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Anticoagulantes no período cirúrgico

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How anticoagulants and antiplatelets work, and why the timing of stopping each before surgery differs — platelet turnover, half-lives and clot risk.

Ilustração de um coágulo sanguíneo — glóbulos vermelhos presos numa rede de filamentos de fibrina ao redor de um aglomerado de plaquetas.
Um coágulo é formado pela aglomeração de plaquetas, reforçada por uma rede de fios de fibrina — processo esse que os anticoagulantes têm como objetivo interromper. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

“Anticoagulantes” abrange duas famílias de medicamentos que atuam de maneiras completamente diferentes; para cirurgias do membro superior, nossas instruções dependem da família à qual o medicamento pertence. Os medicamentos antiplaquetários, como aspirina e clopidogrel, devem ser mantidos. Os anticoagulantes, como varfarina, Xarelto, Eliquis e Pradaxa, devem ser suspensos 48 horas antes da cirurgia. Saber qual medicamento você está tomando e como ele funciona torna essas instruções muito mais fáceis de compreender.

Primeiro, como o sangue realmente coagula?

Ilustração de um coágulo sanguíneo: plaquetas e glóbulos vermelhos presos numa rede de fibrina.
Um coágulo se forma quando as plaquetas se aglomeram no local da lesão e uma rede de fibras de fibrina retém as células sanguíneas, selando a área. OpenStax, Anatomy & Physiology, CC BY 3.0

Para entender os diferentes anticoagulantes, é útil saber como o sangue normalmente sela um vazamento, pois cada medicamento interrompe uma etapa distinta do processo.

Quando um vaso sanguíneo é cortado ou danificado, o corpo o obstrui em duas etapas:

  1. As plaquetas preenchem o vazio: as primeiras a responder. As plaquetas são pequenos fragmentos celulares que circulam no sangue sem atuar até serem necessárias. Assim que entram em contato com a parede do vaso danificado, tornam-se adesivas, acumulam-se no local da lesão e aglomeram-se, formando um tampão temporário em segundos ou minutos. Pense nisso como um “remendo de emergência” do corpo.

  2. A cascata de coagulação solidifica esse tampão. Esse tampão de plaquetas, por si só, é frágil. Para reforçá-lo, o sangue desencadeia uma reação em cadeia chamada cascata de coagulação, composta por uma série de proteínas denominadas fatores de coagulação (a maioria produzida pelo fígado; várias delas necessitam de vitamina K). Esses fatores ativam-se uns aos outros sequencialmente, como uma fileira de dominós. Ao final, a cascata transforma uma proteína chamada fibrinogênio em fibrina, uma rede de filamentos finos que se entrelaça ao tampão de plaquetas, fixando-o e formando um coágulo firme e estável.

Portanto, um coágulo completo é, na verdade, plaquetas mantidas unidas por uma rede de fibrina. Quando isso ocorre para selar uma ferida, é exatamente o que se deseja; porém, se o mesmo processo acontecer de forma indesejada dentro de uma artéria ou veia, pode provocar infarto, acidente vascular cerebral ou TVP. É justamente para prevenir isso que os anticoagulantes são prescritos.

O ponto-chave para compreender tudo a seguir é: as duas categorias de anticoagulantes interrompem etapas diferentes. Os medicamentos antiplaquetários atuam na primeira etapa (as plaquetas); já os anticoagulantes interferem na segunda (a cascata dos fatores de coagulação). Essa única diferença também explica por que o tempo de preparação antes da cirurgia varia tanto, pois “anular o efeito das plaquetas” não é o mesmo que “anular o efeito dos fatores de coagulação”.

Medicamentos antiplaquetários

(aspirina, clopidogrel/Plavix, ticagrelor/Brilinta, prasugrel/Effient)

Esses medicamentos impedem que as pequenas células sanguíneas chamadas plaquetas se agrupem para formar um coágulo.

  • Aspirina e clopidogrel (assim como prasugrel) atuam de forma irreversível: uma vez que o medicamento atinge uma plaqueta, essa plaqueta fica inativa para o resto de sua vida. O corpo não consegue reativá-la. A única forma de retornar à coagulação normal é produzir novas plaquetas; elas vivem apenas cerca de 7–10 dias, sendo que aproximadamente 10% são substituídas diariamente. Portanto, uma pausa curta traz pouco efeito, e uma pausa longa o suficiente para fazer diferença deixaria um stent cardíaco ou o paciente em risco de AVC sem proteção por uma semana. É por isso que não pedimos que você interrompa esses medicamentos: o pequeno risco de sangramento é superado pelo risco de formação de coágulos.
  • Ticagrelor tem efeito reversível: ele se desprende da plaqueta em vez de desativá-la permanentemente, portanto é eliminado do organismo um pouco mais rapidamente que os medicamentos irreversíveis.
  • Aspirina e clopidogrel devem ser mantidos. Não interrompa esses medicamentos antes da cirurgia, incluindo os comprimidos combinados (DuoCover, DuoPlidogrel, Piax Plus Aspirin). Perguntamos se você os toma para que a equipe fique ciente e possa planejar a cirurgia adequadamente. Caso seja necessário interromper algum anticoagulante, a instrução constará no e-mail com os detalhes da cirurgia; se esse e-mail não contiver tal instrução, continue tomando todos os medicamentos normalmente.

Anticoagulantes

Estes atuam mais adiante na cascata de coagulação, agindo sobre os fatores de coagulação no sangue, e não sobre as plaquetas.

Warfarina (Coumadin, Marevan). A warfarina impede que o fígado produza vários fatores de coagulação dependentes da vitamina K. Ela não elimina os fatores que já estão circulando; estes precisam ser consumidos e removidos naturalmente, o que leva cerca de 5 dias. Nossas instruções para a warfarina são de suspendê-la 48 horas antes da cirurgia, de modo que no dia da operação ainda haja algum efeito do medicamento. Isso é esperado; caso seja necessário realizar um exame de sangue (INR) antes da cirurgia, providenciaremos e informaremos você.

Os medicamentos mais recentes: ACODs (apixabano/Eliquis, rivaroxabano/Xarelto, dabigatrano/Pradaxa, edoxabano). Cada um deles bloqueia um único fator de coagulação específico, e o corpo os elimina rapidamente, com uma meia-vida de aproximadamente 12 horas. Como são eliminados tão rápido, 48 horas são suficientes para que praticamente desapareçam do organismo. Informe-nos se você tem problemas renais, pois nesse caso o medicamento demora mais para ser eliminado (especialmente o dabigatrano, que sai do corpo principalmente pelos rins). Não é necessário monitorar o INR com esses medicamentos.

Injeções de heparina/heparina de baixo peso molecular (enoxaparina/Clexane). São de ação curta; usadas para prevenir coágulos. Como seu efeito desaparece em poucas horas, se você estiver fazendo uso dessas injeções, receberá instruções sobre o horário exato da última aplicação.

Por que o cronograma é esse — em uma única frase

Duas regras, uma para cada tipo de medicamento.

Medicamentos antiplaquetários (aspirina, clopidogrel e os comprimidos combinados): continue tomando-os. Uma pausa curta traz poucos benefícios, e uma pausa prolongada é perigosa; por isso, não solicitamos nenhuma das duas.

Anticoagulantes (warfarina, Xarelto, Eliquis, Pradaxa): a última dose deve ser tomada 48 horas antes da cirurgia. Na prática:

  • Cirurgia numa segunda-feira: a última dose deve ser tomada na noite de sexta-feira anterior ou na manhã de sábado, conforme o horário habitual de sua ingestão.
  • Cirurgia numa sexta-feira: a última dose deve ser tomada na noite de terça-feira anterior ou na manhã de quarta-feira.

O e-mail com os detalhes da cirurgia informará o dia e o horário exatos para você.

O que você deve fazer

  • Leve uma lista exata de tudo o que você toma para a avaliação pré-operatória, incluindo aspirina e suplementos como óleo de peixe, que também afetam o sangramento.
  • Se você toma aspirina ou clopidogrel, continue tomando-os e certifique-se de que nós saibamos disso.
  • Se você toma um anticoagulante, siga o dia e a hora da última dose indicados no e-mail com os detalhes da cirurgia, bem como as instruções para retomar o uso que lhe forem dadas posteriormente, exatamente como descrito.
  • Nunca pare, comece ou altere a dosagem de um anticoagulante por conta própria, e não presuma que o seu cronograma seja igual ao de um amigo.
  • Informe a todos os profissionais de saúde envolvidos que você está tomando esse medicamento.

Após a sua cirurgia

Os anticoagulantes são retomados assim que o risco de sangramento se estabiliza; às vezes, isso acontece em um dia, outras vezes, após cirurgias de maior risco hemorrágico, leva mais tempo. Você será informado exatamente quando isso ocorrerá. O coágulo que o medicamento impede de se formar não desaparece só porque você passou por uma cirurgia; portanto, retomar o tratamento no prazo certo é tão importante quanto interrompê-lo.

Entre em contato conosco se

  • Você perceber que tomou uma dose que deveria ter ignorado, ou que pulou uma dose que deveria ter tomado
  • Aparecerem hematomas ou sangramentos incomuns ou intensos, sangue na urina ou nas fezes, fezes escuras e pegajosas, ou sangramento que não para
  • Você não tiver certeza sobre como proceder com o seu anticoagulante antes da cirurgia: sempre pergunte, em vez de adivinhar.

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