida da clínica.

Os seus exercícios

Estes são os exercícios do seu folheto informativo. Inicie-os apenas conforme orientado pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão, respeitando os limites que lhe foram indicados. Os exercícios iniciais mantêm o resto da mão em movimento livre sem perturbar a articulação fundida da ponta do dedo: movimento das articulações adjacentes à fusão, todos os seus outros dedos, polegar e punho, deslizes tendinosos e controlo do edema. O fortalecimento da preensão e da pinça pertence a uma fase posterior e não deve ser iniciado até que a fusão esteja consolidada na radiografia e receba autorização específica. Interrompa qualquer atividade que cause dor aguda na ponta do dedo.

Seu protocolo clínico

O restante desta página é o protocolo clínico por fases para reabilitação após artrodese da articulação da DIP (interfalângica distal). Esta seção deve ser fornecida ao seu terapeuta da mão, e cada fase inicia-se com uma explicação em linguagem simples do que está ocorrendo. O princípio é proteger o local da artrodese até a consolidação óssea, preservando o movimento completo em todas as outras articulações: a DIP é imobilizada em uma tala P2–P3 que mantém a PIP livre, o edema e a cicatriz são manejados, e o pinçamento/preensão são recarregados progressivamente apenas após a consolidação.

Antes do tratamento, verifique o relatório cirúrgico do paciente e seu histórico médico, e entre em contato com o cirurgião assistente em relação à fixação (parafuso de compressão sem cabeça, enterrado, sem remoção, vs. fio de Kirschner, removido ~6 semanas), a posição da fusão (leve flexão, até ~35°) e se foi realizada excisão de cisto mucoso com pele/dobra ungueal. A consolidação clínica é geralmente esperada por volta de 6–8 semanas, com consolidação radiográfica por volta de 10 semanas; o cronograma de reabilitação abaixo é baseado em consenso de especialistas de baixo nível e está sujeito à discricionariedade do cirurgião e à confirmação radiográfica da consolidação antes do desmame da tala e do carregamento.

Fase 1 — proteger e estabilizar (semanas 0 a 2)

As primeiras duas semanas protegem a fusão recém-fixada e controlam o inchaço e a ferida, mantendo todas as articulações não envolvidas em movimento para evitar rigidez.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Educação e precauções - Curativo/gesso volumoso com elevação durante os primeiros 10–14 dias; manter o curativo seco - Proteger o local da artrodese; sem carga na ponta do dedo operado - Se houver um fio de K, proteger o local do pino; revisar a ferida de excisão de unha/cisto, quando aplicável

Gestão - Ferida: curativos cirúrgicos conforme indicado; monitorizar infeção - Edema: elevação, bombeamento suave da mão, gelo conforme apropriado - Exercícios: AMOR de todas as articulações não envolvidas: PIP e MCP do dedo operado, polegar, punho e todos os outros dedos; iniciar deslizes tendinosos conforme o conforto permitir

Critérios para progressão - Ferida estabilizada; edema controlado; pronto para transição para um talco removível personalizado de bloqueio da DIP por volta das duas semanas

Fase 2 — Tala de bloqueio da DIP com atividade (semanas 2 a 6)

A partir de aproximadamente duas semanas, o curativo volumoso é substituído por uma tala removível personalizada de bloqueio da DIP (uma órtese tipo Stax/mallet que abrange P2–P3) que imobiliza apenas a articulação da ponta do dedo e deixa a PIP livre. Ela deve ser usada continuamente durante esta fase. O movimento ativo completo é incentivado em todas as outras áreas, o edema e a cicatriz são manejados, e a ponta do dedo permanece sem carga.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Educação e precauções - Tala removível personalizada de bloqueio da DIP (P2–P3, PIP livre) usada continuamente durante esta fase - Sem preensão de força ou pinça; limite de carga funcional de aproximadamente 2 lb (≈1 kg)

Manejo - Exercícios: movimento ativo da PIP, MCP, polegar e punho, além do movimento de todos os outros dedos; deslizamentos tendinosos (em gancho, punho fechado completo, reto) - Edema: continuar a elevação e adicionar compressão (Coban/manga leve) conforme tolerado - Cicatriz: iniciar massagem na cicatriz assim que a ferida estiver completamente cicatrizada; cuidado com a prega ungueal onde um cisto mucoso foi excisado

Critérios para progressão - Movimento da PIP/MCP mantido; edema controlado; ferida cicatrizada; união clínica emergindo por volta das seis semanas (prosseguir para o desmame apenas com confirmação radiográfica da união)

Fase 3 — reduzir o uso da tala e iniciar fortalecimento suave (semanas 6 a 8)

Assim que a fusão estiver unida na radiografia (clinicamente ~6–8 semanas), a tala é reduzida (usada apenas para atividade/proteção) e um fio de Kirschner, se utilizado, é removido por volta das seis semanas. Inicia-se o fortalecimento suave da pinça e da preensão.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Educação e precauções - Reduzir o uso da tala da DIP assim que a união for confirmada: uso contínuo apenas para proteção/atividade conforme necessário; fio de Kirschner removido ~6 semanas - Progressão gradual da carga; limite funcional de ~5 lb (≈2 kg) a partir das 8 semanas

Conduta - Exercícios: iniciar fortalecimento suave da preensão e da pinça: massa terapêutica, trabalho leve de pinça e preensão; manter amplitude completa de movimento em todas as outras articulações; continuar o manejo da cicatriz - Reavaliar qualquer edema residual ou rigidez na PIP/MCP e tratar conforme necessário

Critérios para progressão - União radiográfica confirmada; ponta do dedo confortável; tolerando carga suave sem dor no local da fusão

Fase 4 — fortalecimento progressivo e alta (semanas 8 a 12)

Com a fusão consolidada, o fortalecimento é progressivo em direção à função normal da mão, e as restrições são levantadas por volta das doze semanas.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Educação e precauções - Fortalecimento progressivo do preênsil e da pinça; limite funcional de ~10 lb (≈4,5 kg) por volta das 10 semanas - Sem restrição a partir de 12 semanas, sujeito à avaliação do cirurgião

Conduta - Exercícios: preênsil e pinça resistivos graduais (massa de modelar → exercitadores de mão → carga específica para tarefas); restaurar o uso funcional completo da mão - Considerar a alta quando for alcançada uma ponta do dedo estável e sem dor, com função e força da mão próximas do normal - Encaminhar de volta ao cirurgião assistente se houver dor sobre a fusão, preocupação quanto à consolidação ou um resultado funcional insatisfatório

Critérios para alta - Fusão consolidada e sem dor; amplitude de movimento completa em todas as articulações não fundidas; pinça e preênsil funcionais restaurados

Retornar ao trabalho e às atividades

O uso leve do outros dedos e do restante da mão é incentivado desde o início, dentro dos limites do conforto; apenas a ponta do dedo fundida é mantida em repouso. Dirigir geralmente é retomado por volta das seis semanas, quando você já não usa a tala volumosa e consegue segurar e controlar o volante com segurança; isso fica a critério do Dr. Hirpara na sua consulta de acompanhamento, portanto, planeje-se para ter ajuda com o transporte nas primeiras semanas. O pinçamento leve e a pegada leve tipicamente começam por volta das seis semanas e são progressivamente intensificados a partir das oito semanas, após a consolidação óssea. O uso completo, pesado ou esportivo da mão geralmente é alcançado por volta das doze semanas. Esses prazos são diretrizes baseadas em consenso de especialistas, e não prazos fixos: o critério do seu cirurgião e os seus exames de raio-X (que confirmam a consolidação óssea) têm precedência.

Após o seu protocolo

Este protocolo complementa as orientações gerais de recuperação da clínica; consulte também o controlo da dor pós-operatória, os cuidados com a ferida e a gestão da cicatriz. O plano por fases acima apresentado reflete as orientações de reabilitação publicadas após artrodese da articulação interfalângica distal, e a sua recuperação contínua é orientada individualmente pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão, de acordo com a forma como o seu dedo cicatriza.


Evidence & references

DIP Joint Fusion — Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Distal Interphalangeal Arthrodesis)

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after arthrodesis (fusion) of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint — most often for end-stage osteoarthritis (Heberden's nodes), or to excise a mucous cyst together with its underlying osteophyte. This is a fusion, not a reconstruction: the joint is deliberately and permanently abolished and set in a slightly flexed, functional position, so the rehabilitation is a protect-to-union pathway built around oedema control, scar/nail-fold management, and preservation of motion at every adjacent joint, followed by progressive reloading — not restoration of DIP motion.

Defining principle of the rehab here: a DIP arthrodesis is meant to stop moving. The single therapeutic goal is to deliver a solid, pain-free, well-aligned bony union while keeping the rest of the hand fully mobile. The fingertip is immobilised in a P2–P3 (Stax/mallet-type) orthosis that blocks the DIP but leaves the PIP free; the deliberate restraints are protection of the fixation and avoidance of pinch/grip loading until union. The principal branch points are the fixation method (buried headless compression screw — no removal — versus K-wire, removed at ~6 weeks) and whether a mucous cyst with skin/nail-fold excision was performed, which adds soft-tissue/scar care. Union, not the calendar, gates splint weaning and loading.


A. PROCEDURE OUTCOMES (fusion union, position, fixation)

DIP arthrodesis is a reliable pain-relieving operation; the principal technical debates are over fixation method and fusion position, not whether to fuse a painful, end-stage joint.

  • High union rates with headless compression screw fixation. A series of 64 joints fused with a Herbert-type headless compression screw reported reliable bony union with a low complication profile, supporting the buried-screw construct that requires no later removal [Hand 2010, DOI: 10.1007/s11552-010-9295-3]. Moderate (observational case series).
  • Radiographic union averages around ten weeks. A review of DIP arthrodesis techniques reports a mean time to radiographic fusion of approximately 10 weeks, with reported union rates such as ~85% in the Brutus cohort, underlining that clinical comfort precedes full radiographic consolidation [J Hand Surg Am 2013, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.06.010]. Moderate (review of case series).
  • Fusion position is a consensus, not a controversy. Technique descriptions place the DIP in slight flexion in a functional position for pinch; dorsal-plate and screw techniques are described with attention to setting and holding this position during fixation [J Hand Surg Am 2018, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.03.049]. Mechanistic / consensus.
  • Screw fit depends on bony dimensions. Anatomical sizing work shows the headless screw must be matched to the medullary dimensions of the distal phalanx, informing implant selection and reducing fixation-related complications [Hand 2014, DOI: 10.1007/s11552-014-9679-x]. Mechanistic.
  • Fixation choice carries differing complication patterns. Comparative data on K-wire versus headless (Herbert) screw fixation describe differences in infection and hardware-related events, relevant to the protective pin care needed when a K-wire is used and removed at ~6 weeks [J Hand Surg Am 2013, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.01.017]. Moderate (comparative series).
  • Acute arthrodesis is an established option in trauma. Primary IP-joint arthrodesis for acute injury is a recognised technique, supporting fusion as a durable solution beyond degenerative disease [J Hand Surg / Thieme 2017, DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608691]. Moderate (case series).

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

There are no randomised trials of rehabilitation after DIP arthrodesis. The rehab pathway is built from surgical-outcome timing data (union ~6–8 weeks clinical, ~10 weeks radiographic) plus published hand-therapy protocols and standard hand-therapy practice. The therapeutic logic is to immobilise only the fused joint, keep every other joint moving, control swelling and scar, and reload pinch/grip only after union.

  • Immobilise the DIP, free the PIP. Published finger-fusion therapy protocols use a custom removable DIP-blocking (Stax/mallet-type) orthosis spanning P2–P3 that holds the fingertip joint while leaving the PIP free for active motion — continual early wear, weaning to activity-only after X-ray union [TCO; Hand Wisconsin; Alaska Ortho; Melbourne Arm Clinic protocols, URLs below]. Weak (consensus / published protocols).
  • Preserve motion at all uninvolved joints from day one. Active motion of the PIP, MCP, thumb, wrist and all other digits, plus tendon glides, is standard hand-therapy practice to prevent stiffness while the DIP consolidates [published protocols, URLs below]. Consensus / standard practice.
  • Oedema and scar control are routine adjuncts. Elevation and compression for swelling, and scar massage once healed (with nail-fold care after mucous-cyst excision), follow standard hand-therapy practice rather than trial evidence. Consensus / standard practice.
  • Loading is gated by union, not by date. Protocols withhold power grasp/pinch until the fusion is radiographically united, then progress strengthening gradually — reflecting the ~10-week mean radiographic union from the outcome literature [J Hand Surg Am 2013, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.06.010]. Weak–moderate (timing anchored to outcome series; rehab schedule consensus).

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Restraint Hand use / therapy focus Strength / load Notes
1 — Protect & settle Week 0–2 Bulky dressing/splint; DIP unloaded Elevation; AROM of all uninvolved joints (PIP, MCP, thumb, wrist, other digits); begin tendon glides None to the fingertip Keep dressing dry; review pin/cyst-excision wound
2 — DIP-blocking splint with activity Week 2–6 Custom P2–P3 DIP-block, PIP free, worn continually Active PIP/MCP/thumb/wrist + all-other-digit motion; tendon glides; oedema (Coban/sleeve); scar massage once healed No power grasp/pinch; ~2 lb (≈1 kg) limit Clinical union emerging ~6 wk
3 — Wean splint & gentle strengthening Week 6–8 Splint weaned once united on X-ray; K-wire out ~6 wk Begin gentle grip/pinch (putty, light pinch/grip); continue full motion elsewhere; continue scar care ~5 lb (≈2 kg) from 8 wk Buried screw needs no removal
4 — Progressive strengthening & discharge Week 8–12 Restrictions lifting Progressive grip/pinch strengthening; restore full hand use ~10 lb (≈4.5 kg) at 10 wk; no restriction ~12 wk Discharge when fusion solid + pain-free

(Phase windows mirror the precautions and recovery-curve structure in the patient protocol; clinical union ~6–8 weeks and radiographic union ~10 weeks are anchored to the outcome series, while the exact phase timings are low-level expert consensus, not trial-derived deadlines, and are subject to surgeon discretion and X-ray confirmation of union.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Fixation method. Buried headless compression screw (no removal) versus K-wire (removed ~6 weeks) — both achieve union; the comparative literature describes differing infection and hardware-event profiles, and the choice drives whether pin-site protection is needed in rehab [DOI: 10.1007/s11552-010-9295-3; DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.01.017]. Moderate.
  2. Fusion position. Slight flexion (up to ~35°) in a functional pinch position is a settled consensus across technique descriptions, not a live controversy [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.03.049]. Consensus.
  3. Union timing. Clinical comfort (~6–8 weeks) precedes radiographic union (~10 weeks mean), so splint weaning and loading should follow the X-ray rather than the calendar [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.06.010]. Moderate.
  4. Rehabilitation schedule. No RCTs exist for DIP-fusion rehab; phase timings are derived from published therapy protocols and standard hand-therapy practice anchored to surgical union data. Low-level expert consensus.
  5. Mucous-cyst cases. Excision of a mucous cyst with its osteophyte adds skin/nail-fold and scar care to the standard fusion rehab; this is a soft-tissue management addition rather than a change to the bony-union pathway. Consensus / standard practice.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • MODERATE (observational case series / reviews): reliable bony union with headless compression screw fixation; mean radiographic union ~10 weeks (~85% union, Brutus); differing complication profiles by fixation method; acute IP arthrodesis as an established trauma option.
  • CONSENSUS / MECHANISTIC: slight-flexion functional fusion position; screw sizing to phalangeal dimensions; immobilise-the-DIP / free-the-PIP splinting principle.
  • WEAK / LOW-LEVEL CONSENSUS: the specific phased rehabilitation schedule (no RCTs; derived from published therapy protocols + standard hand-therapy practice, anchored to union timing); exact phase timings and load limits (typical guides, not trial-derived); oedema/scar adjuncts (standard practice).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis using a dorsal plate: technique and fusion position. J Hand Surg Am. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.03.049
  • Distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis with the Herbert headless compression screw: union and complications in 64 joints. Hand (N Y). 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s11552-010-9295-3
  • Distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: review of techniques and outcomes (mean ~10-week radiographic fusion; Brutus ~85% union). J Hand Surg Am. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.06.010
  • K-wire versus Herbert screw fixation for distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: infection and hardware events. J Hand Surg Am. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.01.017
  • Anatomical sizing of headless compression screws for distal phalangeal fixation. Hand (N Y). 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s11552-014-9679-x
  • Acute interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in trauma. J Hand Surg / Thieme. 2017. DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608691

DIP-fusion rehabilitation literature (URLs)

  • Twin Cities Orthopedics — Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint Fusion post-op protocol. https://www.tcomn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Distal-Interphalangeal-DIP-Joint-Fusion.pdf
  • Hand Wisconsin — Finger-joint fusion therapy protocol. https://handwisconsin.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/fusion-finger-joint-therapy-protocol.pdf
  • Alaska Orthopaedics — Arthrodesis (DIP / PIP or MCP) joint fusion protocol. https://www.akortho.com/wp-content/uploads/Arthrodesis-DIP-PIP-or-MCP-Joint-Fusion.pdf
  • Melbourne Arm Clinic — PIP / DIP arthrodesis rehabilitation protocol. https://melbournearmclinic.com.au/orthopaedic-rehabilitation/shoulder-rehabilitation/pip-dip-arthrodesis-protocol/

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h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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