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Anticoagulantes ao Redor da Cirurgia

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How anticoagulants and antiplatelets work, and why the timing of stopping each before surgery differs — platelet turnover, half-lives and clot risk.

Ilustração de um coágulo sanguíneo — glóbulos vermelhos presos em uma rede de fibras de fibrina ao redor de um aglomerado de plaquetas.
Um coágulo é formado por plaquetas agregadas e reforçadas por uma rede de fibras de fibrina — o processo que os anticoagulantes são projetados para interromper. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

"Anticoagulante" abrange duas famílias de medicamentos que atuam de maneiras completamente diferentes, e essa diferença é exatamente a razão pela qual alguns precisam ser interrompidos uma semana antes de uma cirurgia, enquanto outros apenas precisam ser suspensos por um ou dois dias. Saber qual você toma e como ele realmente funciona torna as instruções que você recebe muito menos misteriosas.

Primeiro, como o sangue coagula de fato?

Para compreender os diferentes anticoagulantes, ajuda saber como o seu sangue normalmente sela uma fuga, porque cada medicamento interrompe uma etapa diferente.

Quando um vaso sanguíneo é cortado ou danificado, o seu corpo o obstrui em duas etapas:

  1. As plaquetas formam o tampão: os primeiros socorristas rápidos. As plaquetas são pequenos fragmentos celulares que circulam no sangue sem fazer nada até que sejam necessários. No instante em que encontram a parede de um vaso danificado, elas ficam pegajosas, acumulam-se na lesão e agregam-se, formando um tampão macio e temporário em segundos ou minutos. Pense nisso como o remendo de emergência do corpo.

  2. A cascata de coagulação solidifica o tampão. Esse tampão plaquetário é frágil por si só. Para reforçá-lo, o sangue executa uma reação em cadeia chamada cascata de coagulação, uma série de proteínas chamadas fatores de coagulação (a maioria produzida pelo fígado, várias delas necessitando de vitamina K) que ativam umas às outras em sequência, como uma fileira de dominós. A cascata termina por converter uma proteína chamada fibrinogênio em fibrina, uma malha de fios finos que se entrelaça no tampão plaquetário e o fixa em um coágulo firme e estável.

Portanto, um coágulo completo é realmente plaquetas mantidas unidas por uma malha de fibrina. Quando ele sela uma ferida, isso é exatamente o que se deseja; mas o mesmo processo ocorrendo não desejado dentro de uma artéria ou veia causa um infarto, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) ou TVP. É isso que os anticoagulantes são prescritos para prevenir.

Aqui está a chave para tudo o que se segue: as duas famílias de anticoagulantes cada uma bloqueia uma etapa diferente. Os medicamentos antiagregantes plaquetários atenuam a primeira etapa (as plaquetas); os medicamentos anticoagulantes interrompem a segunda (a cascata de fatores de coagulação). Essa única diferença também explica por que o tempo de suspensão antes da cirurgia é tão diferente, porque "reverter" uma plaqueta não é o mesmo que "reverter" um fator de coagulação.

Medicamentos antiagregantes plaquetários

(aspirina, clopidogrel/Plavix, ticagrelor/Brilinta, prasugrel/Effient)

Estes medicamentos impedem que as pequenas células sanguíneas chamadas plaquetas se agreguem para iniciar a formação de um coágulo.

  • Aspirina e clopidogrel (e prasugrel) atuam de forma irreversível: uma vez que o fármaco atinge uma plaqueta, essa plaqueta é inativada para o resto da sua vida. O seu corpo não consegue reativá-la. A única maneira de voltar à coagulação normal é produzir novas plaquetas, e as plaquetas vivem apenas cerca de 7–10 dias, com aproximadamente 10% a serem substituídas diariamente. Por isso, após a interrupção, demoram cerca de 5–7 dias a acumular-se plaquetas novas e funcionais suficientes para uma cirurgia segura. É esta renovação plaquetária a razão pela qual estes medicamentos são geralmente suspensos cerca de uma semana antes.
  • Ticagrelor é reversível; liberta-se da plaqueta em vez de a desativar permanentemente, pelo que é eliminado um pouco mais rapidamente, mas ainda necessita de alguns dias.
  • A aspirina é frequentemente mantida em operações com baixo risco de sangramento, ou quando está a proteger uma stent cardíaco, porque o pequeno risco de sangramento é superado pelo risco de trombose. O seu cirurgião toma essa decisão.

Anticoagulantes

Estes atuam mais adiante na cascata de coagulação, sobre os fatores de coagulação no sangue, em vez de nas plaquetas.

Varfarina (Coumadin, Marevan). A varfarina impede que o fígado produza vários fatores de coagulação dependentes de vitamina K. Ela não remove os fatores já em circulação; esses precisam ser consumidos e eliminados naturalmente, o que leva cerca de 5 dias. É por isso que a varfarina geralmente é interrompida cerca de 5 dias antes da cirurgia e um exame de sangue (o INR) é realizado para confirmar que o sangue voltou ao normal. Se você estiver em alto risco de trombose durante esse intervalo, pode ser feita uma "ponte" com injeções de heparina de ação curta, que podem ser interrompidas muito mais perto da operação.

Os comprimidos mais recentes: DOACs (apixaban/Eliquis, rivaroxaban/Xarelto, dabigatran/Pradaxa, edoxaban). Cada um bloqueia um único fator de coagulação específico, e o corpo os elimina rapidamente, com uma meia-vida de cerca de 12 horas. Como são eliminados tão rapidamente, geralmente só precisam ser interrompidos 1–2 dias antes da cirurgia. O período de suspensão é maior se os rins não eliminarem bem o medicamento (especialmente o dabigatran, que é eliminado principalmente pelos rins) ou se a cirurgia tiver alto risco de sangramento. Não requerem monitoramento do INR e geralmente não necessitam de ponte.

Injeções de Heparina / heparina de baixo peso molecular (enoxaparina/Clexane). Ação curta; usadas para fazer ponte com a varfarina ou para prevenir trombos. Como o efeito desaparece em horas, a última dose é simplesmente programada perto da cirurgia (geralmente cerca de 24 horas antes de uma dose terapêutica).

Por que o timing é o que é — em uma linha

Isso se resume a como o medicamento funciona e como seu corpo o elimina: os medicamentos irreversíveis para plaquetas exigem que você produza novas plaquetas (cerca de uma semana); a varfarina precisa que os antigos fatores de coagulação sejam eliminados (cerca de 5 dias); os DOACs simplesmente são eliminados (um ou dois dias). Cada plano também pondera seu risco de trombose pessoal, razão pela qual duas pessoas no mesmo medicamento podem receber instruções diferentes.

O que você deve fazer

  • Traga uma lista exata de tudo o que você toma para sua avaliação pré-operatória, incluindo aspirina e suplementos como óleo de peixe, que também afetam o sangramento.
  • Siga as datas específicas por escrito para parar e retomar que você receber. Elas são personalizadas para o seu medicamento, sua função renal e sua cirurgia.
  • Nunca pare, inicie ou altere um anticoagulante por conta própria, e não suponha que seu horário coincide com o de um amigo.
  • Informe a todos os profissionais de saúde envolvidos que você faz uso de um.

Após a sua cirurgia

Os anticoagulantes são reiniciados assim que o risco de sangramento se estabiliza, às vezes dentro de um dia, às vezes mais tempo após cirurgias com maior risco de sangramento. Será informado exatamente quando. O coágulo que o medicamento previne não desaparece porque você teve uma cirurgia, portanto, reiniciar no tempo certo é tão importante quanto parar.

Ligue-nos se

  • Perceber que tomou uma dose que lhe foi dito para omitir, ou omitiu uma que lhe foi dito para tomar
  • Apresentar hematomas incomuns ou graves, sangramento, sangue na urina ou nas fezes, fezes negras e alcatroadas, ou sangramento que não para
  • Estiver em dúvida sobre o que fazer com o seu anticoagulante antes da sua operação: pergunte sempre em vez de adivinhar

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