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Reparo dos Tendões Flexores

Um plano de recuperação com movimento ativo precoce após a reparação de um tendão flexor no dedo, utilizando a tala curta de Manchester para mover o tendão em cicatrização de forma suave e segura desde a primeira semana, protegendo a reparação por seis semanas.

Ilustração dos tendões flexores correndo ao longo do lado palmar dos dedos dentro de suas bainhas.
Os tendões flexores que dobram seus dedos correm em bainhas apertadas ao longo da face palmar da mão; um tendão cortado é reparado e, em seguida, cuidadosamente protegido enquanto cicatriza. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

Este protocolo orienta a sua recuperação após a reparação cirúrgica de um tendão flexor no dedo (o cordão que percorre o lado palmar do dedo e o flexiona em direção à palma) com o Dr. Kieran Hirpara no Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Inicia-se com o seu programa de exercícios em casa, seguido pelo protocolo clínico estruturado escrito para o seu terapeuta da mão: traga esta página ou o seu PDF para a sua primeira sessão de terapia, de modo a que a sua reabilitação permaneça coordenada. O seu terapeuta da mão pode ajustar o plano, dependendo da evolução da sua recuperação.

Se tiver alguma preocupação sobre a sua ferida após a cirurgia, entre em contacto com a clínica. É frequentemente útil tirar uma fotografia da ferida e enviá-la por e-mail para avaliação.

O que esperar

A reparação do tendão flexor sutura as extremidades cortadas do tendão para que o dedo possa dobrar novamente. A reparação é forte o suficiente para permitir movimento suave imediato, mas está mais fraca nas primeiras semanas enquanto o tendão se une, por isso todo o plano é construído em torno de o mover o suficiente para manter o deslizamento, sem nunca o carregar com força suficiente para romper as suturas.

Para isso, a sua mão é mantida em repouso numa tala leve especial chamada tala curta de Manchester. Ao contrário das talas mais antigas e volumosas, esta é curta, terminando na prega do pulso, deixando o pulso livre. Permite que o seu pulso se mova completamente para a frente e para trás até cerca de 45 graus, enquanto um pequeno bloco impede que os nós dos dedos se estendam além de cerca de 30 graus e deixa as articulações dos dedos livres para se moverem. Usa-a 24 horas por dia durante seis semanas, retirando-a apenas conforme instruído para os exercícios e para lavar.

A parte inteligente é a forma como o pulso é utilizado. Quando dobra o pulso para a frente, o dedo se estende quase automaticamente (isto é chamado de efeito tenodésico), permitindo-lhe abrir o dedo completamente sem que os seus próprios músculos o forcem. Quando dobra o pulso para trás, torna-se mais fácil e seguro encurvar suavemente o dedo. Mover-se desta forma mantém o tendão a deslizar e, crucialmente, impede que o dedo se enrole numa posição rígida e fletida, o problema mais comum após este tipo de reparação.

Os exercícios precoces (a partir do dia 4–5) são suaves e específicos: dobrar o dedo passivamente primeiro, depois um leve encurvamento ativo em 'gancho' começando na ponta do dedo, e depois estender o dedo com o pulso fletido. Não há aperto forte nem movimento forçado durante seis semanas. A tala é retirada às seis semanas, inicia-se o fortalecimento leve, e a maioria das pessoas regressa ao uso completo e sem restrições da mão entre dez a doze semanas.

Precauções e limitações

  • Use a tala curta de Manchester em tempo integral durante seis semanas: retire-a apenas para os seus exercícios e para a higiene, conforme instruído.
  • NÃO feche o punho com força e NÃO segure, levante, puxe ou transporte nada com a mão operada durante as primeiras seis semanas: a sobrecarga pode provocar a rutura da reparação.
  • NÃO force o dedo a ficar reto nem o force a ficar fletido; mantenha todos os movimentos suaves, dentro da amplitude que lhe foi demonstrada.
  • Pode utilizar a mão para tarefas muito leves e seguras excluindo o dedo lesionado, desde que nada o puxe ou tensionem.
  • Um estalido ou uma perda súbita de resistência com perda da flexão do dedo pode indicar que o tendão se rompeu: contacte a clínica imediatamente se tal acontecer.
  • NÃO conduza enquanto estiver com a tala; a condução só pode ser retomada após a remoção da tala (cerca de seis semanas), quando a sua força de preensão e controlo forem adequados e tiver recebido autorização.

Para a gestão da ferida, do edema e da cicatriz, consulte as orientações da clínica sobre cuidados com a ferida.

Seus exercícios

Estes são os exercícios do seu material. Inicie-os apenas conforme orientado pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão, mantendo-se dentro da amplitude e dos limites que lhe foram indicados. Cada sessão segue a mesma ordem segura: flexione suavemente o dedo passivamente primeiro, depois realize seu curl ativo em forma de gancho e deslizes tendinosos, e, em seguida, estique o dedo com o punho fletido para evitar que ele fique rígido em posição de flexão. Mantenha todos os movimentos leves: trata-se de deslizamento, não de fortalecimento. A técnica de colocar e segurar (place-and-hold) e o bloqueio pertencem a fases posteriores e só devem ser iniciados quando seu terapeuta da mão os introduzir. Interrompa qualquer atividade que cause dor aguda sobre a área da reparação e nunca feche o punho em punho fechado antes de receber autorização.

Seu protocolo clínico

O restante desta página é o protocolo clínico em fases para reabilitação após reparo dos tendões flexores utilizando a tala curta de Manchester e um regime de movimento ativo precoce (MAP). Esta seção deve ser fornecida ao seu terapeuta da mão, e cada fase começa com uma explicação em linguagem simples do que está ocorrendo. O reparo está em seu estado mais frágil nas primeiras semanas e é submetido a carga por meio da flexão ativa e resistida dos dedos (um punho fechado); portanto, o protocolo protege contra a flexão vigorosa, enquanto estimula deliberadamente o deslizamento do tendão e a extensão ativa das articulações interfalangianas para prevenir a contratura de flexão, que é a principal complicação incômoda.

Antes do tratamento, verifique o relatório cirúrgico do paciente e o histórico médico, e entre em contato com o cirurgião responsável quanto à zona de lesão, à configuração e à resistência do ponto de sutura central, a qualquer ventilação das polias e ao reparo concomitante do nervo digital. Os reparos dos flexores realizados pelo Dr. Hirpara são manejados com uma tala dorsal curta de Manchester (que termina na prega do pulso), permitindo flexão e extensão completas do pulso até 45°, com as articulações metacarpofalangianas bloqueadas em 30° de flexão e as articulações interfalangianas livres, usada em tempo integral por seis semanas. Guterres de extensão noturna são adicionados apenas se um deformidade de flexão interfalangiana se desenvolver.

Fase I — movimento ativo precoce na tala curta de Manchester (semanas 0 a 6)

As primeiras seis semanas protegem a consolidação da reparação, mantendo o deslizamento do tendão e evitando que o dedo fique rígido em contratura de flexão. A mão é imobilizada em tempo integral na tala curta de Manchester (flexão completa do punho, extensão até 45°, bloqueio das MCPs a 30°, IPs livres). O movimento ativo inicia-se por volta do 4.º–5.º dia. Cada sessão segue uma ordem estabelecida: flexão passiva dos IPs primeiro, em seguida punho de gancho ativo iniciando na DIP com o punho em extensão, e depois extensão ativa dos IPs com o punho em flexão (sinergismo, anti-contratura). Não é permitido movimento forçado até ao fim do arco e não há flexão resistida.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Educação e precauções - Imobilização em tempo integral na tala curta de Manchester: flexão completa do punho, extensão até 45°, MCPs bloqueadas a 30°, IPs livres; remover apenas para exercícios e higiene - Iniciar MAO a partir do 4.º–5.º dia - Sem flexão forçada até ao fim do arco e sem flexão resistida; sem preensão, levantamento ou puxar - Utilização leve e "segura" da mão, excluindo o dedo lesionado - Goteira de extensão noturna apenas se se iniciar o desenvolvimento de uma deformidade de flexão do IP

Gestão - Ferida: curativos cirúrgicos conforme indicado; monitorizar infeção - Edema: elevação, controlo suave do edema digital, gestão do risco de aderências - Sequência de exercícios em cada sessão: (1) flexão passiva completa dos IPs primeiro; (2) punho de gancho ativo iniciando na DIP com o punho em extensão a 45°; (3) extensão ativa do dedo com o punho em flexão (sinergismo/tenodese, anti-contratura); adicionar colocar e segurar num punho leve, conforme orientação - Reavaliação pela terapia da mão semanalmente durante esta fase

Critérios para progressão - Ferida cicatrizada; reparação íntegra às seis semanas; deslizamento do tendão mantido; sem contratura significativa de flexão do IP

Fase II — fora a tala, trabalho de tecidos moles e cicatriz (semana 6)

Ao sexto semana, a tala é removida. O foco muda para a recuperação da amplitude de movimento passiva e ativa completa, liberação de qualquer rigidez inicial e manejo da cicatriz. O fortalecimento ainda não foi iniciado; uma tala de extensão noturna é usada apenas se permanecer um déficit de flexão residual.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Avaliações - Amplitude de movimento (AM) ativa e passiva nas articulações MCP/PIP/DIP; presença de qualquer contratura de flexão das IP; qualidade do deslizamento tendinoso (avaliar por aderências); revisão da cicatriz e da ferida

Educação e precauções - Tala descontinuada na sexta semana (tala de extensão noturna apenas para déficit residual de flexão das IP) - Progressão para uso funcional leve; ainda sem preensão resistida ou carga

Manejo - Alongamento de tecidos moles para restaurar a flexão e extensão compostas completas; iniciar manejo da cicatriz após a cicatrização - Continuar os deslizamentos tendinosos; introduzir bloqueio se as aderências estiverem limitando o deslizamento diferencial - Progressão para uso funcional leve da mão

Critérios para progressão - Ferida e cicatriz estabilizadas; AM passiva quase completa; deslizamento mantido; pronto para fortalecimento gradual

Fase III — fortalecimento e retorno (semanas 6 a 12)

Com o reparo mais maduro, o alongamento graduado e o fortalecimento progressivo começam e são intensificados gradualmente até o uso irrestrito. Espera-se o retorno à atividade plena e irrestrita por volta de dez a doze semanas, com base em critérios.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Avaliações - ROM composto e qualquer contratura residual; força de preensão e pinça em comparação com o lado contralateral; resposta do reparo à carga graduada

Educação e precauções - Iniciar alongamento graduado e fortalecimento progressivo por volta das seis semanas; aumentar a carga gradualmente - Evitar preensão máxima súbita ou carga resistida até que a força seja reconstruída

Conduta - Fortalecimento progressivo da preensão e da pinça (massa de modelar → resistência graduada); continuar o alongamento para qualquer rigidez residual; continuar o trabalho cicatricial conforme necessário - Avançar para atividade plena / irrestrita em 10–12 semanas - Considerar a alta quando o ROM e a força forem funcionais e um retorno adequado à atividade for alcançado; encaminhar de volta ao cirurgião tratante se a recuperação estagnar ou se persistir uma contratura de flexão

Critérios para retorno à atividade plena - ROM composto funcional; força de preensão e pinça adequada e quase simétrica; uso irrestrito sem dor, tipicamente por volta de 10–12 semanas

Retornar ao trabalho e às atividades

Recomenda-se o uso leve e seguro da mão (excluindo o dedo lesionado) desde o início, dentro da tala, desde que nada puxe, prenda ou sobrecarregue a reparação. Planeie obter ajuda nas primeiras semanas, pois não deve pregar, levantar ou transportar objetos com a mão operada durante as primeiras seis semanas. A tala é removida por volta das seis semanas, e o fortalecimento leve inicia-se a partir desse momento.

Como não deve conduzir enquanto usa a tala dorsal, organize transporte para as primeiras seis semanas. A condução retoma após a remoção da tala (cerca de seis semanas), quando a sua força de preensão e controlo dos dedos forem adequados e tiver sido autorizado na consulta de seguimento. O retorno à atividade plena e sem restrições, incluindo preensão firme e tarefas mais pesadas, é esperado entre dez a doze semanas, sendo progressivo e avaliado pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão com base no movimento e na força do dedo, e não apenas no calendário.

Após o seu protocolo

Este protocolo complementa as orientações gerais de recuperação da clínica; consulte também o controlo da dor pós-operatória, os cuidados com a ferida e a gestão da cicatriz. O plano por fases acima apresentado reflete as orientações publicadas de reabilitação com movimento ativo precoce após reparação dos tendões flexores, e a sua recuperação contínua é orientada individualmente pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão, de acordo com a evolução do seu dedo.


Evidence & references

Flexor Tendon Repair — Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Manchester Short-Splint Early Active Motion)

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after primary surgical repair of a flexor tendon in the finger (especially zone II) with a robust multi-strand core repair, mobilised on an early-active-motion (EAM) regimen using the Manchester short splint. This is a repair of a divided structure that is at its weakest in the first weeks, so — unlike a decompression — the rehab is a carefully graded protected-but-moving pathway: enough controlled tendon excursion to prevent adhesion and flexion contracture, without the forceful flexion that ruptures the construct.

Defining principle of the rehab here: a repaired flexor tendon must glide to heal well but must not be loaded hard while it is weak. The two competing failures are rupture (from forceful or resisted flexion) and adhesion / PIP flexion contracture (from too little controlled motion). The Manchester short splint resolves this tension by leaving the wrist free: holding the wrist in 45° of extension minimises the work of flexion (Savage) so a gentle active hook fist glides the tendon at low tension, while permitting wrist flexion harnesses the extensor tenodesis effect to drive active IP extension — the single most effective lever against the PIP flexion contracture that is the characteristic nuisance complication of zone II repair. The deliberate sequence each session (passive IP flexion → active hook fist from the DIP, wrist extended → active IP extension, wrist flexed) is what makes the regimen safe and anti-contracture.


A. PROCEDURE / REPAIR OUTCOMES (early active motion vs passive mobilisation)

Flexor tendon repair is technically demanding and historically complication-prone (rupture and adhesion). Modern multi-strand core repairs combined with early active motion have shifted outcomes decisively toward better motion, with the central trade-off being a small rupture risk against markedly better range and function.

  • Early active motion gives better finger motion than passive mobilisation, at a small rupture cost. A systematic review of controlled mobilisation after zone II repair found EAM regimens produced better total active motion than passive (Kleinert/Duran) protocols, with a modest increase in rupture (~5% vs ~4%) [Starr 2013]. The contemporary consensus favours active regimens with robust repairs. Moderate–strong (SR).
  • The Manchester short splint specifically improves IP extension without increasing rupture. A clinical audit comparing the Manchester short splint (MSS) with a traditional full-length dorsal splint in uncomplicated zone II repairs found less PIP extension deficit (median 15° vs 28° at 6 weeks, p=0.003; 6° vs 18° at 12 weeks), a greater DIP flexion arc (59° vs 30°), and more excellent/good Strickland grades with the MSS. Rupture was not significantly different (2/45, 4.4% MSS vs 3/76, 3.9% traditional) [Peck 2014]. The headline advantage is the reduction in PIP flexion contracture. Moderate (single-centre non-randomised audit, Level III–IV).
  • Forearm-based (wrist-blocking) splints constrain the very motion that prevents contracture. A comparison of splint designs found the Manchester short splint allowed greater PIP extension than forearm-based splints [Newington 2021], consistent with the mechanistic rationale that freeing the wrist enables the synergistic IP-extension move. Moderate.
  • Mechanistic basis. Positioning the wrist in ~45° extension minimises the work of flexion required for active digital flexion, lowering the tension on the repair during the active hook fist [Savage 1988]; allowing wrist flexion recruits the extensor tenodesis effect to achieve full active IP extension at low cost — the anti-contracture engine of the regimen. Mechanistic.

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

The rehab questions are (1) active vs passive early mobilisation, (2) splint design, and (3) how to structure the session to prevent both rupture and contracture. The evidence supports a robust repair mobilised with early active motion, a short wrist-free splint, and a fixed safe exercise sequence delivered through formal hand therapy.

  • Early active motion is the modern default for robust repairs. Active regimens (partial-range combined passive/active, place-and-hold, true active flexion) outperform passive-only protocols on motion and are now standard where the core repair is strong enough to tolerate active glide [Tang 2021; Starr 2013]. Moderate–strong.
  • A defined, low-tension active sequence is what makes EAM safe. Therapy guidance emphasises passive flexion first (preconditioning the joints), place-and-hold / active hook fist to glide the tendon at minimal tension, and synergistic wrist-flexion finger-extension to recover IP extension — the explicit structure of the Manchester regimen [Neiduski & Powell 2019; Saint John protocol]. Moderate (consensus + protocol cohorts).
  • Splint design materially changes the contracture outcome. Shorter, wrist-free splinting that permits the synergistic extension move yields greater PIP extension than traditional or forearm-based dorsal splints [Peck 2014; Newington 2021]. Moderate.
  • All flexor repairs are routed through formal hand therapy. The regimen is exercise-order- and tension-sensitive and is delivered with weekly hand-therapy review through the six-week splinted phase; it is not a self-directed pathway. Consensus / standard of care.

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Restraint Hand use / therapy focus Strength / load Notes
I — Early active motion (in MSS) Week 0–6 Manchester short splint full-time (full wrist flexion, extension to 45°, MCP block 30°, IPs free) Start day 4–5; each session: passive IP flexion → active hook fist from the DIP (wrist extended) → active IP extension (wrist flexed); place-and-hold as guided; weekly therapy No resisted flexion, no gripping/lifting; light safe use excluding the injured finger EAM drives glide + anti-contracture; rupture risk highest now
II — Splint off, soft-tissue / scar Week 6 Splint discontinued (night extension gutter only for residual IP flexion deformity) Restore full passive/active ROM; scar management; tendon glides; blocking if adhesions Still no resisted loading PIP flexion contracture is the complication to chase down here
III — Strengthen / return Week 6–12 Restrictions progressively lifted Graded stretching; progressive grip/pinch strengthening (putty → resistance) Build grip/pinch gradually Return to full / unrestricted activity 10–12 weeks, criterion-based

(Phase windows mirror the precautions in the patient protocol; they are typical guides, not trial-derived deadlines.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Active vs passive early mobilisation. EAM gives better motion than passive Kleinert/Duran regimens at a small rupture-rate cost (~5% vs ~4%); it is the contemporary default for strong core repairs [Starr 2013; Tang 2021]. Moderate–strong.
  2. Manchester short splint vs traditional dorsal splint. The MSS audit shows clearly better IP extension and DIP flexion arc with no significant increase in rupture, but it is a single-centre, non-randomised audit (Level III–IV) — the authors themselves call for an RCT. The improvement is consistent with the mechanism (wrist-free synergistic extension), which raises confidence above the study design alone. Moderate; RCT recommended.
  3. The PIP flexion contracture is the outcome that discriminates protocols. Rupture rates are broadly similar across modern regimens; what separates them is residual PIP extension loss, and that is where the short, wrist-free splint and the synergistic-extension move earn their place [Peck 2014; Newington 2021]. Moderate.
  4. Repair strength gates the regimen. EAM is only safe with a robust multi-strand core repair; the protocol assumes that and is surgeon-confirmed per case (zone, suture configuration, pulley venting, concurrent nerve repair). Consensus.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • MODERATE–STRONG (SR): early active motion produces better finger motion than passive mobilisation after zone II repair, at a small rupture-rate increase (~5% vs ~4%) [Starr 2013]; modern partial-range active regimens are the contemporary standard [Tang 2021].
  • MODERATE: the Manchester short splint reduces PIP extension deficit (15° vs 28° at 6 wk, p=0.003) and improves DIP flexion arc without significantly increasing rupture (4.4% vs 3.9%) [Peck 2014]; greater PIP extension than forearm-based splints [Newington 2021]; defined low-tension exercise sequence [Neiduski & Powell 2019; Saint John].
  • MECHANISTIC / CONSENSUS: wrist 45° extension minimises work of flexion [Savage 1988]; wrist flexion harnesses the extensor tenodesis effect for active IP extension (anti-contracture); exact phase timings are typical guides, not trial-derived; single-centre non-randomised MSS evidence — an RCT is recommended.

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Peck FH, et al. A comparative study of two methods of controlled mobilization of flexor tendon repairs in zone 2 (the Manchester short splint). Hand Ther. 2014. DOI: 10.1177/1758998314533306
  • Starr HM, et al. Flexor tendon repair rehabilitation protocols: a systematic review. J Hand Surg Am. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.06.025
  • Neiduski RL, Powell RK. Flexor tendon rehabilitation in the 21st century: a systematic review. J Hand Ther. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2018.06.001
  • Tang JB. Rehabilitation after flexor tendon repair and others: a safe and efficient update. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/17531934211037112
  • Tang JB, et al. (IFSSH flexor tendon committee report). J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413500768
  • Newington L, et al. Splinting after flexor tendon repair: comparison of the Manchester short splint with forearm-based splinting on PIP joint extension. Hand Ther. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/17589983211017584

Flexor tendon rehabilitation literature (URLs)

  • Saint John flexor tendon protocol — early active motion regimen for zone II repair (protocol description and outcomes). PMC. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142498/
  • Savage R. The influence of wrist position on the minimum force required for active movement of the interphalangeal joints. J Hand Surg Br. 1988 (mechanistic basis: wrist extension minimises the work of flexion). https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(88)90258-2

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2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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