Skip to content

Patients › Hand

Fusão da articulação interfalângica distal

DIP joint fusion stabilizes and reduces pain in the fingertip joint, often for arthritis or mallet finger.

Updated Sep 2026
Uma ilustração desenhada à mão de uma pessoa sem rosto tentando pegar uma pequena moeda com dedos rígidos.
A artrodese une a pequena articulação mais próxima da unha num bloco sólido, eliminando a dor ao custo da capacidade de dobrá-la. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

Por que esta cirurgia foi recomendada

O Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirurgião de membros superiores no Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, começa sempre pelas opções menos invasivas adequadas ao seu caso. Geralmente, os pacientes são encaminhados à nossa clínica pelo médico de família; caso um fisioterapeuta tenha sugerido que você nos procure, ainda assim será necessário um encaminhamento do seu médico de família para ter direito ao reembolso do Medicare. Na sua consulta, colhemos o histórico clínico, examinamos a sua mão e solicitamos exames de imagem, se necessário, para identificar o problema.

Esta cirurgia consiste na fusão da articulação final de um dedo ou do polegar. Os dois ossos localizados em cada lado da articulação são unidos para que, posteriormente, se consolidem em um único osso sólido. Uma vez consolidado, o dedo deixa de dobrar, mas também deixa de doer.

Geralmente recomendamos esta cirurgia quando a articulação está desgastada, gravemente danificada por lesão ou instável, e medidas mais simples, como alteração de atividades, terapia ocupacional ou uso de talas, não trouxeram alívio suficiente. Em alguns casos de lesões agudas, a cirurgia pode ser a melhor opção desde o início. O objetivo é obter um dedo estável, confortável e capaz de desempenhar suas funções ao segurar ou apertar objetos.

Antes da operação

Nas semanas que antecedem a cirurgia, confirmamos o plano de tratamento com novos raios-X do seu dedo. A maioria dos pacientes não precisa de nada além disso. Caso tenha outras condições médicas, poderá ser necessário realizar exames de sangue ou uma consulta com o anestesista (o médico especialista responsável por garantir sua segurança e ausência de dor durante a operação). Você deverá suspender a ingestão de alimentos e líquidos sete horas antes da cirurgia; pedimos esse tempo um pouco maior que as seis horas habituais para que seu procedimento possa ser antecipado caso a agenda cirúrgica permita. O cirurgião informará quais dos seus medicamentos habituais devem ser interrompidos; portanto, leve uma lista por escrito de todos os remédios que toma. Providencie alguém para levá-lo para casa, pois não poderá dirigir após a operação. Use roupas largas e confortáveis, que sejam fáceis de vestir mesmo com a mão enfaixada.

No dia da cirurgia

Você chega à unidade de admissão cirúrgica do hospital, onde será registrado e preparado para a sala de operações. Em seguida, conhece o anestesista (o médico especialista responsável por garantir sua segurança e ausência de dor durante a cirurgia). A maioria das pessoas opta pela anestesia local: a recuperação é mais rápida e você pode ir para casa logo após o procedimento. Caso prefira ficar inconsciente, essa também é uma escolha válida; converse sobre isso com seu cirurgião e anestesista.

Em seguida, você é levado para a sala de operações, onde a cirurgia é realizada. Depois, acorda na sala de recuperação, onde os enfermeiros cuidam de você enquanto a anestesia vai passando. Uma vez que seu estado esteja estável, você será encaminhado para um quarto ou poderá ir para casa, dependendo do tipo de procedimento e da evolução da recuperação.

Como é realizada a operação

O cirurgião faz um único corte na extremidade da articulação do seu dedo ou polegar. Por meio desse corte, remove as superfícies articulares desgastadas, de modo que os ossos nus de cada lado possam se encontrar.

Em seguida, os dois ossos são mantidos unidos enquanto cicatrizam, formando um único osso sólido. Pequenos implantes metálicos, como um parafuso ou uma placa de baixo perfil, mantêm os ossos pressionados um contra o outro e na posição correta. A articulação é posicionada numa curvatura adequada ao modo como você utiliza a mão para beliscar e segurar objetos; essa posição pode ser ajustada com precisão antes da colocação definitiva dos implantes.

O corte é fechado com pontos de sutura, e um curativo é aplicado sobre ele.

Após a operação

A maioria dos pacientes permanece uma noite no hospital após essa operação, embora alguns possam ir para casa no mesmo dia. Você acorda na sala de recuperação, onde os enfermeiros ficam de olho em você enquanto o efeito da anestesia passa. Sua mão ficará enfaixada, e o dedo geralmente é imobilizado com uma tala (um suporte rígido que o mantém imóvel durante a cicatrização). O controle da dor é planejado com você antes de sair da sala de cirurgia; os enfermeiros podem administrar mais analgésicos caso você precise. Alguém deve ficar com você nas primeiras 24 horas. Assim que se sentir capaz, você poderá se movimentar e usar a mão com cuidado. Deixamos a bandagem por cerca de 10 dias; por favor, não a retire antes disso, a menos que receba instruções contrárias. Nós a trocamos ou retiramos quando o paciente retorna para a consulta.

Recuperação

Nos primeiros dias, o seu dedo ficará dolorido e inchado; a articulação distal pode até latejar. Manter a mão elevada sobre um travesseiro ajuda a aliviar isso, e os analgésicos habituais mantêm o conforto. O inchaço diminui gradualmente nas semanas seguintes.

Você irá para casa com uma tala (uma cobertura rígida que mantém o dedo imóvel durante a cicatrização) e a mão enfaixada. Mantenha a bandagem seca e não a toque até a nossa próxima consulta. Ruby Doolan, nossa terapeuta de mão na Extend Rehabilitation, orientará sua reabilitação e confeccionará qualquer tala de que você precisar. Ela lhe ensinará exercícios suaves para manter o restante da mão e dos dedos em movimento enquanto a articulação se consolida.

No dia a dia, você pode usar a outra mão para a maioria das tarefas: movimentar-se pela casa, vestir-se e preparar refeições simples. Evite levantar pesos, fazer força ao segurar objetos ou molhar a bandagem. Dormir com a mão sobre um travesseiro ou elevada pode diminuir o latejo noturno.

Você deverá usar a tala até que os ossos se unam em um único osso sólido. Após sua retirada e com autorização do cirurgião, será possível voltar a dirigir, desde que consiga segurar o volante com segurança. Consulte nossa página sobre Dirigir após cirurgia do membro superior.

Cada pessoa tem seu próprio ritmo de recuperação; portanto, seu cronograma pode ser diferente. Seu cirurgião e a terapeuta de mão o orientarão em cada consulta de acompanhamento.

O que pode dar errado

A maioria dos pacientes se recupera bem, mas, ocasionalmente, podem surgir problemas. O seu cirurgião e a equipe monitoram você de perto para detectar qualquer complicação precocemente.

O principal problema que observamos é a falha na união dos ossos para formar um único osso sólido. Caso isso ocorra, o dedo pode permanecer dolorido na articulação distal, ou você pode notar um clique, movimento ou atrito onde não deveria haver nada. Informe-nos na sua consulta de acompanhamento se a dor não diminuir ou se a articulação parecer instável. Às vezes, os ossos se unem numa posição ligeiramente diferente da planejada; o dedo pode ficar torto ou inclinado para um lado, o que dificulta o alinhamento com os demais dedos ao fechar o punho. Mencione isso na próxima consulta.

Os implantes metálicos também podem gerar problemas: um parafuso ou placa pode afrouxar, sair do lugar ou pressionar a pele; você pode sentir uma borda pontiaguda sob a pele ou notar o implante empurrando a superfície cutânea. Nesse caso, entre em contato com a clínica. A remoção do implante é uma pequena cirurgia adicional, e discutiremos todos os detalhes com você.

Infecções são raras, mas exigem atenção imediata. Fique atento a dor que piora em vez de melhorar, vermelhidão que se espalha a partir da incisão, inchaço que aumenta em vez de diminuir ou secreção saindo do corte. Você também pode sentir febre e mal-estar geral. Não espere pela consulta de acompanhamento: ligue imediatamente para a clínica ou vá ao pronto-socorro caso não consiga nos contatar.

Algumas condições médicas aumentam o risco de complicações; o diabetes é um exemplo, por isso tomamos cuidados extras ao planejar a cirurgia em pacientes diabéticos. Sua saúde geral e a complexidade da operação também influenciam, motivo pelo qual avaliamos cuidadosamente se esse procedimento é adequado para você antes de prosseguir.

Se algum desses sinais aparecer, não considere-os parte da recuperação normal. Ligue para nós; se necessário, agendaremos uma consulta mais cedo.

Na tabela de complicações desta página, você encontra as taxas típicas, caso queira informações mais detalhadas.

Quando nos contatar

A maioria dos problemas aparece nas primeiras semanas. Ligue para nós se a dor continuar piorando em vez de melhorar, se a vermelhidão ao redor da ferida se espalhar ou se houver vazamento de líquido. Ligue também se você se sentir febril e indisposto, ou se o dedo ficar dormente, frio ou mudar de cor. Procure atendimento de emergência se não conseguir nos contatar, ou se o inchaço for grave e surgir de repente. Confie no seu instinto: se algo parecer errado, ligue para nós.

Onde ler mais sobre a condição

Esta página trata especificamente da operação. A condição que ela visa tratar, incluindo as evidências sobre quando a cirurgia é benéfica e quando não é, é abordada com mais detalhes na página Artrite da articulação interfalangeana distal.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Bony and Articular Anatomy

  • The hand consists of 19 bones, 17 articulations, and 19 muscles situated entirely within the hand [2].
  • Each finger ray is a polyarticular chain composed of a metacarpal and three phalanges [2].
  • The distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint is the most distal articulation in the finger ray [2].
  • The dorsal integument of the distal phalanx is characterized by the presence of the nail bed and its matrix [3].
  • The MCP joint contributes 77% of the total arc of finger flexion [18].
  • Studies indicate that 5 to 10 degrees of flexion and 30 to 35 degrees of extension are needed for most activities of daily living [18].

Soft Tissue Anatomy

  • The terminal tendon inserts at the base of the distal phalanx to extend it [4].
  • The two conjoined lateral bands to each finger unite at the distal third of the middle phalanx to form the terminal tendon [4].
  • The dorsal covering of the interphalangeal articulations forms a unique cutaneous unit characterized by a considerable excess of skin when the digits are in extension [3].
  • The fine tight skin of the dorsal aspect of the middle phalanx forms a distinct functional cutaneous unit [3].
  • The skin covering each finger is 7 cm by 10 cm on both the palmar and dorsal aspects [6].
  • The necessary skin to cover the thumb distal to the metacarpophalangeal joint is about 9 cm wide and 8 cm long [6].

Extensor Mechanism and Pathomechanics

  • The deep head of each dorsal interosseous muscle extends the middle and distal phalanges [4].
  • The superficial head of the dorsal interosseous muscle has no direct effect on the middle or distal phalanges [4].
  • Boutonnière deformities primarily arise at the PIP joint when stretching of the extensor tendon over the joint induces hyperextension of the DIP and MCP joints [17].
  • Acute boutonnière deformity results from central slip disruption and volar subluxation of the lateral bands, resulting in DIP hyperextension [15].
  • In boutonnière deformity, attenuation of the central slip results in unopposed flexion at the PIP joint [16].
  • With PIP joint flexion in boutonnière deformity, the lateral bands drift volar to the axis of rotation at the PIP joint [16].
  • The lateral bands stay in the volar position owing to loss of dorsal support from the attenuated triangular ligament and contracture of the transverse retinacular ligament [16].
  • Swan neck deformities can occur at the DIP, PIP, and MCP joints as a result of multiple etiologies [13].
  • Synovitis can cause a flexion deformity at the DIP joint [13].
  • A zigzag deformity propagates proximally because there is stretching of the terminal tendon [13].
  • In type I swan neck deformity, the deformity can originate at the DIP joint with stretching or rupture of the terminal extensor tendon attachment, resulting in a mallet deformity [14].
  • Imbalance of the extensor mechanism secondary to DIP joint flexion coupled with laxity of the PIP joint volar plate allows the PIP joint to assume a posture of hyperextension [14].

Functional Considerations

  • DIP fusion of the digits is generally tolerated well with limited loss of function [18].
  • PIP joint motion is much more important to preserve than DIP joint motion [18].
  • Fingers with fused PIP joints are of little use for grip or grasp and frequently get in the way [18].
  • The quadriga effect can occur when profundus excursion is impaired with arthrodesis [18].
  • Even with a successful DIP fusion, the fine motor skills of a finger may be compromised [14].

Clinical Presentation

Physical Examination

  • Inspection of the dorsal and palmar surfaces of the hand is the initial step in physical examination [19].
  • Swelling and volar subluxation may be present at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints in osteoarthritis [19].
  • Flexion contracture or extension lag may be associated with MCP joint swelling and volar subluxation [19].
  • Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints may display flexion contractures in osteoarthritis [19].
  • The Bouchard node is a distinguishing characteristic of osteoarthritic PIP joints [19].
  • The presence of Heberden nodes heralds inspection of the osteoarthritic distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint [19].
  • Heberden nodes signify swelling and periarticular osteophyte formation at the DIP joint [19].
  • Mucous cyst formation may occur in relation to an osteoarthritic DIP joint [19].
  • Palpation of an acutely inflamed osteoarthritic DIP joint elicits tenderness [19].
  • Palpation of an acutely inflamed osteoarthritic DIP joint elicits a sensation of fullness about the joint [19].
  • Palpation of an acutely inflamed osteoarthritic DIP joint reveals loss of the normal bony contour of the joint [19].
  • The examiner can detect tenderness and synovitis by applying small pressure while holding the joint between the dominant thumb and index finger [19].
  • Range of motion of each joint may be limited due to a superimposed flexion contracture [19].
  • Digital range of motion is often expressed in terms of total active range of motion, approximately 250 degrees [19].
  • Normal DIP joint range of motion is 0 to 60 degrees [19].
  • Tendon integrity may be compromised in the osteoarthritic hand [19].
  • Chronic tenosynovitis of the flexor tendon uncommonly coexists with a zone 2 flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) or flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon rupture [19].
  • Extensor tendons are more commonly involved in osteoarthritic hands [19].
  • Ulnar subluxation of extensor tendons at the level of the MCP joints occurs secondary to failure of the sagittal bands [19].
  • Ulnar drift and flexion positioning of the digits at the level of the MCP joints result from extensor tendon subluxation [19].
  • In the acute phase, extensor tendon subluxation and ulnar drift/MCP flexion may be passively correctable [19].
  • In the acute phase, extensor tendon subluxation and ulnar drift/MCP flexion are amenable to individual MCP extension splinting for 3 weeks [19].
  • In the chronic situation, the only treatment option is surgical release of the tight sagittal bands [19].
  • Surgical release of tight sagittal bands in chronic cases may be performed with or without intrinsic releases [19].
  • Surgical release of tight sagittal bands in chronic cases may be performed with extensor tendon realignment [19].

Erosive or Inflammatory Osteoarthritis

  • Erosive or inflammatory osteoarthritis is an uncommon variant of osteoarthritis first described in 1966 by Peter and coworkers [19].
  • Erosive or inflammatory osteoarthritis is more common in women [19].
  • Symptoms of erosive or inflammatory osteoarthritis appear abruptly [19].
  • Erosive or inflammatory osteoarthritis involves the joints on the radial aspect of the hand [19].
  • Erosive or inflammatory osteoarthritis spares the joints on the ulnar side [19].
  • The DIP joint is the most commonly affected joint in erosive or inflammatory osteoarthritis [19].
  • The PIP joint is the most commonly symptomatic joint in erosive or inflammatory osteoarthritis [19].
  • In some patients, erosive osteoarthritis will seroconvert to rheumatoid arthritis at a later time [19].

Diagnostic Imaging

  • Plain posteroanterior (PA), lateral, and oblique radiographic views can adequately image the osteoarthritic hand [19].
  • Further detail can be obtained by directly imaging the individual digit [19].
  • Direct imaging of the individual digit involves an attempt to center the radiograph beam over the joint in question [19].

Investigations

  • Clinical evaluation of the injured or dysfunctional hand and wrist requires combining patient history with a careful physical examination to pinpoint or narrow the scope of possible pathologic processes [1].
  • Diagnostic tests such as imaging and serum laboratory studies are useful in determining pathology but can be expensive, time consuming, and often nonspecific [1].
  • A careful physical examination is essential to direct care and future testing if indicated [1].
  • The skeleton of the hand and wrist consists of 27 bones, of which 19 are long bones [12].
  • The skeleton is divided into five rays, each ray making up a polyarticulated chain comprising the metacarpals and phalanges [12].
  • The base of each metacarpal articulates with the distal row of the carpus [12].
  • The carpus articulates with the skeleton of the forearm through its proximal row [12].
  • The radioulnocarpal articulation has two axes of movement to which is added a third—pronation and supination from the forearm [12].
  • The wrist has three axes of movement, permitting the hand to be positioned in any spatial configuration and allowing it to be placed as needed for grasping [12].
  • The radial ray or first ray is the shortest and is made up of only three bones—a metacarpal and two phalanges [12].
  • The other four digital rays are formed by four skeletal segments—a metacarpal and three phalanges [12].
  • The thumb metacarpal is the shortest, the index finger metacarpal is the longest, and the others decrease in length from the third to the fifth digits [12].
  • The proximal and particularly the middle phalanges of the middle and ring fingers are longer than those of the index finger [12].
  • The long finger, and usually the ring finger, are longer than the index finger [12].
  • The epiphyseal plates are located at the proximal ends of the phalanges and the first metacarpal [12].
  • The epiphyseal plates are located at the distal ends of the other metacarpals [12].

References

[1] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Evaluation, Clinical Examination, and Imaging > Evaluation and Clinical Examination: Current Concepts.

[2] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. INTRODUCTION.

[3] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. Functional cutaneous units.

[4] Green S Operative Hand Surgery. Interosseous and Hypothenar Muscles.

[6] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. Planning skin cover of the hand and forearm.

[12] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. 1.1 SKELETON OF THE HAND > The osseous skeleton.

[13] Green S Operative Hand Surgery. Swan Neck Deformities.

[14] Green S Operative Hand Surgery. Swan Neck Deformities > Postoperative Care.

[15] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. SECTION 16 PATELLAR TRACKING IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY > TENDON INJURIES AND OVERUSE SYNDROMES > Zone III injury (boutonnière).

[16] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. TENDON INJURIES AND OVERUSE SYNDROMES > Zone III injury (boutonnière).

[17] Green S Operative Hand Surgery. Boutonnière Deformities.

[18] Green S Operative Hand Surgery. EVOLUTION IN THE TREATMENT OF MANGLING INJURIES > Joints.

[19] Green S Operative Hand Surgery. Treatment of the Osteoarthritic Hand and Thumb > OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE SMALL JOINTS OF THE HAND.

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.