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Excisão de Ganglion do Pulso

Um plano de recuperação com mobilização precoce após a excisão de um ganglion dorsal ou volar do punho, utilizando imobilização mínima seguida de movimento rápido do punho em todas as direções para prevenir a rigidez, que é o problema mais comum após esta operação.

Ilustração de um pulso mostrando um cisto sinovial originado na cápsula articular, com a remoção do cisto e seu pedículo até a articulação do pulso.
Um cisto ganglionar do punho é uma ciste preenchida por fluido, conectada por um pedículo à articulação do punho; a excisão remove a ciste e seu pedículo até a cápsula articular. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

Este protocolo orienta a sua recuperação após a remoção cirúrgica (excisão) de um gânglio do punho, uma ciste preenchida por líquido que se origina na articulação do punho, com o Dr. Kieran Hirpara no Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Começa com o seu programa de exercícios em casa, seguido pelo protocolo clínico estruturado escrito para o seu terapeuta da mão; leve esta página ou o seu PDF à sua primeira sessão de terapia para que a reabilitação permaneça coordenada. O seu terapeuta pode ajustar o plano consoante a evolução da sua recuperação.

Se tiver alguma preocupação sobre a sua ferida após a cirurgia, entre em contacto com a clínica. É frequentemente útil tirar uma fotografia da ferida e enviá-la por e-mail para avaliação.

O que esperar

Um cisto ganglionar do pulso é um cisto cheio de líquido, com aspecto de balão, conectado por um pedículo estreito ao revestimento da articulação do pulso. A maioria aparece na parte posterior do pulso (ganglionar dorsal); algumas aparecem na parte frontal, do lado do polegar (ganglionar volar). Durante a cirurgia, o Dr. Hirpara remove o cisto juntamente com o seu pedículo, até à cápsula da articulação do pulso, removendo a raiz bem como o nódulo, pois deixar o pedículo para trás é a principal razão pela qual um ganglionar pode recidivar. A cirurgia pode ser realizada por via aberta (através de uma pequena incisão) ou com instrumentos de videocirurgia (artroscopia).

Como nada foi reparado ou reconstruído (um cisto foi simplesmente removido), não há tendão ou ligamento que precise de ser protegido durante semanas. A recuperação segue, portanto, um plano de mobilização precoce, cujo objetivo principal é permitir que o pulso se mova prontamente:

  • A rigidez é o problema mais comum após esta cirurgia, muito mais frequente do que a recidiva do cisto. O pulso que permanece em repouso prolongado após a excisão de um ganglionar pode perder amplitude de movimento.
  • A imobilização é mantida ao mínimo: uma bandagem macia, por vezes com uma tala leve para o pulso apenas por conforto, durante apenas alguns dias até uma ou duas semanas. Em seguida, o paciente deve mover o pulso precocemente, em todas as direções.

Os seus dedos, que não foram submetidos a cirurgia, mantêm-se móveis na totalidade desde o primeiro dia. A mobilidade do pulso é progressivamente ampliada à medida que a ferida cicatriza, e a força de preensão e a carga são reintroduzidas gradualmente. A maioria das pessoas retoma as atividades habituais por volta das quatro a seis semanas.

Precauções e limitações

  • Mantenha os dedos, o polegar e o cotovelo em movimento completo desde o primeiro dia; apenas o punho requer um início gradual de mobilização.
  • Use o curativo macio ou tala de conforto apenas pelo tempo indicado (comumente alguns dias até uma a duas semanas). O objetivo é o conforto, não imobilizar o punho por longos períodos; a mobilização precoce é o objetivo aqui, não o repouso.
  • NÃO mergulhe a ferida ou molhe o curativo até que lhe seja dito que a ferida está selada; mantenha-a limpa e seca.
  • Evite preensão forte, levantamento de peso e suporte de carga através do punho nas primeiras semanas, e retome essas atividades gradualmente, em vez de todas de uma vez.
  • Se você teve um cisto ganglionar volar (face anterior do punho), o cisto pode ficar próximo à artéria radial (um pulso que você pode sentir na face anterior do punho); informe imediatamente a equipe se notar inchaço incomum, frieza ou mudança de cor na mão.
  • NÃO dirija até que possa controlar o volante com conforto e esteja fora de qualquer tala, conforme confirmado na sua consulta de acompanhamento.

Para o manejo da ferida, do inchaço e da cicatriz, consulte as diretrizes de cuidados com a ferida da prática.

Seus exercícios

Estes são os exercícios do seu material didático. Inicie-os conforme orientado pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão. Os exercícios iniciais (movimento do punho em todas as direções, rotação do antebraço e movimento dos dedos) são o cerne desta recuperação e devem começar nos primeiros dias, pois mover o punho precocemente é o que previne a rigidez que, de outra forma, seguiria esta operação. A massagem na cicatriz começa após a cicatrização completa da ferida, e o fortalecimento da preensão é adicionado um pouco mais tarde, conforme o conforto permitir. Nenhum desses exercícios deve ser doloroso de forma aguda; reduza a intensidade de qualquer atividade que cause tal dor.

O seu protocolo clínico

O restante desta página é o protocolo clínico escalonado para reabilitação após excisão de ganglion do punho. Esta secção deve ser fornecida ao seu terapeuta da mão, e cada fase inicia-se com uma explicação em linguagem simples do que está a acontecer. Trata-se de uma excisão, não de uma reparação: não há nenhuma estrutura a proteger, pelo que o princípio orientador é a imobilização mínima seguida de mobilização ativa precoce do punho em todos os planos para prevenir a rigidez pós-excisão, que é a complicação mais comum após este procedimento.

Antes do início do tratamento, verifique o relatório cirúrgico do paciente e o seu histórico médico, e entre em contacto com o cirurgião tratante relativamente à localização (dorsal vs. volar), à abordagem cirúrgica (aberta vs. artroscópica), à integridade da cápsula dorsal/volar e a qualquer achado concomitante. O Dr. Hirpara excisa o cisto com a sua haste até à cápsula articular. Para os ganglions volares, note a proximidade da artéria radial. Não existe um arco protegido nem uma estrutura para descarregar tensão; a única restrição deliberada é uma curta janela de evitamento de pegada forte/carga enquanto os tecidos moles se estabilizam.

Fase I — imobilização mínima e movimento precoce (dias 0 a ~14)

A primeira fase protege a ferida enquanto promove o movimento precoce do punho. A imobilização é deliberadamente breve (uma compressão macia, com uma tala leve para o punho apenas para conforto, se necessário), e o punho inicia o movimento ativo em todas as direções nos primeiros dias. As evidências da revisão sistemática indicam que a imobilização limitada de duas semanas ou menos, ou nenhuma imobilização, não altera significativamente o resultado, enquanto o repouso prolongado aumenta o risco de rigidez.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Educação e precauções - Compressão macia, com uma tala leve para o punho opcional apenas para conforto; reduzir gradualmente ao longo de dias, não de semanas - Evitar imobilização rígida prolongada: limitar qualquer uso de talas a ≤2 semanas (comumente alguns dias) - Manter a ferida limpa e seca até que esteja selada; movimento articular completo (ROM) dos dedos, do polegar e do cotovelo desde o primeiro dia - Casos volares: estar atento à artéria radial; relatar preocupações vasculares prontamente

Conduta - Ferida: curativos cirúrgicos conforme orientado; monitorar sinais de infecção - Edema: elevação, bombeamento suave da mão, gelo conforme necessário - Exercícios: movimento articular (ROM) ativo do punho em todos os planos (flexão/extensão, desvio radial/ulnar) dentro do conforto, iniciado nos primeiros dias; pronossupinação ativa/passiva do antebraço; ROM ativo completo dos dedos e do polegar; ROM suave do ombro

Critérios para progressão - Cicatrização da ferida; edema em resolução; arco de movimento do punho melhorando e confortável; tala (se utilizada) descontinuada por volta de ~2 semanas

Fase II — recuperação do movimento completo e manejo da cicatriz (semanas ~2 a 4)

A partir de aproximadamente duas semanas, as curativos são removidos e a ferida está cicatrizada. O foco é recuperar o movimento completo e simétrico do punho antes que a rigidez se instale, e iniciar o manejo da cicatriz para que esta permaneça móvel e não restrinja o punho.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Avaliações - ROM (amplitude de movimento) ativa e passiva do punho (comparar com o lado contralateral); rotação do antebraço; edema; revisão da ferida/cicatriz

Educação e precauções - Buscar ROM completo do punho em todos os planos; abordar qualquer perda precoce prontamente com trabalho ativo e passivo suave - Iniciar manejo da cicatriz assim que a ferida estiver totalmente cicatrizada (massagem, silicone/hidratante, dessensibilização conforme necessário) - Uso funcional leve da mão encorajado; adiar preensão forte e carga

Conduta - Exercícios: progredir para ROM ativo completo e passivo suave do punho; continuar rotação do antebraço; iniciar massagem da cicatriz e dessensibilização; trabalho leve com massa terapêutica/preensão introduzido no final desta fase conforme a tolerância

Critérios para progressão - ROM do punho completo ou quase completo, sem dor; cicatriz cicatrizada e móvel; pronta para carga gradual

Fase III — fortalecimento e retorno às atividades (semanas ~4 a 6 e além)

Uma vez restaurado o movimento, a força de preensão e a carga são reintroduzidas gradualmente. Para a maioria dos pacientes, as atividades ordinárias retornam por volta das quatro a seis semanas; as demandas manuais mais pesadas seguem uma progressão baseada em critérios.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Avaliações - Força de preensão e pinça em comparação ao lado contralateral; amplitude de movimento (AM) do punho; resposta à carga graduada; testes funcionais/específicos para o trabalho, conforme apropriado

Educação e precauções - Progressão do fortalecimento de preensão e punho (massa de modelar, bola, resistência graduada) conforme a tolerância - Reintrodução gradual do levantamento de peso e carga através do punho; o retorno total é guiado pelos sintomas, não pelo calendário

Conduta - Exercícios: fortalecimento progressivo de preensão/pinça e punho; carga graduada e trabalho específico de tarefas; continuar qualquer trabalho residual de mobilidade e cicatriz - Considerar alta quando a AM estiver completa, a força estiver quase simétrica e a função tiver retornado - Considerar encaminhamento de volta ao médico assistente se o punho estagnar com rigidez, ou se aparecer um inchaço recorrente

Critérios para retorno à atividade plena - AM do punho completa e sem dor; preensão quase simétrica; conforto com carga específica de tarefas e trabalho

Retorno ao trabalho e às atividades

O uso leve das mãos nas atividades diárias (comer, escrever, cuidados pessoais leves) é incentivado desde o início, dentro dos limites do conforto, e os dedos devem estar funcionando plenamente desde o primeiro dia. Trabalhos de escritório e tarefas leves são frequentemente possíveis dentro de alguns dias a uma semana, especialmente se a mão dominante estiver livre; trabalhos que envolvem preensão forte, levantamento de peso ou movimentos repetitivos e forçados do pulso exigem mais tempo e são reintegrados gradualmente nas primeiras semanas. Séries publicadas relatam apenas um curto período de afastamento do trabalho após a excisão de ganglion (em torno de duas semanas), embora isso varie conforme o lado operado e as exigências do seu trabalho.

Como você precisa conseguir controlar o volante com conforto e estar sem qualquer tala, planeje ajuda para o transporte nos primeiros dias; a direção do veículo é retomada quando você se sentir confortável e seguro, conforme confirmado na sua consulta de acompanhamento. A maioria das pessoas retorna às atividades habituais em torno de quatro a seis semanas, com o trabalho manual pesado e os esportes sendo reintegrados gradualmente à medida que a mobilidade e a força de preensão retornam, avaliados pelo estado do pulso, e não apenas pelo calendário.

Após o seu protocolo

Este protocolo complementa as orientações gerais de recuperação da clínica: consulte o controlo da dor pós-operatória, os cuidados com a ferida e a gestão da cicatriz. O plano por fases acima reflete as orientações publicadas após a excisão de um ganglião do punho, onde a prioridade é o movimento precoce para prevenir a rigidez; a sua recuperação contínua é orientada individualmente pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão, de acordo com a evolução do seu punho.


Evidence & references

Wrist Ganglion Excision — Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Dorsal / Volar, Open or Arthroscopic)

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after surgical excision of a wrist ganglion — removal of the cyst together with its capsular stalk down to the wrist joint, performed open or arthroscopically, for a dorsal (scapholunate-origin) or volar (radiocarpal/scaphotrapezial) ganglion. This is an excision, not a reconstruction: nothing is repaired or tightened, so the rehab is an early-motion pathway built around minimal immobilisation, prompt wrist movement in all planes, and scar care — not months of protected healing.

Defining principle of the rehab here: ganglion excision removes a cyst and its stalk; it does not create a construct that needs protecting. The most frequent adverse outcome is therefore not failure of any repair but wrist stiffness / loss of motion, which prolonged immobilisation makes worse. So the deliberate stance is minimal immobilisation (soft dressing ± brief comfort splint, ≤2 weeks) followed by early active wrist motion in every plane, with the only restraint a short window of heavy-grip/load avoidance while the soft tissues settle. The principal branch points are (1) dorsal vs volar (volar ganglia sit adjacent to the radial artery and carry a higher neurovascular-complication profile) and (2) open vs arthroscopic access (similar recurrence; arthroscopic may have a gentler early course). Importantly, the recurrence and outcome literature is far better developed than the rehabilitation literature, which is largely expert-consensus and low-level.


A. PROCEDURE OUTCOMES (open vs arthroscopic; dorsal vs volar)

Ganglion excision is a reliable, low-morbidity operation. The principal outcome debate is over recurrence and over access (open vs arthroscopic), not over whether excision works.

  • Excision markedly out-performs aspiration for durable cure. Pooled across treatments, mean recurrence is roughly 6% arthroscopic, ~20–21% open, ~59% aspiration; surgical excision confers a large reduction in recurrence versus aspiration. Reported open-excision recurrence is wide (0–31%), the lowest classic series (Angelides & Wallace) reporting <1% with meticulous stalk excision [Zoller 2023 JAAOS review; Gant 2011 review]. Moderate (reviews of heterogeneous series).
  • Removing the stalk down to the capsule is the key technical determinant of recurrence. Leaving the capsular stalk behind is the main reason a ganglion recurs; stalk resection is repeatedly advocated as the critical step [Gant 2011; Rizzo 2004]. Mechanistic / consensus.
  • Open and arthroscopic excision give similar recurrence. A retrospective comparison and a systematic review found no significant difference once low-quality/high-bias studies are excluded (pooled ~8% arthroscopic vs ~10% open); a prospective randomised dorsal-ganglion trial (Kang) reported 11% vs 9%. Arthroscopic access may offer a cosmetic/early-recovery edge but is not proven superior for recurrence [Konigsberg 2023 HAND; Crawford 2018 SR; Gant 2011 citing Kang]. Moderate (SR + retrospective + one RCT).
  • Wrist stiffness is the most common complication after carpal ganglion excision, ahead of recurrence; other risks are infection, scar problems, neurovascular injury and (rarely) injury to the scapholunate ligament [Gant 2011]. Moderate (review).
  • Volar ganglia carry a distinct neurovascular risk. They are adherent to / immediately adjacent to the radial artery; radial-artery injury during volar excision is described as "quite common," and an MRI-based study identifies anatomical position as a risk factor for operation-related complications after arthroscopic volar ganglionectomy [Rocchi 2008; Oh 2025 BMC; operative-technique texts]. Moderate (cohort + anatomical).

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

The central rehab questions are (1) should the wrist be immobilised afterwards, and (2) does a particular therapy regimen change the outcome. The best available evidence — a systematic review of post-excision immobilisation — answers that brief or no immobilisation is appropriate, with early motion the means of preventing the dominant complication (stiffness). There is no high-level trial evidence for any specific exercise protocol; rehab content is consensus.

  • Limited or no immobilisation does not worsen outcome — and protects against stiffness. A systematic review and surgeon survey of dorsal ganglion excision found practice split roughly evenly between rigid splinting and soft dressings; immobilisation durations ranged from 48 hours to 2 weeks (open) and 5 days to 3 weeks (arthroscopic). The explicit conclusion: "limited immobilization of 2 weeks or less or no immobilization after surgery does not meaningfully affect patient outcome." Prolonged rigid immobilisation is the avoidable driver of stiffness (one 2-week bulky-dressing series reported 11.5% with ≥20° ROM loss, versus normal ROM in 100% of a short-immobilisation series) [Wong 2023 HAND SR]. Moderate (systematic review of low-level studies).
  • Early active wrist motion in all planes is the core of the programme. Because there is no repair to protect and stiffness is the commonest problem, the consensus is to move the wrist early through flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation, with full finger and forearm motion from day one. The adhesion/stiffness-prevention rationale is mechanistic and consensus rather than trial-proven. Weak–moderate (mechanism strong, outcome data absent).
  • Recovery is usually quick and time off work short. Series report on the order of ~2 weeks off work after open wrist ganglion excision (longer for volar than dorsal, and longer than aspiration), with most patients back to ordinary activity by ~4–6 weeks [Suen 2013 citing Dias 2007]. Moderate (cohort).
  • Recurrent ganglia are re-excisable with good function, and physical therapy is routinely recommended in re-excision series — underlining that therapy here is supportive (motion + scar), not a construct-protecting protocol [re-excision outcome series]. Low (small series).

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Restraint Hand use / therapy focus Strength / load Notes
I — Minimal immobilisation & early motion Days 0–~14 Soft dressing ± comfort splint only (≤2 wk) Full finger/thumb/elbow ROM from day 1; active wrist ROM in all planes within the first few days; forearm rotation; elevation for oedema Light functional use only Brief or no immobilisation does not worsen outcome; prolonged rest → stiffness
II — Restore full motion & scar care Week ~2–4 None routine (splint weaned) Drive to full wrist ROM; scar massage once wound healed; desensitisation Light grip/putty toward end Stiffness is the complication to pre-empt; address early ROM loss promptly
III — Strengthening & return Week ~4–6+ Restrictions lifted Progress grip/pinch + wrist strengthening; task-specific loading Graded grip and load to symmetry Most back to ordinary activity ~4–6 wk; manual/volar cases a little longer

(Phase windows mirror the precautions in the patient protocol; they are typical guides, not trial-derived deadlines.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. To splint or not. Practice is genuinely split, but the systematic-review evidence is that limited (≤2 weeks) or no immobilisation does not change outcome — and that prolonged rigid immobilisation is the avoidable cause of stiffness. This page's brief-immobilisation, early-motion default reflects that finding. Moderate (SR of low-level data).
  2. Open vs arthroscopic. Similar recurrence once bias is accounted for; arthroscopic may give a cosmetic/early-recovery edge. Choice is largely surgeon/patient preference. Moderate.
  3. What drives recurrence. Incomplete stalk excision, not rehab, is the main recurrence determinant; no mobilisation regimen has been shown to affect recurrence. Consensus / mechanistic.
  4. Stiffness is the real enemy, not the cyst coming back. Wrist stiffness is the commonest complication; framing recovery around early motion (rather than protective rest) is the evidence-aligned stance. Moderate.
  5. Volar ganglia are different. Radial-artery proximity raises the neurovascular-complication profile of volar excision; this is an operative/anatomical caution rather than a rehab variable, but it shapes early monitoring. Moderate.
  6. Rehab evidence is thin. Recurrence and procedure outcomes are well studied; the specific exercise programme is expert-consensus with no controlled trials. The defensible position is a simple early-motion + scar home programme with selective hand therapy. Weak / consensus.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • STRONG (RCT / SR): none specific to rehab. (Procedure-side: superiority of excision over aspiration for recurrence is robust across reviews.)
  • MODERATE: systematic-review evidence that ≤2-week or no immobilisation does not worsen outcome (Wong 2023); similar recurrence open vs arthroscopic (Crawford SR, Konigsberg, Kang RCT); stiffness as the commonest complication; volar radial-artery risk; short time off work.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the specific early-motion, all-plane wrist ROM + scar therapy programme (mechanistically rationalised — stiffness prevention — with no controlled outcome trials); exact phase timings (typical, not trial-derived).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Gant J, Ruff M, Janz BA. Wrist ganglions. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(3):510–512. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.11.048
  • Zoller SD, Benner NR, Iannuzzi NP. Ganglions in the Hand and Wrist: Advances in 2 Decades. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2023;31(2). DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-22-00105
  • Rizzo M, Berger RA, Steinmann SP, et al. Arthroscopic resection in the management of dorsal wrist ganglions: results with a minimum 2-year follow-up period. J Hand Surg Am. 2004;29(1):59–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2003.10.018
  • Konigsberg MW, Tedesco LJ, Mueller JD, et al. Recurrence Rates of Dorsal Wrist Ganglion Cysts After Arthroscopic Versus Open Surgical Excision: A Retrospective Comparison. Hand (N Y). 2023;18(1). DOI: 10.1177/15589447211003184
  • Crawford C, Keswani A, Lovy AJ, et al. Arthroscopic versus open excision of dorsal ganglion cysts: a systematic review. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2018;43(6). DOI: 10.1177/1753193417734428
  • Mathoulin C, Gras M. Arthroscopic Management of Dorsal and Volar Wrist Ganglion. Hand Clin. 2017;33(4). DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2017.07.012
  • Oh W, Kim H, Kim D, et al. Anatomical location of volar wrist ganglion in preoperative MRI is a risk factor for operation-related complications after arthroscopic ganglionectomy. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025;26(1). DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08766-x
  • Gray J, Zuhlke T, Eizember S, et al. Dry Arthroscopic Excision of Dorsal Wrist Ganglion. Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(2). DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.09.018

Wrist ganglion excision & post-operative care literature (URLs)

  • Wong CR, Karpinski M, Hatchell AC, et al. Immobilization of the Wrist After Dorsal Wrist Ganglion Excision: A Systematic Review and Survey of Current Practice. Hand (N Y). 2023;18(2):254–263. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211014631. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10035098/
  • Suen M, Fung B, Lung CP. Treatment of Ganglion Cysts. ISRN Orthop. 2013;2013:940615. DOI: 10.1155/2013/940615. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4045351/
  • Rocchi L, Canal A, Fanfani F, et al. Articular ganglia of the volar aspect of the wrist: arthroscopic resection compared with open excision — a prospective randomised study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2008;42(5):253–259. DOI: 10.1080/02844310802210897. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18791910/
  • Ganglions — Treatment & Management (recurrence by treatment modality; surgical technique). Medscape Reference. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1243525-treatment

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g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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