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Tendinopatia do Bíceps e Ruptura do Cabeça Longa

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Front-of-shoulder biceps tendon pain and the "Popeye" long-head rupture — and why the rupture usually needs no surgery.

A proeminência em 'Popeye' no braço após uma ruptura do tendão da cabeça longa do bíceps.
A ruptura do tendão da cabeça longa do bíceps pode formar um inchaço em forma de 'Popeye' no braço superior. James Heilman, MD / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

O que você está sentindo

O bíceps é o músculo localizado na parte frontal do seu braço. A cabeça longa do seu tendão sobe por cima do osso do braço e entra na articulação do ombro, e é essa parte que causa problemas aqui.

A queixa mais comum é uma dor profunda e persistente na parte frontal do ombro, geralmente alguns centímetros abaixo da ponta. Pode haver desconforto ao alcançar acima da cabeça, levantar ou carregar objetos, e às vezes a dor irradia pela parte frontal do braço. Muitas pessoas têm dificuldade em apontar um local exato. Como o tendão do bíceps fica logo ao lado do manguito rotador, essa dor frequentemente ocorre junto com problemas no manguito rotador, e os dois podem ser difíceis de distinguir sem um exame físico.

Às vezes, há um evento mais dramático. O tendão desgastado pode romper, geralmente em pessoas mais idosas e muitas vezes com dor surpreendentemente leve. Quando isso acontece, o ventre muscular desce pelo braço e forma um inchaço macio que se parece com uma pequena bola ou um músculo flexionado. Este é o clássico sinal de "Popeye". Pode ser assustador de ver, mas por si só, raramente é tão grave quanto parece.

O que está realmente acontecendo

Os tendões são cordas resistentes que conectam o músculo ao osso e, como qualquer corda muito utilizada, podem se desgastar com o tempo. Na tendinopatia do bíceps, o tendão da cabeça longa torna-se inflamado e desgastado onde passa por uma ranhura estreita na parte superior do úmero e entra no ombro. Esse desgaste é o que você sente como dor na parte frontal do ombro. Como o tendão compartilha esse espaço apertado com o manguito rotador, os dois frequentemente se desgastam juntos, razão pela qual a dor do bíceps e a dor do manguito rotador frequentemente ocorrem em conjunto.

Se esse desgaste continuar, o tendão pode eventualmente ceder completamente. Quando ocorre a ruptura da cabeça longa, o músculo deixa de estar fixado na parte superior, deslizando para baixo no braço e produzindo a protuberância característica do "Popeye". Aqui está o aspecto tranquilizador: o bíceps possui duas âncoras no ombro (a cabeça longa e a cabeça curta), e a cabeça curta permanece intacta. Portanto, quando a cabeça longa se rompe, o braço mantém a maior parte de sua força, e a mudança é principalmente estética.

Esta é uma distinção importante. Uma ruptura proximal (na extremidade do ombro) geralmente é um problema menor. Uma ruptura na outra extremidade do músculo, no cotovelo (uma ruptura distal do bíceps), é uma situação muito diferente: essa pode causar perda real de força e frequentemente exige reparo cirúrgico. A protuberância pode parecer semelhante, portanto, é importante saber qual extremidade realmente se rompeu.

O que podemos fazer a respeito

Para a tendinopatia do bíceps, os primeiros passos são simples e não cirúrgicos, e resolvem a maioria dos casos:

  • Alterações na atividade: reduzir os movimentos acima da cabeça e de levantamento de peso que agravam o quadro, mantendo o ombro em movimento.
  • Fisioterapia: exercícios orientados para acalmar o tendão e reequilibrar o ombro, especialmente quando o manguito rotador também está envolvido.
  • Medicamentos anti-inflamatórios: um comprimido para aliviar a dor e a inflamação.
  • Injeção: por vezes, uma injeção de corticosteroides ao redor do tendão ou no ombro é utilizada para acalmar um surto persistente.

A cirurgia está reservada para dor persistente que não melhora com estas medidas. Quando é necessária, existem duas opções principais. O tendão pode ser seccionado para que deixe de tracionar a área dolorida (uma tenotomia), o que frequentemente deixa uma protuberância em forma de "Popeye", mas alivia a dor de forma confiável. Ou pode ser reancorado mais abaixo no osso do braço (uma tenodese), o que mantém a forma normal do músculo e evita a protuberância, mas envolve uma recuperação mais longa. Estes procedimentos são frequentemente realizados ao mesmo tempo que a cirurgia do manguito rotador, já que os dois problemas ocorrem frequentemente em conjunto.

Para uma ruptura da cabeça longa proximal, a orientação habitual é nenhuma cirurgia. Há pouca perda de força, e a protuberância é principalmente cosmética. Alguns indivíduos mais jovens ou mais ativos, ou aqueles incomodados pela aparência ou por cãibras musculares, podem optar por um procedimento de reancoragem, mas para a maioria das pessoas, deixá-lo sem tratamento é a decisão mais adequada.

O que esperar

A maioria dos casos de tendinopatia do bíceps melhora com paciência e os exercícios adequados. Pode ser um processo lento (levando alguns meses em vez de algumas semanas), mas o prognóstico é bom, e a maioria dos pacientes evita a cirurgia. Quando o problema do bíceps faz parte de uma lesão mais ampla do manguito rotador, a recuperação segue a do manguito, e o tratamento conjunto dos dois problemas oferece o melhor resultado.

Se você teve uma ruptura proximal do cabeçote longo e decidiu não fazer cirurgia, pode esperar que a dor inicial diminua ao longo de algumas semanas, que sua força retorne a níveis próximos do normal e que a protuberância em formato de "Popeye" permaneça como uma marca permanente, mas inofensiva. Ela não piora com o tempo e não precisa ser corrigida.

Quando procurar ajuda

  • Dor na parte frontal do ombro que não melhora, especialmente ao alcançar acima da cabeça ou levantar objetos: vale a pena avaliar, pois frequentemente indica um problema no bíceps ou no manguito rotador que responde bem ao tratamento.
  • Inchaço súbito no braço superior acompanhado de fraqueza: isso precisa ser avaliado para confirmar que se trata do longo cabeçalho benigno no ombro e não de uma ruptura no cotovelo, que é uma lesão diferente que pode exigir cirurgia.
  • Ruptura em pessoas mais jovens ou ativas: mesmo uma ruptura proximal vale a pena ser revisada, tanto para confirmar o diagnóstico quanto para discutir se a reparação é vantajosa para você.
  • Cãibras persistentes ou dor no bíceps após uma ruptura conhecida: geralmente é leve, mas pode ser tratada se causar incômodo.

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