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Fusão da Articulação Interfalangeana Proximal

Um plano de recuperação protegido após a fusão (artrodese) da articulação do dedo médio, mantendo a articulação fundida imóvel em uma tala enquanto todas as outras articulações permanecem em movimento desde o primeiro dia, e depois restaurando a força de preensão e pinça assim que o osso tiver se unido.

Ilustração de um dedo mostrando a articulação interfalângica proximal (PIP) fundida em uma posição ligeiramente flexionada, com as articulações metacarpofalângica (MCP) e interfalângica distal (DIP) ainda livres para se mover.
A artrodese da articulação da PIP fixa a articulação média do dedo, desgastada ou instável, em uma posição funcional e levemente flexionada; as articulações da falange e da ponta do dedo continuam em movimento. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

Este protocolo orienta a sua recuperação após a fusão (artrodese) da articulação interfalângica proximal (PIP) (a articulação média de um dedo) com o Dr. Kieran Hirpara no Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Ele começa com o seu programa de exercícios domiciliares, seguido pelo protocolo clínico estruturado escrito para o seu terapeuta da mão: leve esta página ou o seu PDF à sua primeira sessão de terapia para que a sua reabilitação permaneça coordenada. O seu terapeuta da mão pode ajustar o plano dependendo de como a sua recuperação progride.

Se tiver alguma preocupação sobre a sua ferida após a cirurgia, entre em contato com a clínica. Frequentemente, é útil tirar uma foto da ferida e enviá-la por e-mail para avaliação.

O que esperar

A artrodese da articulação da IP proximal (PIP) une firmemente uma articulação do dedo médio desgastada ou instável, de modo que ela deixe de se mover. A articulação é posicionada em uma posição funcional, ligeiramente flexionada, e não totalmente estendida: a flexão é suave nos dedos indicador e médio (cerca de 15–20°) e aumenta em direção ao lado do dedo mínimo da mão (cerca de 25–40° nos dedos anelar e mínimo), seguindo o cascade natural que os dedos formam ao se curvarem. A articulação fundida é mantida no lugar por um pequeno implante (um fio de banda de tensão, um parafuso sem cabeça, fios de Kirschner ou uma pequena placa) que mantém esse ângulo estável até que os ossos se unifiquem na artrodese.

Esta operação é frequentemente escolhida para os dedos indicador e médio, onde uma articulação estável para a pinça é mais importante do que o movimento na articulação média. A articulação PIP deve permanecer rígida após o procedimento: esse é o objetivo da operação. Portanto, ao contrário do reparo de tendões ou ligamentos, a recuperação não visa recuperar o movimento nessa articulação; trata-se de proteger a artrodese até que os ossos se unifiquem, mantendo todas as outras articulações da mão em movimento livre.

O plano é baseado em quatro princípios:

  • Proteger a artrodese até que os ossos se unifiquem. A união óssea geralmente leva cerca de seis semanas, podendo levar até nove a doze semanas. Até lá, a articulação fundida é suportada por uma tala.
  • Manter tudo em movimento desde o primeiro dia: a articulação da ponta do dedo, a articulação metacarpofalângica, os dedos vizinhos, o polegar e o pulso, para que os tendões não aderam e o restante da mão não fique rígido.
  • Controlar o inchaço e a cicatriz nas primeiras semanas.
  • Restaurar a força de preensão e a pinça após a união da artrodese. Não fume: sabe-se que o tabagismo retarda a cicatrização óssea e atrasa a união da artrodese.

Precauções e limitações

  • NÃO aplique carga, prenda ou faça pinça com força através do dedo operado até que a fusão óssea esteja consolidada (geralmente cerca de seis semanas, por vezes mais): a aplicação de carga antes da consolidação óssea aumenta o risco de falha da fusão.
  • Mantenha a articulação fundida completamente imobilizada na tala, conforme indicado; não tente "testar" ou dobrá-la.
  • Mantenha todas as outras articulações em movimento desde os primeiros dias: articulação da ponta do dedo, articulação metacarpofalângica, outros dedos, polegar e punho.
  • Mantenha a tala limpa e seca, use-a conforme indicado e cuide da ferida e de qualquer ponto de fixação dos pinos.
  • NÃO conduza enquanto não conseguir controlar o volante com segurança, geralmente até sair da tala, por volta das seis semanas.
  • Não fume: o tabagismo atrasa a consolidação óssea.

Para a gestão da ferida, edema e cicatriz, consulte as orientações da prática clínica sobre cuidados com a ferida.

Seus exercícios

Estes são os exercícios do seu material didático. Inicie-os apenas conforme orientado pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão, respeitando os limites que foram estabelecidos. Os exercícios iniciais mantêm a articulação da ponta do dedo, a articulação metacarpofalângica (nós) e todos os outros dedos, polegar e punho em movimento, sem mover ou sobrecarregar a articulação fundida, que permanece imóvel na sua tala. A massagem cicatricial inicia-se após a cicatrização da ferida. O fortalecimento da pinça e da preensão pertence a uma fase posterior e não deve ser iniciado até que a fusão esteja consolidada e você receba liberação específica. Interrompa qualquer atividade que cause dor aguda na articulação fundida.

Seu protocolo clínico

O restante desta página é o protocolo clínico escalonado para reabilitação após artrodese da articulação interfalângica proximal (PIP). Esta seção deve ser fornecida ao seu terapeuta da mão, e cada fase inicia-se com uma explicação em linguagem simples do que está ocorrendo. A fusão deve ser protegida contra carga até a união óssea (tipicamente ~6 semanas, podendo variar de 9 a 12 semanas); o princípio orientador é "proteger a articulação fundida, mobilizar tudo o mais": a articulação interfalângica distal (DIP), a articulação metacarpofalângica (MCP), os dedos adjacentes, o polegar e o punho devem ser mobilizados desde o primeiro dia para prevenir aderências tendinosas e rigidez, com o edema e a cicatriz sendo manejados precocemente, e a força de preensão e pinça sendo restauradas apenas após a união óssea.

Antes do tratamento, verifique o relatório cirúrgico do paciente e seu histórico médico, e entre em contato com o cirurgião assistente em relação à fixação utilizada (fio de tensão, parafuso intramedular cabeça, fios de Kirschner ou placa), o ângulo de fusão estabelecido e se os fios de Kirschner estão enterrados ou devem ser removidos. O Dr. Hirpara realiza a artrodese da PIP em uma posição flexionada funcional que aumenta a inclinação ulnar ao longo da mão (indicador/médio ≈ 15–20°, anelar/mínimo ≈ 25–40°), mais frequentemente para o dedo indicador/médio, onde a estabilidade da pinça lateral supera o movimento da PIP. A articulação fundida é mantida em uma tala até a união radiográfica; a base de evidências é de baixo nível (séries de casos de nível-4 e consenso de especialistas), portanto, os prazos são individualizados, não sendo limiares graduados.

Fase I — proteger e estabilizar (semanas 0 a 2)

As primeiras duas semanas protegem a fusão e controlam o inchaço e a ferida, enquanto todas as outras articulações da mão começam a mover-se imediatamente.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Imobilização - Tala ou molde volar agudo para os dedos, abrangendo as articulações MCP e PIP, mas deixando a DIP livre - PIP fundida mantida em repouso; elevação para o edema

Educação e precauções - Sem preensão, pinça ou carga através do dedo operado - Manter a tala limpa e seca; proteger a ferida e quaisquer pontos de pinos

Gestão - Ferida: curativos cirúrgicos conforme indicado; monitorizar infeção e pontos de pinos se foram utilizadas agulhas de Kirschner - Edema: elevação, bombeamento suave das articulações livres, gelo conforme necessário - Exercícios: a partir do dia um, movimento ativo de todas as articulações não fundidas: dedos adjacentes (punho fechado completo/extensão), polegar, punho; iniciar movimento ativo da DIP do dedo operado nos primeiros dias; deslizes tendinosos dos dígitos adjacentes; sem movimento ou carga na PIP fundida

Critérios para progressão - Ferida a estabilizar; inchaço controlado; pronto para uma tala personalizada definitiva por volta das 1–2 semanas

Fase II — tala termoplástica personalizada e movimento ativo das articulações livres (semanas 2 a 6)

A partir de aproximadamente duas semanas, uma tala termoplástica personalizada suporta a articulação fundida, enquanto liberta as articulações adjacentes para movimento ativo. O DIP e o MCP do dedo operado são exercitados fora da tala; o PIP fundido permanece protegido. Ainda não há força de preensão, pinça ou carga.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Avaliações - ROM das articulações adjacentes, edema, revisão da ferida/cicatriz; confirmar que a fixação está estável clinicamente e conforme o cirurgião

Imobilização - Transição para uma tala termoplástica personalizada que suporta o PIP fundido, libertando as articulações adjacentes; imobilização protetora contínua até ~6 semanas

Educação e precauções - Sem força de preensão, pinça ou carga no dedo operado até à consolidação - Fora da tala apenas para exercícios

Gestão - Exercícios: movimento ativo do DIP e do MCP do dedo operado fora da tala (DIP iniciado nos primeiros dias, MCP adicionado nesta fase); deslizes tendinosos dos dígitos adjacentes; continuação do movimento do polegar/punho/dedos adjacentes; iniciar gestão da cicatriz e do edema após a cicatrização da ferida - Sem força de preensão/pinça/carga

Critérios para progressão - Consolidação radiográfica (tipicamente por volta das 6 semanas, até 9–12); articulação fundida clinicamente e radiologicamente estável antes de qualquer carga

Fase III — reduzir gradualmente o uso da tala e progredir para uso leve (a partir de ~6 semanas, após consolidação)

Uma vez que a fusão esteja consolidada (geralmente por volta de seis semanas), a tala é gradualmente reduzida e o uso funcional leve é introduzido, com a reconstrução progressiva do pinçamento, oposição e preensão. Os fios de Kirschner (K-wires), se utilizados, são tipicamente removidos por volta das seis semanas.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Avaliações - Confirmar a consolidação radiográfica com o cirurgião; força de preensão/pinçamento em comparação com a outra mão; amplitude de movimento (ADM) das articulações livres; cicatriz

Educação e precauções - Reduzir gradualmente e diminuir o uso da tala após confirmação da consolidação; remover o fio de Kirschner ~6 semanas se utilizado - Progredir a carga gradualmente: uso leve primeiro, seguido de pinçamento/preensão graduais

Conduta - Exercícios: progredir para uso funcional levepinçamento, oposição e preensão; iniciar fortalecimento de preensão/pinçamento (bola/argila terapêutica, pinçamento lateral) e construir gradualmente; continuar trabalho na cicatriz - Tala reduzida após consolidação radiográfica

Critérios para progressão - Fusão consolidada tolerando carga leve sem dor; tala descontinuada; pronto para fortalecimento progressivo

Fase IV — fortalecimento progressivo e retorno (a partir de ~8–12 semanas)

Com a fusão consolidada e o uso leve restabelecido, o fortalecimento e a carga são progressivamente aumentados, e o retorno ao esporte, a atividades pesadas ou manuais é gradualmente implementado. O resultado final estável é alcançado por volta de nove a doze meses.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Avaliações - Força de preensão e de pinça em comparação com o lado contralateral; testes funcionais e específicos para trabalho/esporte, conforme apropriado

Educação e precauções - Aumentar gradualmente a carga resistida; a articulação fundida é permanentemente rígida por design; focar o fortalecimento na preensão e na pinça lateral

Conduta - Exercícios: fortalecimento progressivo e carga da preensão e da pinça; retorno gradual a esportes, tarefas pesadas e manuais - Considerar a alta quando a força for funcional e quase simétrica; encaminhar de volta ao médico assistente se a recuperação estagnar

Critérios para retorno - Articulação fundida estável e sem dor sob carga; força de preensão/pinça adequada para a tarefa, avaliada clinicamente e não pelo calendário; resultado final estável em 9–12 meses

Retorno ao trabalho e às atividades

O uso leve das mãos nas atividades diárias, com o restante da mão, é incentivado desde o início, dentro do conforto; a restrição principal é não realizar preensão, pinçamento ou carga através do dedo operado até que a fusão óssea esteja consolidada. Como você não deve dirigir enquanto não conseguir controlar o volante com segurança, planeje ajuda para o transporte nas primeiras semanas; a condução geralmente é retomada por volta das seis semanas, após a retirada da tala e quando for possível controlar o veículo com segurança.

Após a consolidação (por volta das seis semanas), você pode iniciar uso leve e preensão suave. Levantar, preensão e pinçamento são progressivamente aumentados a partir de oito semanas, e atividade completa ou esportes a partir de doze semanas. A fusão continua a se estabilizar por vários meses, de modo que o resultado final, totalmente estabilizado, ocorre por volta de nove a doze meses. Esses prazos são guias baseados em consenso de especialistas de uma única clínica (típicos e individualizados, não limiares graduados), e seu progresso é avaliado pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão de acordo com a cicatrização da fusão, e não apenas pelo calendário.

Após o seu protocolo

Este protocolo complementa as orientações gerais de recuperação da clínica; consulte também o manejo da dor pós-operatória, o cuidado com a ferida e o manejo da cicatriz. O plano em fases acima reflete as diretrizes publicadas sobre reabilitação após artrodese da articulação interfalângica proximal (PIP), e sua recuperação contínua é orientada individualmente pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão, de acordo com a forma como seu dedo cicatriza.


Evidence & references

PIP Joint Fusion — Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Proximal Interphalangeal Arthrodesis)

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after arthrodesis (fusion) of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of a finger — a worn, painful or unstable PIP joint is fused solid in a functional flexed position. This is a fusion, not a reconstruction or a motion- preserving procedure: the PIP is deliberately made stiff to trade motion for a stable, pain-free, load-bearing digit. The rehab is therefore not about regaining PIP motion but about protecting the construct until bony union while keeping every other joint of the hand moving, then restoring grip and pinch.

Defining principle of the rehab here: PIP arthrodesis eliminates motion at one joint by design to gain stability for pinch and grip. The fused joint is set in a functional flexed position that increases ulnar-ward across the hand (index/middle ≈ 15–20°, ring/little ≈ 25–40°, following the digital cascade) and held by internal fixation (tension-band wire, headless intramedullary screw, K-wires, or plate) until union. Because nothing here needs to move to heal — it needs to unite — the single governing rule is "protect the fused joint, mobilise everything else." DIP, MCP, adjacent digits, thumb and wrist move from day one to prevent tendon adhesion and stiffness; oedema and scar are managed early; grip and pinch are restored only after radiographic union (~6 weeks, up to 9–12). The branch point is the indication — primary degenerative/post-traumatic fusion versus salvage of a failed PIP arthroplasty, where union is slower and the construct more demanding.


A. PROCEDURE OUTCOMES (PIP arthrodesis)

PIP arthrodesis is a reliable, well-established salvage and reconstructive operation, but its evidence base is uniformly low-level — predominantly retrospective level-4 case series and expert opinion, with no randomised controlled trials. Outcomes are reported as union, complication and reoperation rates rather than from comparative trials.

  • The evidence base is low-level and consensus-driven. A systematic review of PIP arthrodesis found the literature is overwhelmingly level-4 (~94%) with no RCTs; conclusions on fixation choice and outcomes rest on case series and expert consensus [EFORT Open Rev 2021, DOI 10.1530/eor-21-0102]. Low (level-4 SR, no RCTs).
  • Fixation holds the angle to union; nonunion and reoperation are the principal concerns. Series reporting nonunion and reoperation identify patient factors (including smoking and comorbidity) as drivers of failure, underscoring that the rehab job is to protect the construct until the bone joins [HAND 2020, DOI 10.1177/1558944720939196]. Low–moderate (case series).
  • The fusion angle is chosen for function, especially pinch. A biomechanical/kinematic study of index PIP fusion (simulated 30–50°) shows the set angle is a functional trade-off: fusing the index/middle PIP stabilises lateral (key) pinch at the cost of PIP motion, which is why these digits are common fusion sites [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.010]. Mechanistic / cadaveric.
  • Arthrodesis is a dependable salvage for failed PIP arthroplasty, but union is slow. A series of arthrodesis for failed PIP joint replacement reported a mean time to union of 5.8 months, illustrating that salvage fusions unite more slowly than primary fusions and need correspondingly extended protection [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.030]. Low (case series).
  • The biomechanics of digital loss/fusion frame the functional cost. Reviews of the biomechanics of digital amputation and fusion describe how eliminating an IP joint redistributes grip and pinch mechanics — the rationale for accepting a stiff joint when it buys stability [Hand Clin 2016, DOI 10.1016/j.hcl.2016.07.003]. Mechanistic / narrative.

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

There are no trials of rehab regimens after PIP arthrodesis; the programme is built on sound surgical principle and expert consensus. The two evidence-anchored levers are the union timeline (which sets when load may be applied) and the modifiable risk factor of smoking (which delays union).

  • Protect-until-union, mobilise-everything-else is the consensus regimen. The fused PIP is splinted continuously until radiographic union (~6 weeks, up to 9–12); from day one the DIP, MCP, adjacent digits, thumb and wrist are actively moved to prevent tendon adhesion and global hand stiffness. This is stable across sources (surgeon protocols, hand-therapy guidance and patient-education material) even though it is not trial-tested [Melbourne Arm Clinic protocol; OrthOracle PIPJ arthrodesis; OrthoInfo finger IP fusion]. Consensus / expert.
  • Smoking is an evidence-supported delayed-union risk. A study of hand and wrist arthrodesis found smoking delays union, making smoking cessation the one rehab-adjacent intervention with direct supporting evidence in this setting [J Hand Surg Am 2022, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.05.016]. Moderate (cohort, modifiable risk factor).
  • Union timing governs progression — and is slower in salvage fusions. Primary fusions are typically protected to ~6 weeks; salvage of failed arthroplasty unites far more slowly (mean 5.8 months), so loading must be union-led rather than calendar-led [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.030]. Low (case series).
  • The set fusion angle is the functional anchor of the rehab goal. Because the index/middle PIP is fused at ~15–20° (and ring/little at ~25–40°) specifically to stabilise lateral pinch, the Phase III–IV strengthening rightly targets pinch and grip rather than any attempt at PIP motion [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.010]. Mechanistic.

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Restraint Hand use / therapy focus Strength / load Notes
I — Protect & settle Week 0–2 Volar finger splint/cast spanning MCP + PIP, DIP left free Elevation, wound/pin-site care, oedema control; active DIP within days + full motion of all non-fused joints (adjacent digits, thumb, wrist) No grip / pinch / loading Fused PIP kept still; everything else mobilised from day one
II — Custom splint & free-joint motion Week 2–6 Custom thermoplastic splint supporting the fused PIP, freeing adjacent joints; continuous splinting to ~6 wk Active DIP + MCP of operated finger out of splint; tendon glides of adjacent digits; scar/oedema once healed No resisted grip / pinch / loading Union typically at ~6 wk (up to 9–12); load only after radiographic union
III — Wean splint & light use From ~6 wk (united) Splint weaned/cut down after union; K-wire out ~6 wk if used Progress light use → pinch, opposition, gripping; begin grip/pinch strengthening Graded grip/pinch, build gradually Restraints lifted only once union confirmed
IV — Strengthen & return ~8–12 wk+ Restrictions lifted Progressive strengthening/loading; return to sport/heavy/manual work Build load progressively; target lateral pinch Final settled result 9–12 months

(Phase windows mirror the precautions in the patient protocol; they are expert-consensus, single-clinic guides — typical and individualised, not graded or trial-derived thresholds. Return milestones: driving ~6 wk, light use/gentle grip ~6 wk after union, lifting/gripping/pinch ~8 wk, full activity/sport ~12 wk, final result 9–12 months.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Whole topic is low-level evidence. PIP arthrodesis rests on level-4 case series and expert consensus with no RCTs (~94% level-4 in systematic review). All outcome and timing figures should be read as typical guides, not trial-validated thresholds [EFORT 2021]. Low.
  2. Fixation choice is unsettled. Tension-band wire, headless intramedullary screw, K-wires and plate all achieve union; comparative data are weak and selection is largely surgeon preference and bone/soft-tissue quality [EFORT 2021; HAND 2020]. Low.
  3. Fusion angle is a functional trade-off, not a fixed number. The ~15–20° (index/middle) to ~25–40° (ring/little) cascade is consensus-stable but individualised to the digit and the demands of pinch [J Hand Surg Am 2011 kinematics]. Mechanistic / consensus.
  4. Union timing is variable and indication-dependent. Primary fusions ~6 weeks; salvage of failed arthroplasty far slower (mean 5.8 months). Loading must be union-led [J Hand Surg Am 2011 salvage series]. Low.
  5. Smoking and patient factors drive nonunion/reoperation. Smoking is an evidence-supported delayed-union risk and a modifiable target [J Hand Surg Am 2022; HAND 2020]. Moderate (for the smoking association).

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • STRONG (RCT / SR): none — there are no RCTs in PIP arthrodesis; the best synthesis is a level-4 systematic review (~94% level-4 studies).
  • MODERATE: smoking as a delayed-union risk after hand/wrist arthrodesis; patient factors driving nonunion/reoperation; cadaveric/kinematic basis for the functional fusion angle and pinch rationale.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the protect-until-union, mobilise-everything-else rehab regimen (mechanistically sound, not trial-tested); the specific fusion angles (consensus-stable); exact timelines (single-clinic, expert-consensus guides — typical, not graded thresholds); fixation choice (surgeon preference).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: a systematic review (predominantly level-4 evidence; no RCTs). EFORT Open Rev. 2021. DOI: 10.1530/eor-21-0102
  • Nonunion and reoperation after proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: patient factors and outcomes. HAND. 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1558944720939196
  • Index finger proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis and pinch kinematics (simulated 30–50° fusion). J Hand Surg Am. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.010
  • Arthrodesis as salvage for failed proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty (mean time to union 5.8 months). J Hand Surg Am. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.030
  • Smoking delays union after hand and wrist arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Am. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.05.016
  • Biomechanics of digital loss and fusion. Hand Clin. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2016.07.003

PIP arthrodesis rehabilitation & procedure literature (URLs)

  • Melbourne Arm Clinic. PIP / DIP arthrodesis rehabilitation protocol. https://melbournearmclinic.com.au/orthopaedic-rehabilitation/shoulder-rehabilitation/pip-dip-arthrodesis-protocol/
  • OrthOracle. Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) arthrodesis in the hand using the Apex system (Extremity Medical). https://www.orthoracle.com/library/proximal-interphalangeal-joint-pipj-arthrodesis-in-the-hand-using-the-apex-system-extremity-medical/
  • EFORT Open Reviews. Proximal interphalangeal joint review (PMC). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6598614/
  • American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (OrthoInfo). Finger (interphalangeal) joint fusion. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/finger-ip-joint-fusion/

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Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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