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Liberação capsular

Rehabilitation after arthroscopic capsular release for frozen shoulder — early in-hospital program and the outpatient phases that keep the range won at surgery.

Updated Jun 2026
Ilustração de uma pessoa usando uma polia de porta para elevar um braço.
Restaurar a amplitude de movimento após uma liberação capsular para um ombro rígido. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

Este protocolo abrange a reabilitação após uma liberação capsular artroscópica com o Dr. Kieran Hirpara no Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, incluindo o que ocorre no hospital e nas semanas e meses seguintes. Traga esta página ou o seu PDF para a sua primeira sessão de fisioterapia para que a sua reabilitação seja coordenada. A sua reabilitação é progressiva e individualizada pelo seu fisioterapeuta, através das fases abaixo, dependendo da mobilidade do seu ombro.

Se tiver alguma preocupação sobre a sua ferida após a cirurgia, entre em contacto com a clínica. É frequentemente útil tirar uma fotografia da ferida e enviá-la por e-mail para avaliação.

O que esperar

A liberação capsular é uma cirurgia para o ombro rígido (ombro congelado), e isso altera completamente a forma como você se reabilita. A maioria das cirurgias de ombro repara algo, como um tendão ou um ligamento rompido, e a tarefa inicial é proteger essa reparação, por isso você usa uma atadura e mantém os movimentos dentro de limites. Esta cirurgia é o oposto. Nada foi costurado de volta para ser protegido. O cirurgião liberou o revestimento apertado e cicatricial da articulação e moveu o ombro por toda a amplitude de movimento enquanto você estava adormecido, de modo que o resultado da cirurgia é o movimento. Desde o momento em que você acorda, a tarefa da reabilitação é manter esse movimento antes que o ombro tente endurecer novamente.

Isso significa que não há período de proteção nem contenção. Você começa a mover o ombro imediatamente, movendo-o por conta própria e usando o outro braço para empurrá-lo, e continua aumentando a amplitude de movimento, em todas as direções, várias vezes ao dia.

Seus exercícios utilizam três tipos de movimento, e sua equipe indicará quais se aplicam a você:

  • Movimento passivo significa que o ombro permanece completamente relaxado enquanto o outro braço, um bastão ou uma polia faz todo o trabalho.
  • Movimento ativo-assistido significa que você move o braço por conta própria com alguma ajuda do outro braço ou de um objeto.
  • Movimento ativo significa que você move o braço por sua própria força, sem ajuda.

Por que não há uso de manta

Após a liberação capsular, não há manta para proteger uma reparação, e manter o ombro imóvel vai contra o seu benefício. Se deixado em repouso, o ombro liberado simplesmente se contrai novamente. A re-estificação é a principal razão pela qual esta operação pode decepcionar, e é amplamente prevenível com movimentos precoces e frequentes.

Portanto, ao contrário de uma reparação, você não dorme com a manta, você não mantém o braço imóvel, e não há movimento que seja proibido. Você é incentivado a usar o braço livremente e a ampliar sua amplitude de movimento em todas as direções, incluindo a rotação externa do braço, logo desde o primeiro dia. Uma simples manta é oferecida apenas para conforto de curto prazo e para evitar que o braço seja atingido quando você está fora de casa; deixe-a de lado tanto quanto possível e não permita que ela o tente a manter o ombro imóvel.

Pontos-chave

  • Mantenha-se em movimento. Utilize o braço para tarefas diárias normais, como lavar-se, vestir-se e comer, desde o início. O movimento mantém a amplitude de movimento obtida na cirurgia.
  • Levante a amplitude de movimento em todas as direções. Estique até ao ponto de desconforto firme, não de dor intensa, e leve o ombro ao seu limite em todos os planos, incluindo a rotação externa do braço. Não existe precaução de "não ultrapasse aqui" após esta operação.
  • Estique pouco e frequentemente. Um programa curto de alongamentos em casa, realizado várias vezes ao dia, é mais eficaz do que uma única sessão longa. A rigidez recomeça entre as sessões, pelo que a frequência é importante.
  • Controle a dor para poder mover-se. Tome o seu analgésico antes dos exercícios e antes das suas consultas de fisioterapia. Um bom controlo da dor é o que torna os alongamentos possíveis. Muitas pessoas consideram útil aplicar calor antes dos alongamentos e gelo após os mesmos.
  • Faça fisioterapia com frequência. Objetive pelo menos duas vezes por semana durante as primeiras seis semanas. Traga esta página para a sua primeira consulta.

Um esteróide é frequentemente injetado na articulação no momento da operação para acalmar a inflamação e reduzir a tendência para a rigidez recorrente.

No hospital — os seus primeiros exercícios

Um fisioterapeuta irá vê-lo no hospital e iniciar os exercícios abaixo antes de ser dado alta. Estes mantêm a mão, o cotovelo e o ombro em movimento e começam a melhorar a amplitude de movimento do ombro imediatamente. Tome a medicação para a dor previamente para que possa mover-se livremente. Realize-os conforme indicado pela sua equipa e continue a fazê-los em casa.

A sua reabilitação ambulatória

Após uma libertação capsular, a reabilitação decorre em sentido oposto ao das operações de reparação de tendões: não há nada a proteger, pelo que todo o esforço se concentra em manter o movimento. O ombro tem maior probabilidade de voltar a ficar rígido nas primeiras semanas, pelo que a fisioterapia começa imediatamente, é mantida com frequência e continua durante alguns meses até que a amplitude de movimento se estabilize. As fases abaixo seguem o padrão dos protocolos de reabilitação publicados para esta operação (as fontes estão listadas no final). Os intervalos de semanas são típicos e não fixos: o seu fisioterapeuta irá progredir o tratamento com base na mobilidade do seu ombro, e não no calendário.

A jornada em resumo:

  • Fase I — Reabilitação inicial: aproximadamente as primeiras duas semanas
  • Fase II — Manutenção e recuperação da amplitude de movimento: da semana 2 à 6
  • Fase III — Fortalecimento: da semana 6 à 12
  • Fase IV — Retorno à atividade completa: a partir da semana 12

Por volta das três semanas, o movimento abaixo da altura do ombro torna-se geralmente mais confortável e a maioria da amplitude de movimento é recuperada, embora o braço possa ainda causar desconforto quando acima da cabeça. Por volta dos três meses, a maioria das pessoas verifica que os seus sintomas se resolveram em grande parte, e a melhoria tipicamente continua durante seis a nove meses, por vezes até um ano.

Fase I — Reabilitação precoce (Semana 0–2)

O objetivo destas primeiras duas semanas é simples: não perder a amplitude de movimento conquistada durante a cirurgia. Continue os exercícios realizados no hospital em casa, várias vezes ao dia, e acrescente alongamentos que levem o ombro ao seu limite em todas as direções. O bom controle da dor é o que torna isso possível, portanto, continue a tomar os analgésicos antes dos exercícios e das sessões de fisioterapia, e utilize calor antes do alongamento e gelo após, se isso for benéfico. Utilize o braço para atividades diárias leves habituais, como lavar-se, vestir-se e comer. Leve cada alongamento até o ponto de desconforto firme, não de dor intensa, e lembre-se de que não há nenhum plano de movimento que deva ser evitado.

Pronto para a próxima fase quando… estiver a realizar o seu programa doméstico com confiança e independência, várias vezes ao dia; a sua dor estiver controlada o suficiente para permitir o alongamento até à amplitude de movimento; e estiver a manter a amplitude de movimento que o ombro tinha no momento da cirurgia.

Fase II — Manter e recuperar a amplitude de movimento (Semana 2–6)

Esta fase continua com a fisioterapia frequente e o programa de alongamentos em casa, realizados várias vezes ao dia, para que a amplitude conquistada durante a cirurgia não seja perdida e a amplitude continue a aumentar. Os seus exercícios evoluem de movimentos assistidos para o movimento ativo do braço em todas as direções, e o seu fisioterapeuta pode adicionar mobilização articular manual para ajudar. Continue a trabalhar a amplitude em todos os planos, incluindo a rotação externa, até ao seu limite máximo. Utilize o braço normalmente para atividades diárias leves.

Pronto para a próxima fase quando… a amplitude conquistada durante a cirurgia estiver a ser mantida ou ainda estiver a melhorar, o movimento abaixo da altura do ombro for confortável e a sua dor tiver diminuído o suficiente para iniciar trabalho de resistência suave.

Fase III — Fortalecimento (Semanas 6–12)

Com a amplitude de movimento estável, a atenção volta-se para a reconstrução da força do ombro. O alongamento diário continua durante toda esta fase, pois o fortalecimento nunca deve ocorrer às custas da amplitude conquistada. O trabalho de resistência inicia-se de forma suave, utilizando elásticos e pesos leves para os músculos do manguito rotador e da escápula, com cargas baixas e repetições mais elevadas. As atividades diárias normais devem estar em grande parte de volta ao habitual, e atividades recreativas mais leves tipicamente são retomadas durante esta fase, conforme orientação do seu fisioterapeuta.

Pronto para a próxima fase quando… tiver movimento completo, ou quase completo, sem dor em todas as direções, e conseguir realizar os exercícios de fortalecimento sem exacerbação da dor ou qualquer perda de amplitude.

Fase IV — Retorno à atividade plena (a partir da 12ª semana)

A fase final consiste em um retorno gradual a atividades mais pesadas, tarefas acima da cabeça e esportes. A reabilitação formal geralmente tem duração total de três a quatro meses, e o ombro continua a melhorar muito além desse período: a maioria das pessoas continua a ganhar conforto e confiança por seis a nove meses, às vezes até um ano. Vale a pena manter uma rotina breve de alongamento até que sua amplitude de movimento se mantenha sem exercícios formais. A progressão é guiada pela sua percepção, portanto, se a rigidez ou a dor começarem a retornar, a resposta é reduzir a intensidade e recuperar a amplitude, e não repousar o ombro.

Retorno às atividades

A maioria das pessoas retoma as atividades diárias normais e muitos tipos de trabalho entre quatro e seis semanas, pois a recuperação aqui é impulsionada pela manutenção da amplitude de movimento, e não pela espera pela cicatrização tecidual. Trabalhos mais pesados e físicos, bem como esportes acima da cabeça, retornam gradualmente nas semanas e meses seguintes, à medida que a força é recuperada. Se, a qualquer momento, o ombro começar a ficar rígido novamente, trate isso como um sinal para intensificar os alongamentos e consultar o fisioterapeuta, e não para repousar.

Seus exercícios

Após o seu protocolo

As fases ambulatoriais acima são adaptadas de protocolos de reabilitação publicados para a liberação capsular artroscópica, com marcos de recuperação extraídos das mesmas fontes. Os intervalos de semanas são típicos, e não fixos, e a sua reabilitação contínua é orientada individualmente pelo seu fisioterapeuta, em colaboração com a prática clínica, com base na recuperação da mobilidade do seu ombro. Esta página complementa as orientações gerais de recuperação da prática clínica: consulte o manejo da dor pós-operatória e o cuidado com a ferida. Para a operação em si e a condição que ela trata, consulte liberação capsular e ombro congelado.


Evidence & references

Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) — Non-operative Staged Management & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Capsular Release)

Topic scope: Both (A) non-operative staged management of primary/secondary adhesive capsulitis (freezing -> frozen -> thawing), including physiotherapy, intra-articular steroid and hydrodilatation; and (B) post-operative rehabilitation after arthroscopic capsular release (ACR).

Defining principle of surgical rehab here (the inversion): Unlike virtually every other shoulder operation -- where a repair (cuff, labrum, pec major, instability) must be protected with a sling and ROM is restricted to avoid disrupting healing tissue -- frozen-shoulder release rehab is the OPPOSITE: the goal is to prevent re-formation of the capsular contracture. So the protocol is immediate, aggressive ROM, usually NO sling, passive + active ROM starting the same day or day 1, with stretching to the end of the freshly gained range. Delay or immobilisation is the enemy (re-stiffening), not the protector. This is the single most important point distinguishing this protocol from the others in this audit.


A. NON-OPERATIVE STAGED MANAGEMENT

Natural history / staging (consensus, weak evidence -- descriptive, no RCT)

Frozen shoulder is self-limiting in most but typically lasts 12-18 months across 3 clinical stages (Reeves' classic model; staging boundaries overlap and are not sharply separable in practice -- flagged as weak/consensus evidence; the original Reeves model was a single prospective cohort of 49 patients, not an RCT) [Brigham SOC; Chan 2017; Reeves 1975 via Willmore 2020]:

Stage Name Typical duration Clinical picture Management emphasis
1 Freezing (painful/inflammatory) 2-9 months Diffuse constant pain, worse at night; progressive ROM loss in a capsular pattern (ER > ABD > flexion > IR); loss of passive ER with arm at side is the hallmark Pain control; intra-articular steroid; gentle ROM within pain limits -- do NOT force end-range while highly inflamed
2 Frozen (adhesive/stiff) 4-12 months Pain subsides to dull ache; stiffness dominant; marked functional loss Restore motion: stretching, joint mobilisation grades III-IV, hydrodilatation; consider surgery if recalcitrant
3 Thawing 6-9 months (Brigham) Gradual spontaneous return of motion Progressive ROM + strengthening; PT 2-3x/week

(Stage durations from Brigham Standard of Care 2010 and Chan 2017: freezing 2-9 mo, frozen 4-12 mo, thawing 6-9 mo.)

Stepped non-operative interventions

  1. Education / "supervised neglect" + analgesia -- many resolve with reassurance, activity modification and analgesia alone (Codman; Hsu 2011 review). Weak (cohort/expert).
  2. Physiotherapy -- pendulum, PROM/AAROM/AROM, capsular stretching, joint mobilisation (grades I-II early for pain, III-IV later for tissue extensibility), scapular/posture work. Brigham: PT 1-2x/week in early stages (mainly HEP instruction), 2-3x/week in thawing. PT is best supported as an adjunct to mobilisation/injection/distension, not as a stand-alone cure (Itoi 2016 Current Concepts; Kelley/McClure/Leggin JOSPT 2009 guidance). Moderate; intensity/timing debated. Intensity caveat: end-range/high-intensity stretching is appropriate in the frozen/thawing phase but can be counter-productive in the acutely inflamed freezing phase -- match intensity to irritability (Kelley 2009).
  3. Intra-articular corticosteroid (glenohumeral) -- superior to placebo and to physiotherapy for short-term (up to 4-12 weeks) pain and function; benefit wanes after ~3 months. Strong for short term (multiple RCTs; Koh 2016 systematic review of 10 RCTs; Cochrane Buchbinder shoulder injection review). BESS pathway: GH steroid recommended for short-term symptom control; long-term (>3 mo) benefit not demonstrated (Rupani/Gwilym BESS 2025). Earlier injection (freezing phase) is the rationale -- steroid targets the inflammatory component.
  4. Hydrodilatation (distension arthrography) -- distends/ruptures the contracted capsule with saline +/- steroid +/- LA. A controlled, image-guided alternative to surgery. RCT/meta-analytic evidence is mixed: generally produces a transient functional/ROM gain, with no clear superiority over IA steroid alone in several network meta-analyses (Wu 2017 SR/MA of RCTs; Lin 2018 network MA). Some evidence hydrodilatation + steroid > steroid alone in refractory cases (Lee 2017 RCT). Low rate of needing later surgery after distension arthrogram (Nicholson 2020). Moderate; conflicting.

B. POST-OPERATIVE REHABILITATION (the "immediate aggressive ROM" protocols)

Surgery is reserved for cases recalcitrant to >=3-6 months of adequate non-operative care (Struyf 2024; Mullen 2025).

Arthroscopic capsular release (ACR)

  • Controlled, direct-vision release of the contracted capsule (rotator interval, CHL, anterior +/- inferior +/- 360 degree capsulotomy; care re axillary nerve inferiorly). Allows graded release with a low risk of iatrogenic fracture or cuff tear (Kanbe 2018, n=255; Jerosch 2001 360 degree release). Achieves reliable gains in final forward elevation and may shorten recovery (most improved by ~4 months -- McAllister/CORR Insights 2025; Saade 2023 MA favoured ACR for AFE). A gentle, controlled manipulation is often performed as part of the arthroscopic release to confirm the gained range.

Consensus POST-OP phased timeline (applies after arthroscopic capsular release)

The hallmark is immediate motion, no protective sling, same-day/day-1 ROM to hold the range just won in theatre.

Phase Window Sling ROM Active ROM Strengthening Notes
0 -- Immediate Day 0-1 (same day) NO sling (or sling only briefly for comfort/analgesia, discarded fast) Full passive ROM immediately; PT-assisted forward flexion + ER begun day 1; +/- continuous passive motion (CPM); pendulums; patient does HEP several times/day AAROM/AROM started day 1 alongside PROM (no protected period) -- Intra-articular steroid often injected at time of release to damp post-op inflammatory re-stiffening
1 -- Early Week 0-2 None Aggressive PROM/AAROM to maintain gained range; stretch into end-range daily; hold ER/ABD/flexion Active motion continued Light scapular/rotator-cuff activation as pain allows Pain control critical to allow the patient to move -- adequate analgesia / interscalene block / oral steroid taper
2 -- Strengthening Week 2-6 None Continue to full ROM Full AROM goal Rotator cuff + scapular strengthening begins ~week 2 (Kanbe protocol) Most back to normal daily activity / work by 4-6 weeks
3 -- Return to function ~6 weeks-3 months None Maintain full ROM Full Progressive strengthening to full Recurrence of stiffness is the main failure mode -> continued HEP emphasised

Representative published protocol (Kanbe 2018, J Orthop Surg Res, n=255, ACR): "passive, assisted-active and stooping (pendulum) exercises for forward flexion and external rotation commenced 1 day after surgery... after 2 weeks of passive exercise, patients began active exercise to strengthen the rotator cuff and scapular stabilisers... after 4-6 weeks patients returned to normal work without limitation." Many ACR series add an intra-articular steroid + controlled manipulation at the index procedure (Filip Struyf 2024; PMC5137660).

Post-surgical physiotherapy is universally agreed to be essential but is under-standardised -- there is no high-level RCT defining the optimal post-release regimen; protocols are consensus/expert and vary widely (Willmore 2020 Shoulder & Elbow, "Post-surgical physiotherapy in frozen shoulder: a review"). Weak/consensus.


KEY CONTROVERSIES

  1. Evidence base for arthroscopic release. ACR gives a controlled, direct-vision release with a low iatrogenic fracture/cuff-tear risk and reliable gains in final elevation. Systematic reviews show consistently acceptable results, though there is no definitive RCT defining the optimal technique (Saade 2023 MA; McAllister 2025). Weak/moderate evidence (large cohorts).
  2. Steroid timing. Strong short-term benefit (<12 wk) but no durable >3-month benefit; debate over injecting early (freezing/inflammatory phase) vs reserving for refractory cases (Koh 2016; Rupani/Gwilym BESS 2025; Lin 2018).
  3. Aggressive vs gentle physiotherapy. High-intensity end-range stretching helps in the frozen/thawing phases but may worsen pain and prolong the condition if applied to the acutely inflamed freezing phase -- "intensity should match irritability" (Kelley/McClure 2009; Itoi 2016). Post-operatively, by contrast, aggressive immediate ROM is mandatory to prevent re-stiffening.
  4. Hydrodilatation worth it? Transient benefit only and not clearly better than IA steroid alone in pooled RCT data (Wu 2017; Lin 2018), though some refractory-case RCT support (Lee 2017) and a low rate of needing later surgery (Nicholson 2020).
  5. Does anything change the natural history? No intervention is proven to shorten the overall 12-18 month course in the highest-quality reviews; most accelerate symptom relief rather than alter end-point (Rookmoneea 2010 JBJS Br; Hsu 2011). Strong (negative).

EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • STRONG (RCT / SR-MA): IA corticosteroid short-term benefit (Koh 2016 SR of 10 RCTs; Cochrane); hydrodilatation = transient, not superior to steroid (Wu 2017 SR-MA of RCTs; Lin 2018 network MA).
  • MODERATE: end-range/scapular mobilisation (Yang 2012 RCT); ACR clinical outcomes (large cohorts -- Kanbe 2018 n=255; Jerosch 2001).
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS ONLY: 3-stage natural-history model & stage durations (Reeves cohort, descriptive); the post-operative rehab protocol itself (no defining RCT; expert/consensus -- Willmore 2020); optimal ACR technique (published series are heterogeneous).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Guyver P, Bruce D, Rees J. Frozen shoulder -- a stiff problem that requires a flexible approach. Maturitas. 2014.
  • Kim J, Gahlot N, Park HB. Frozen shoulder: a narrative review of current treatment concepts and the underlying scientific evidence. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow. 2025;28(4).
  • Hsu JE, Anakwenze OA, Warrender WJ, et al. Current review of adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20(3):502-514.
  • Koh KH. Corticosteroid injection for adhesive capsulitis in primary care: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Singapore Med J. 2016.
  • Rupani N, Gwilym SE. British Elbow and Shoulder Society patient care pathway: Frozen shoulder. Shoulder & Elbow. 2025;17(4).
  • Sheridan MA, Hannafin JA. Upper Extremity: Emphasis on Frozen Shoulder. Orthop Clin North Am. 2006.
  • Chan H, Pua P, How C. Physical therapy in the management of frozen shoulder. Singapore Med J. 2017.
  • Willmore EG, Millar NL, van der Windt D. Post-surgical physiotherapy in frozen shoulder: a review. Shoulder & Elbow. 2020;14(4).
  • Lamplot JD, Lillegraven O, Brophy RH. Outcomes from conservative treatment of shoulder idiopathic adhesive capsulitis... Orthop J Sports Med. 2018.
  • Itoi E, Arce G, Bain GI, et al. Shoulder Stiffness: Current Concepts and Concerns. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(7).
  • Kanbe K. Clinical outcome of arthroscopic capsular release for frozen shoulder: essential technical points in 255 patients. J Orthop Surg Res. 2018;13(1). (post-op protocol: day-1 ROM, 4-6 wk RTW)
  • Jerosch J. 360 degree arthroscopic capsular release in patients with adhesive capsulitis... Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2001;9(3).
  • McAllister NB. CORR Insights: Releasing forces in adhesive capsulitis... Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2025.
  • Saade F, van Rooij F, Saffarini M, et al. Management of shoulder stiffness following rotator cuff repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2023.
  • Wu W, Chang K, Han D, et al. Effectiveness of glenohumeral joint dilatation for treatment of frozen shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Sci Rep. 2017. (SR-MA of RCTs)
  • Lin M, Hsiao M, Tu Y, et al. Comparative efficacy of intra-articular steroid injection and distension... a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018. (network MA)
  • Lee D, Yoon S, Lee MY, et al. Capsule-preserving hydrodilatation with corticosteroid vs corticosteroid alone in refractory adhesive capsulitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017. (RCT)
  • Nicholson JA, Slader B, Martindale A, et al. Distension arthrogram in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis has a low rate of repeat intervention. Bone Joint J. 2020;102-B(5).
  • Uppal HS. Frozen shoulder: a systematic review of therapeutic options. World J Orthop. 2015.
  • Mullen JP, Hauer TM, Lau EN, et al. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Arthroscopy. 2025;41(7).
  • Yang J, Jan M, Chang C, et al. Effectiveness of the end-range mobilization and scapular mobilization approach... a randomized control trial. Manual Therapy. 2012. (RCT)
  • Rookmoneea M, et al. The effectiveness of interventions in the management of patients with primary frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92-B(9).
  • Struyf F. Frozen Shoulder. 2024 (surgical indication & post-op steroid + controlled manipulation).

Published rehab protocols (URLs)

  • Brigham & Women's Hospital -- Standard of Care: Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis (Dept of Rehabilitation Services, 2010): https://www.brighamandwomens.org/assets/BWH/patients-and-families/rehabilitation-services/pdfs/shoulder-adhesive-capsulitis.pdf (source for the 12-18 mo / 3-stage durations, capsular pattern, PT frequency 1-2x/wk early & 2-3x/wk thawing, mobilisation grades, steroid 4-6 wk short-term benefit).
  • BESS (British Elbow & Shoulder Society) Frozen Shoulder patient care pathway -- Rupani & Gwilym, Shoulder & Elbow 2025 (GH steroid short-term only, no >3 mo benefit).
  • Kanbe 2018 ACR open-access (post-op day-1 ROM protocol): https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5857121/
  • ChoosePT / APTA patient guide to frozen shoulder (lay phased overview): https://www.choosept.com/guide/physical-therapy-guide-frozen-shoulder-adhesive-capsulitis

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a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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