Skip to content

Patients › Rehabilitation

Estabilização da Articulação Acromioclavicular

Rehabilitation after AC joint stabilisation or reconstruction, with the protective phase and staged return to sport.

Updated Jun 2026
Ilustração da articulação acromioclavicular na parte superior do ombro.
A articulação acromioclavicular (AC), onde a clavícula se encontra com a escápula. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

Este protocolo abrange a reabilitação após a estabilização da articulação acromioclavicular (AC) com o Dr. Kieran Hirpara no Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, restaurando o alinhamento da articulação entre a clavícula e a escápula após uma luxação, utilizando um dispositivo suspensor, por vezes reforçado com enxerto tendinoso. Traga esta página ou o seu PDF para a sua primeira consulta de fisioterapia, de modo a que a sua reabilitação seja coordenada. A sua reabilitação é progressiva e individualizada pelo seu fisioterapeuta, através das fases seguintes, consoante a evolução do seu ombro.

Se tiver alguma preocupação relativamente à sua ferida após a cirurgia, entre em contacto com a clínica. É frequentemente útil tirar uma fotografia da ferida e enviá-la por correio eletrónico para avaliação.

O que esperar

A estabilização da articulação acromioclavicular (AC) é diferente da maioria das cirurgias de ombro por artroscopia: existe uma reparação que deve ser protegida durante a sua cicatrização, e o fator que mais a sobrecarrega é simplesmente o peso do próprio braço. A gravidade puxa constantemente o braço (e, com ele, a escápula) para baixo, afastando-o da clavícula, que é exatamente a direção que a estabilização tem de resistir. A reabilitação inicial é, portanto, deliberadamente protetora: a tipóia suporta o peso do braço, os movimentos são mantidos dentro de limites seguros e o fortalecimento aguarda até que a reparação esteja madura.

A tipóia tem função protetora. Use-a durante 6 semanas, e nas primeiras três semanas mantenha-a ao dormir também, pois mesmo deitado o peso do braço puxa a reparação. Após três semanas, pode retirá-la na cama. Quando a tipóia estiver removida para lavar ou fazer exercícios, mantenha o braço apoiado: apoie o antebraço num travesseiro ou mesa, em vez de deixar o braço pendurado ou carregar qualquer objeto. À noite, a maioria das pessoas está mais confortável de costas ou do lado não operado; se deitar de costas, um pequeno travesseiro sob o cotovelo e o antebraço impede que o ombro caia para trás. Evite deitar sobre o ombro operado enquanto a reparação cicatriza.

Não deve conduzir enquanto usa a tipóia. Para esta operação, isso significa geralmente cerca de seis semanas.

O seu programa de exercícios utiliza três tipos de movimento, e a sua equipa indicará quais se aplicam a si:

  • Amplitude de movimento ativa: o movimento é permitido sem assistência ou ajuda.
  • Amplitude de movimento ativa-assistida: utilização do outro braço ou de um objeto para auxiliar o movimento do braço.
  • Amplitude de movimento passiva: completamente relaxado, utilizando o outro braço ou força externa para realizar 100% do trabalho.

O percurso em resumo:

  • Fase I: Proteção da reparação, semanas 0–6
  • Fase II: Restauração da sua amplitude de movimento, semanas 6–12
  • Fase III: Fortalecimento, semanas 12–18
  • Fase IV: Retorno ao desporto e trabalho pesado, a partir da semana 18

Os intervalos semanais são típicos e não fixos; os protocolos publicados para esta operação variam, e o seu fisioterapeuta irá progredir o tratamento consoante a evolução da reparação e da sua amplitude de movimento, e não conforme o calendário. A maioria das pessoas utiliza o braço para atividades diárias normais por volta dos três meses. O retorno a desportos de contato e colisão tipicamente demora cerca de quatro a seis meses, e para alguns desportos e profissões, a progressão pode demorar mais tempo.

Fase I — Proteção da reparação (Semanas 0–6)

As primeiras seis semanas consistem em permitir que a reparação cicatrize, mantendo o resto do braço em movimento. A tipóia suporta o peso do braço sempre que está de pé ou em movimento. A mão, o punho e o cotovelo devem manter-se móveis desde o primeiro dia: utilize a mão para tarefas leves, como escrever e comer, enquanto o braço está na tipóia. O ombro inicia-se com exercícios pendulares suaves e movimentos assistidos dentro de limites estritos: nada acima da altura do ombro, nenhum alcance através do corpo e nenhum alcance para trás das costas. O gelo e o alívio regular da dor tornam os exercícios toleráveis. Tome os analgésicos antes dos seus exercícios e sessões de fisioterapia. Pode duchar assim que as suas instruções de cuidados da ferida o permitam; para lavar por baixo do braço operado, incline-se para a frente na cintura e deixe o braço cair suavemente para longe do corpo, na mesma posição do exercício pendular.

Durante esta fase, não levante nada mais pesado do que aproximadamente meio quilo com o braço operado, não transporte sacos desse lado, não se apoie no braço nem o utilize para se empurrar para cima de uma cama ou cadeira, e não deixe o braço pendurar sem suporte: cada uma destas ações puxa a escápula para baixo, afastando-a da clavícula e sobrecarregando a reparação.

Para o seu fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Proteger a estabilização cirúrgica e permitir a cicatrização dos tecidos moles
  • Controlar a dor e o inchaço; proteger a cicatrização da ferida
  • Prevenir a rigidez do ombro dentro das faixas protegidas
  • Manter a amplitude de movimento da mão, punho, cotovelo e pescoço

Gestão

  • Tipóia durante 6 semanas sempre que estiver de pé ou em movimento; braço apoiado quando a tipóia está removida
  • Exercícios pendulares várias vezes ao dia
  • Elevação passiva e ativa-assistida no plano da escápula, limitada a 90 graus
  • Rotação externa passiva e ativa-assistida conforme o conforto permitir (inicialmente até aproximadamente 30 graus)
  • Amplitude de movimento ativa da mão, punho, cotovelo e antebraço; aperto de bola
  • Posicionamento da escápula (retração e depressão) e correção postural
  • Rotação interna e externa isométrica submáxima, sem dor, em neutro, conforme tolerado
  • Mobilização dos tecidos moles e escapulotorácica, conforme indicado; massagem na cicatriz após a cicatrização da ferida
  • Gelo durante 15–20 minutos, várias vezes ao dia, conforme necessário; analgesia antes dos exercícios e sessões

Precauções

  • Não permitir que o peso do braço puxe a fixação: sem braço pendurado, sem transporte de cargas, sem tração para baixo
  • Sem elevação acima de 90 graus em qualquer plano
  • Sem amplitude de movimento ativa do ombro além do programa assistido prescrito
  • Sem adução horizontal (através do corpo) e sem rotação interna atrás das costas
  • Sem levantamento de peso superior a aproximadamente meio quilo; sem suporte do peso corporal através do braço
  • Sem conduzir enquanto usa a tipóia

Critérios para progressão

  • Aproximadamente 90 graus de flexão passiva no plano da escápula
  • Aproximadamente 30 graus de rotação externa passiva no plano da escápula
  • Tolerância ao programa de amplitude de movimento e isométrico, com resolução da dor e do inchaço

Fase II — Restaurando o seu movimento (Semanas 6–12)

A partir de aproximadamente seis semanas, você é desmame da tala e os limites de movimento são progressivamente levantados. Os movimentos assistidos tornam-se ativos, e a amplitude aumenta constantemente; como guia, os protocolos publicados progressam a amplitude em passos de aproximadamente 15 graus a cada semana, visando o movimento completo por volta da semana 12. Exercícios leves com elástico para o manguito rotador e músculos da escápula começam durante esta fase. O reparo ainda precisa de respeito: mantenha o levantamento de peso em cerca de um quilo e evite empurrões e puxões vigorosos, flexões de braço (push-ups) e levantamento acima da cabeça ou através do corpo. Alcançar atrás das costas é geralmente o último movimento a ser liberado.

Para o seu fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Desmame da tala
  • Restaurar progressivamente a amplitude de movimento ativa em todos os planos (completa, ou quase completa, por volta da semana 12)
  • Iniciar fortalecimento suave; minimizar a atrofia muscular
  • Restabelecer o ritmo escapuloumeral e o controle neuromuscular

Conduta

  • Progressão de elevação ativa-assistida para ativa; deslizes na parede e deslizes na bancada para flexão
  • Elevação no plano escapular com atenção à mecânica escapular: sem saltos
  • Rotação interna atrás das costas introduzida gradualmente (inicialmente até a linha do cinto)
  • Adução horizontal apenas como alcance ativo: sem alongamento passivo ainda
  • Rotação interna e externa com Theraband, rosca bíceps, remada e soco do serrátil
  • Trabalho dinâmico da escápula e do manguito: rotação externa deitado de lado, remada deitado de bruços, extensão deitado de bruços, 'T's e 'Y's deitados de bruços, elevação lateral em pé
  • Exercícios de propriocepção e estabilização rítmica
  • Terapia manual e mobilização articular conforme indicado

Precauções

  • Não levantar peso superior a aproximadamente um quilo com o braço operado
  • Não empurrar ou puxar com força; não fazer flexões de braço (push-ups)
  • Não levantar objetos pesados acima da cabeça ou através do corpo
  • Evitar alongamento no final da amplitude para adução cruzada ao corpo; o movimento atrás das costas progride gradualmente

Critérios para progressão

  • Pelo menos cerca de 140 graus de flexão passiva e 60 graus de rotação externa passiva no plano escapular
  • Flexão ativa contra a gravidade para pelo menos cerca de 100 graus com boa mecânica
  • Tolerando o programa de amplitude de movimento ativa e fortalecimento inicial

Fase III — Fortalecimento (Semanas 12–18)

Com o reparo maduro e o movimento amplamente restaurado, a atenção volta-se para a reconstrução da força. Os alongamentos que estavam proibidos anteriormente (através do corpo e por trás das costas) são agora utilizados para conquistar os últimos graus de amplitude de movimento. O trabalho de resistência progride de elásticos para pesos leves, e as flexões de braço (push-ups) começam apoiadas na parede antes de progredirem. O treino de força em ginásio é tipicamente reintroduzido a partir da semana 16, com amplitude limitada e cargas leves inicialmente. O levantamento pesado acima da cabeça e o empurrar e puxar com força ainda devem ser evitados nesta fase.

Para o seu fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Amplitude de movimento ativa e passiva completa em todos os planos
  • Fortalecimento progressivo, resistência e controlo neuromuscular do manguito rotador e dos estabilizadores escapulares
  • Preparar para um retorno gradual às cargas específicas do desporto

Gestão

  • Alongamento de amplitude terminal multidirecional: alongamento cruzado no corpo, rotação interna por trás das costas, mãos atrás da cabeça, alongamento "sleeper", rotação externa a 90 graus de abdução
  • Resistência progressiva (aproximadamente 0,5–2,5 kg) adicionada ao programa dinâmico: rotação externa deitado de lado, remada deitado de bruços, extensão deitado de bruços, exercícios 'T' e 'Y' deitado de bruços, elevação lateral (scaption) em pé
  • Progressões com Theraband: exercícios 'T', 'W', diagonais, rotação interna e externa a 90 graus
  • Trabalho em cadeia fechada: flexões de braço (push-ups) na parede a partir da semana 12, progredindo conforme a tolerância
  • Treino de força com máquinas a partir da semana 16: amplitude limitada, carga leve (remadas, puxadas, bíceps e tríceps; exercícios de pressão reintroduzidos com cautela)
  • Estabilização rítmica, propriocepção e exercícios de ritmo escapuloumeral

Precauções

  • Evitar levantamento de pesos pesados, particularmente acima da cabeça, e empurrar e puxar com força
  • O fortalecimento deve ser indolor e interromper-se antes de atingir cargas de amplitude terminal provocatórias
  • Manter o controlo escapular durante toda a amplitude de movimento: reduzir a carga se aparecerem saltos ou compensações

Critérios para progredir

  • Movimento ativo e passivo do ombro dentro dos limites funcionais em todas as direções
  • Tolerar o programa de fortalecimento progressivo sem exacerbação dos sintomas

Fase IV — Retorno ao esporte e trabalho pesado (a partir da semana 18)

A fase final consiste em um retorno gradual ao trabalho extenuante, cargas acima da cabeça e prática esportiva. Exercícios pliométricos e específicos para o esporte são incorporados ao programa de fortalecimento, e programas intervalados orientam o retorno ao arremesso, natação, golfe e esportes de raquete. O retorno a esportes de contato e colisão geralmente leva cerca de quatro a seis meses após a cirurgia, dependendo da recuperação do movimento completo, da força e da confiança no braço; programas publicados para atletas de colisão às vezes se estendem por mais tempo, chegando a cerca de nove meses. Atletas de força geralmente retomam seu treinamento habitual em um período de tempo semelhante. Seu fisioterapeuta e cirurgião orientarão a liberação final, e alguns atletas de colisão optam por usar uma órtese de ombro na primeira temporada de retorno.

Para o seu fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Manter a amplitude de movimento completa
  • Progressão da força, potência e resistência para atender às demandas do trabalho e do esporte do paciente
  • Retorno gradual e baseado em critérios a esportes de contato e acima da cabeça

Conduta

  • Continuar e progredir o programa de fortalecimento da Fase III
  • Progressões em cadeia cinética fechada: progressão de flexão de braço para superfícies instáveis, exercícios com bola na parede
  • Pliometria para atletas de arremesso e acima da cabeça: arremessos em rebounder, exercícios com bolas pesadas, drible na parede, exercícios de desaceleração
  • Programas intervalados para arremesso, golfe, tênis e natação
  • Força e resistência da cadeia cinética específicas para função e ocupação

Precauções

  • Retorno a esportes de contato e colisão apenas com amplitude completa, força restaurada e liberação cirúrgica
  • A progressão permanece guiada por sintomas: se dor ou sensação de instabilidade surgirem, recuar um estágio

Após o seu protocolo

As fases acima foram extraídas de protocolos de reabilitação publicados para estabilização e reconstrução da articulação acromioclavicular: Medicina Desportiva do Massachusetts General Brigham, o programa de reconstrução da articulação acromioclavicular da Medicina Desportiva do Massachusetts General Hospital, as diretrizes de estabilização da articulação acromioclavicular das unidades de ombro do Reino Unido e uma revisão sistemática de protocolos de reconstrução da articulação acromioclavicular disponíveis publicamente. As faixas semanais são típicas, e não fixas, e os programas publicados variam; a sua reabilitação contínua é orientada individualmente pelo seu fisioterapeuta, em colaboração com a prática clínica, com base na recuperação da sua reparação e dos seus movimentos. Esta página complementa as orientações gerais de recuperação da prática clínica; consulte o controlo da dor pós-operatória e os cuidados com a ferida. Para a operação em si e a lesão que trata, consulte estabilização da articulação acromioclavicular. A evidência subjacente a este protocolo (a reconstrução, a literatura sobre perda de redução e os estudos de reabilitação) está resumida na secção de evidências, disponível em PDF no topo desta página.


Evidence & references

Acromioclavicular Joint Stabilisation / Reconstruction — Operative Rationale & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Evidence)

Topic scope: Post-operative rehabilitation after acromioclavicular (AC) joint stabilisation / reconstruction for a high-grade AC joint dislocation (Rockwood type III–V) — restoring the alignment between the clavicle and scapula with a coracoclavicular (CC) suspensory device (suture-button / endobutton construct), with or without a biological tendon graft (semitendinosus / pectoralis minor) and with or without a direct AC ligament reconstruction. This page also summarises the operative/non-operative evidence that frames the rehabilitation choices. It is the clinician-facing companion to the patient protocol.

Defining principle of the surgical rehab here — PROTECT the construct. Unlike a capsular release (where the enemy is re-stiffening and rehab is immediate aggressive ROM), AC joint stabilisation is a protect-the-repair pathway, closer in spirit to a rotator-cuff or instability repair. The reconstruction has to resist the constant downward pull of gravity on the weight of the arm — the exact deforming force that displaced the joint in the first place. A suspensory suture-button or tendon graft has no early intrinsic strength; biological healing of the CC/AC ligaments and tunnel incorporation takes weeks to months, and the dominant early complication is loss of reduction before that healing matures. So the rehab is deliberately conservative: the sling carries the weight of the arm (typically ~6 weeks), active elevation and any downward traction on the arm are avoided early, ROM is restricted (no elevation > 90°, no cross-body, no reaching behind the back) for the first 6 weeks, strengthening waits until the construct has matured (~12 weeks), and return to contact/collision sport is deferred to ~4–6 months. Motion progression and protection are the two levers; the single most important point distinguishing this protocol from the capsular-release inversion is that here, time and protection are the friends, not the enemy.


A. THE OPERATION & WHY REHAB IS PROTECTIVE

A high-grade AC dislocation tears the AC and coracoclavicular (conoid + trapezoid) ligaments, allowing the clavicle to rise relative to the acromion under the weight of the arm. Surgical stabilisation aims to restore the CC distance and let the ligaments heal in a reduced position. Contemporary constructs are predominantly:

  • CC suspensory fixation — a suture-button / endobutton loop passed through clavicular and coracoid tunnels (e.g. flip-button, single- or double-tunnel). Restores vertical stability.
  • + Biological augmentation — a free tendon graft (semitendinosus allograft/autograft, or the pectoralis minor / coracoacromial ligament in Weaver–Dunn-type procedures) to reconstruct the CC ± AC ligaments. The anatomy of the pectoralis minor tendon has been characterised specifically for this use [pec minor anatomy, JSES 2007].
  • + Direct AC reconstruction — adding an AC-level construct to the CC reconstruction improves horizontal stability; combined CC + AC reconstruction gives better radiographic reduction and lower reoperation rates than isolated CC reconstruction in pooled data.

The structural properties of the reconstructed CC complex have been measured biomechanically: reconstructions restore much, but not all, of the intact ligament's stiffness and load to failure [Structural Properties, Am J Sports Med 2000]. This is the mechanical basis for protecting the construct early — the graft/button is weaker than the native ligament until it heals and incorporates.


B. EVIDENCE BY THEME

1. Operative vs non-operative — only high grades benefit from surgery

  • Type I–II AC injuries are managed non-operatively. Type III is genuinely controversial and most are treated non-operatively first; type IV–V are the usual operative indications [ACJ Injuries: Evidence-based Treatment, JAAOS 2018]. A network meta-analysis of RCTs for acute Rockwood III–V found no single surgical technique clearly superior, and that surgery's advantage over non-operative care is modest and grade-dependent [network MA, JSES 2023].
  • Hook-plate fixation of acute dislocations improved radiographic but NOT clinical outcomes versus non-operative treatment [Hook-plate RCT, JBJS 2017] — a caution that radiographic reduction does not automatically translate into a better patient outcome, and a reason the hook plate (which requires removal) is not the preferred construct here.
  • The Rockwood classification itself has only moderate reliability between observers [Rockwood reliability, JSES 2021], which is part of why type III decision-making is debated.

2. Loss of reduction is the dominant complication — and it shapes the rehab

  • Loss of reduction (the clavicle drifting back up) is the most frequent radiographic failure after suspensory-device stabilisation. Clavicular tunnel widening correlates with post-operative loss of reduction in an implant-dependent way [tunnel widening, Arthroscopy 2023] — i.e. the construct and tunnel position matter.
  • Radiographic failure and reoperation rates after ACJ reconstruction are non-trivial [radiographic failure / reoperation, Bone Joint J 2016]; one suspensory-device series reported ~10–11% revision for loss of reduction / implant failure (suture fatigue, button escape, coracoid stress fracture, deep infection) [web: suspensory-device cohort].
  • Adding the AC-level reconstruction and a biological graft improves radiographic reduction and lowers reoperation versus isolated CC suture-button [web: combined CC+AC reviews].
  • Complications after operative treatment of high-grade injuries are well catalogued [complications, JSES 2023] — they include loss of reduction, coracoid/clavicle fracture, hardware problems and infection.

Rehab implication: because the early failure mode is mechanical loss of reduction under arm-weight loading, the early phase forbids active elevation, lifting, downward traction on the arm and weight-bearing through the arm — the patient protects the construct while the ligaments and tunnels heal.

3. Outcomes and return to sport are generally good — but timeline is conservative

  • Anatomic CC reconstruction with semitendinosus graft for chronic dislocation gives good clinical and radiological results [semitendinosus reconstruction, KSSTA 2020].
  • Sports activity after anatomic flip-button stabilisation is generally restored, with most athletes returning to their pre-injury sport, though return is gradual [flip-button sport, KSSTA 2016].
  • Delayed (chronic) reconstruction with a modern suspensory device does not increase fixation failure or major complications versus acute fixation [web: delayed reconstruction].

4. The rehab protocol itself is consensus/expert, not RCT-derived — and it is highly variable

A systematic review of publicly available ACJ-reconstruction rehabilitation protocols found they are widely variable: sling duration ranged 3–8 weeks (the modal recommendation was 6 weeks, in 8/18 protocols), active ROM commonly began at ~6 weeks (6/20 protocols), and heavy/strenuous shoulder use was typically prohibited for a further ~6 weeks beyond the initial 6-week protection period [Cheema et al., Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2021]. There is no high-level RCT defining the optimal post-op regimen — phase timings are expert/consensus.

The patient protocol's phase boundaries (0–6 / 6–12 / 12–18 weeks, sling 6 weeks, return to contact sport ~4–6 months) sit squarely within this published range and match the Massachusetts General Brigham / MGH Sports Medicine ACJ-reconstruction guideline (Phase I 0–6 wk, Phase II 7–12 wk, Phase III 13–18 wk) and similar surgeon protocols (e.g. Dickens: 6-week sling, return to all activity months 4–6).


C. PHASED POST-OP TIMELINE (consistent with the patient protocol)

Phase Window Sling ROM Strengthening Notes
I — Protecting the repair Weeks 0–6 Yes, ~6 wk whenever up; worn for sleep weeks 0–3 (arm-weight loads the repair even lying down) Pendulum + passive/assisted elevation to 90° max in scapular plane; assisted ER to ~30°; NO active elevation, no cross-body, no behind-the-back Hand/wrist/elbow AROM; scapular setting; sub-maximal pain-free isometric IR/ER only No driving while in the sling (~6 wk). No lifting > ~0.5 kg, no carrying, no leaning/pushing up on the arm, no letting the arm hang unsupported — each loads the construct
II — Restoring movement Weeks 6–12 Wean off Progress assisted → active ROM; build toward full by ~12 wk (~15°/week as a guide); behind-the-back introduced gradually (to beltline) Light elastic-band cuff + scapular work begins (rows, IR/ER, serratus punch); side-lying ER, prone row/T/Y Lift to ~1 kg; avoid forceful push/pull, push-ups, overhead and cross-body lifting
III — Strengthening Weeks 12–18 Off Full ROM goal; end-range stretches (cross-body, behind-back, sleeper) now used to win final range Progressive resistance ~0.5–2.5 kg; wall push-ups from ~wk 12; machine weights from ~wk 16 (limited range, light load) Construct matured; still avoid heavy overhead and forceful push/pull
IV — Return to sport / heavy work Week 18 onward Off Maintain full ROM Plyometrics, sport-specific & interval programs; occupation-specific kinetic-chain loading Return to contact/collision sport ~4–6 months (collision athletes / some occupations longer, up to ~9 mo); criteria-based clearance; some wear a brace first season back

(Phase boundaries from the MGH/Mass General Brigham ACJ-reconstruction guideline; return-to-sport windows from the flip-button sport series and surgeon protocols; all within the variability documented by Cheema et al. 2021.)


D. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Type III — operate or not? The most-debated grade; most are trialled non-operatively first. No clear winner in RCT-level data, compounded by only-moderate reliability of the Rockwood grade itself. Moderate / conflicting.
  2. Which construct? Network MA shows no single technique clearly superior for acute III–V. Combined CC + AC reconstruction (± graft) gives better radiographic reduction and lower reoperation than isolated CC suture-button, but at the cost of complexity. Hook plates improve radiographs but not clinical scores and need removal. Moderate.
  3. Loss of reduction vs clinical outcome. Radiographic loss of reduction is common yet often clinically well-tolerated — radiographic and patient-reported outcomes diverge. This tempers how aggressively reduction should be chased. Moderate.
  4. The rehab protocol is consensus, not trial-derived, and published protocols vary widely (sling 3–8 wk; Cheema 2021). The patient page's timings are typical, not RCT-validated. Weak / consensus.

E. EVIDENCE-STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • STRONG (RCT / SR-MA): hook-plate improves radiographic but not clinical outcomes vs non-operative (RCT, JBJS 2017); network meta-analysis of RCTs for acute III–V shows no clearly superior technique (JSES 2023).
  • MODERATE (cohorts / biomechanical / SR): anatomic semitendinosus CC reconstruction outcomes (KSSTA 2020); sports return after flip-button stabilisation (KSSTA 2016); loss-of-reduction / tunnel-widening drivers (Arthroscopy 2023; Bone Joint J 2016); complications of high-grade operative treatment (JSES 2023); reconstructed-CC biomechanics (AJSM 2000); combined CC+AC > isolated CC for reduction/reoperation; delayed reconstruction safety.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS ONLY: the post-operative rehabilitation protocol itself — no defining RCT; protocols are expert/consensus and highly variable (Cheema 2021; sling 3–8 wk). Rockwood classification reliability only moderate (JSES 2021).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Anatomy of the pectoralis minor tendon and its use in acromioclavicular joint reconstruction. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2006.09.007
  • Clavicular tunnel widening after acromioclavicular stabilization shows implant-dependent correlation with postoperative loss of reduction. Arthroscopy. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.05.014
  • Acromioclavicular joint injuries: evidence-based treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2018. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-17-00105
  • Review of Weaver and Dunn on treatment of acromioclavicular injuries, especially complete acromioclavicular separation. J ISAKOS. 2019. DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2019-000299
  • Structural properties of the intact and the reconstructed coracoclavicular ligament complex. Am J Sports Med. 2000. DOI: 10.1177/03635465000280010201
  • Complications after operative treatment of high-grade acromioclavicular injuries. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.03.019
  • Sports activity after anatomic acromioclavicular joint stabilisation with flip-button technique. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-016-4287-7
  • Anatomic reconstruction of the coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular ligaments with semitendinosus tendon graft for the treatment of chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocation provides good clinical and radiological results. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-06285-x
  • Hook-plate fixation in patients with acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation improved radiographic but not clinical outcomes compared with nonoperative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.16.00582
  • Radiographic failure and rates of re-operation after acromioclavicular joint reconstruction. Bone Joint J. 2016. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.98b4.35935
  • Treatment options for acute Rockwood type III–V acromioclavicular dislocations: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.01.039
  • A relook at the reliability of Rockwood classification for acromioclavicular joint injuries. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.01.016

Literature (URLs)

  • Cheema SG, Hermanns C, Coda RG, et al. Publicly accessible rehabilitation protocols for acromioclavicular joint reconstruction are widely variable. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021;3(2):e427–e433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2020.10.007 (sling 3–8 wk, modal 6 wk; active ROM ~6 wk; further ~6 wk before heavy use)
  • Acromioclavicular joint injuries: effective rehabilitation (review). PMC. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8169819/
  • Delayed acromioclavicular joint reconstruction using a modern tunnelled suspensory device does not increase the risk of fixation failure or major complications. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35781084/
  • Low rate of substantial loss of reduction immediately after hardware removal following ACJ stabilization using a suspensory fixation system. KSSTA. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00167-022-06978-5
  • Minimum 10-year outcomes after arthroscopically assisted anatomic coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction for type III and V AC joint injuries. ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666638325001835

Published rehab protocols (URLs — basis for the phase structure)

  • Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine. Rehabilitation guideline for acromioclavicular joint reconstruction (including coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction). https://www.massgeneral.org/assets/MGH/pdf/orthopaedics/sports-medicine/physical-therapy/rehabilitation-protocol-for-acromioclavicular-joint-reconstruction.pdf (Phase I 0–6 wk sling, Phase II 7–12 wk, Phase III 13–18 wk)
  • Dickens JD. AC joint reconstruction protocol (Duke Sports Medicine). https://www.jondickensmd.com/pdf/ac-joint-reconstruction-protocol.pdf (6-week sling worn for sleep; return to all activity months 4–6)
  • Chambler A. ACJ stabilisation rehabilitation guidelines. https://www.andrewchambler.com/post/acj-stabilisation-rehabilitation-guidelines
  • North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust. Acromioclavicular joint stabilisation — LockDown/Weaver Dunn procedure. https://www.nth.nhs.uk/resources/acromioclavicular-joint-stabilisation-lockdown-weaver-dunn-procedure/
  • Stone Clinic. Acromioclavicular (AC) joint reconstruction rehab protocol. https://www.stoneclinic.com/Acromioclavicular-AC-joint-reconstruction-rehab-protocol

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.