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Cisto Mucoso

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Mucous cysts – common bumps near finger joints, often linked to arthritis, and treatment options.

Updated Aug 2026
Uma ilustração desenhada à mão de um pequeno cisto na articulação distal do dedo, próximo à unha.
Um cisto mucoso no polegar: um pequeno nódulo cheio de líquido que surge na articulação desgastada na ponta do dedo ou do polegar. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

O que você está sentindo

Você pode notar um pequeno caroço cheio de líquido na parte superior do dedo, geralmente perto da última articulação. Este é um cisto mucoso. Ele geralmente parece uma bolha macia sob a pele. Você pode não sentir dor inicialmente. No entanto, à medida que o cisto cresce, ele pode pressionar os tecidos próximos. Essa pressão geralmente causa uma dor surda ou sensibilidade. O desconforto tende a piorar quando você usa o dedo para tarefas de preensão ou pinçamento.

O cisto fica perto do leito ungueal. À medida que se expande, pode empurrar a lâmina ungueal. Essa pressão pode causar o aparecimento de sulcos ou cristas na unha. Você pode notar que a unha fica deformada ou ligeiramente levantada da pele. Em alguns casos, a pele sobre o cisto fica fina e brilhante. Pode parecer tensa ou sensível ao toque. Se a pele se romper, pode levar a uma infecção, por isso é importante não arrancá-la.

As atividades diárias podem se tornar difíceis. Movimentos simples como abotoar uma camisa ou girar uma maçaneta podem doer. Alcançar atrás das costas para fechar um sutiã ou guardar uma camisa pode tensionar o dedo afetado. Você pode acabar evitando certos movimentos para prevenir a dor. Algumas pessoas relatam que os sintomas pioram após o uso prolongado da mão. Outras percebem rigidez ao acordar pela manhã. A dor também pode perturbar o seu sono se você apoiar a mão de uma maneira que exerça pressão sobre o caroço.

Como esses cistos estão associados à osteoartrite por desgaste na articulação, você também pode sentir rigidez geral nessa articulação do dedo. A dor geralmente está localizada na parte posterior do dedo. Raramente se espalha para outras partes da mão. No entanto, a percepção constante do caroço pode ser distraente. Você pode acabar verificando frequentemente o tamanho do cisto ou preocupando-se com a sua aparência. Compreender esses sintomas ajuda você a gerenciar sua rotina diária e prepara você para os próximos passos no seu tratamento.

O que está realmente acontecendo

Um cisto mucoso é uma pequena bolsa preenchida por líquido que se forma perto da articulação do dedo da mão ou do pé. Ele fica logo acima da articulação, frequentemente próximo à leito ungueal. O líquido no interior é espesso e pegajoso, semelhante ao lubrificante que ajuda suas articulações a se moverem suavemente.

Este cisto não é uma infecção. É um resultado direto da osteoartrite por desgaste na articulação. À medida que a articulação envelhece, a cartilagem lisa que reveste as extremidades ósseas começa a se desgastar. Em resposta, o seu corpo tenta reparar o dano crescendo pequenos espinhões ósseos, conhecidos como osteófitos, ao longo das bordas da articulação.

Pense na cápsula articular como uma manga justa envolvendo sua articulação. O espinhão ósseo empurra essa manga de dentro para fora. Com o tempo, a pressão constante cria um ponto fraco na parede da cápsula. O líquido articular vaza por esse ponto fraco e se acumula logo abaixo da pele, formando o inchaço visível que você vê.

O cisto em si é essencialmente um balão preenchido com líquido articular. Como ele se forma diretamente sobre a articulação, pode pressionar estruturas próximas. Se estiver perto da unha, pode empurrar a raiz da unha, causando sulcos ou cristas na placa ungueal. Também pode tornar a pele sobre o cisto fina e frágil.

Remover apenas o cisto muitas vezes não é suficiente. Se o espinhão ósseo subjacente permanecer, continuará a empurrar a cápsula articular. Essa pressão geralmente faz com que o líquido vaze novamente, levando ao retorno do cisto. Para interromper esse ciclo, a fonte da pressão deve ser tratada.

Nossa abordagem foca na remoção tanto do cisto quanto do espinhão ósseo que causa a irritação. Ao alisar a borda óssea, removemos a força que empurra o líquido para fora da articulação. Isso ajuda a garantir que a cápsula articular possa cicatrizar adequadamente sem vazar novamente. Também reparamos cuidadosamente a cápsula articular para criar um selamento forte, impedindo o acúmulo futuro de líquido.

O que podemos fazer a respeito

A abordagem do Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirurgião de membro superior do Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adotada em nossa clínica reflete como gerenciamos essa condição. Os pacientes chegam à nossa clínica por meio de encaminhamento do médico de família ou fisioterapeuta. Uma avaliação clínica (histórico, exame físico e imagens quando necessárias) estabelece o diagnóstico. Para problemas degenerativos ou de longa data, geralmente tentamos o tratamento não operatório — modificação da atividade, fisioterapia ou terapia manual, uso de órteses e injeções — e consideramos a cirurgia quando isso não proporciona melhora suficiente. Para problemas estruturais ou agudos, a cirurgia pode ser recomendada imediatamente, sem uma tentativa prévia de tratamento não operatório.

Você pode começar protegendo a área. Evite atividades que exerçam pressão sobre o cisto ou a articulação. Seu fisioterapeuta pode orientá-lo por meio de movimentos suaves para manter a articulação móvel e reduzir a rigidez. Esse tratamento conservador visa controlar os sintomas e retardar a progressão. Geralmente, sugerimos dar uma tentativa razoável a essa abordagem por várias semanas para verificar se ela proporciona alívio.

Se os sintomas persistirem, discutimos as opções de manejo médico. Medicamentos para dor e anti-inflamatórios podem ajudar a reduzir o desconforto e o inchaço. Em alguns casos, podemos recomendar uma injeção na articulação ou no cisto. Injeções de cortisona podem acalmar a inflamação por um período limitado. Injeções de ácido hialurônico podem lubrificar a articulação para melhorar o movimento. Injeções de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) usam componentes do seu próprio sangue para apoiar a cicatrização. A duração do alívio varia para cada pessoa e para cada tipo de tratamento.

A cirurgia é considerada quando o tratamento conservador não proporcionou melhora suficiente ou se o cisto causa dor significativa ou deformidade na unha. Nosso objetivo cirúrgico é remover o cisto e o esporão ósseo subjacente que o causa. A remoção do esporão ósseo é fundamental para evitar o retorno do cisto. Buscamos uma resolução completa na maioria dos casos. Em algumas técnicas, também removemos parte do revestimento articular para garantir que a área permaneça livre. Essa abordagem demonstrou uma baixa taxa de recorrência de 1,4% em tratamentos confiáveis, com alta satisfação dos pacientes em relação à cicatriz e disposição de submeter-se ao procedimento novamente. Discutimos essas opções com você para tomar uma decisão compartilhada sobre o melhor caminho a seguir.

O que esperar

Um cisto mucoso é uma protuberância preenchida por líquido que geralmente se forma perto da articulação terminal do dedo ou do polegar. Frequentemente, cresce lentamente ao longo do tempo. Sem tratamento, o cisto pode persistir ou variar de tamanho. Por vezes, pode causar dor ou dificultar a flexão da articulação. Se não for tratado, raramente resolve espontaneamente e pode continuar a afetar as suas atividades diárias.

Quando gerido com os cuidados adequados, o prognóstico é geralmente positivo. A remoção cirúrgica do cisto e do esporão ósseo subjacente (osteófito) é uma forma eficaz de tratar a condição. Esta abordagem elimina o cisto com uma taxa de recorrência extremamente rara. Em alguns casos, a remoção apenas do esporão ósseo, sem remover o próprio cisto, também pode levar à resolução completa na maioria dos pacientes. Outras técnicas, como a remoção total do revestimento da cápsula articular ou o uso de retalhos cutâneos locais para cobrir a área, também são eficazes. Estes métodos demonstram baixas taxas de recorrência, com alguns estudos a apresentarem uma taxa de recorrência de apenas 1,4%.

Pode esperar uma elevada satisfação com o resultado estético após a cirurgia. A maioria dos pacientes está satisfeita com a aparência da cicatriz e escolheria realizar o procedimento novamente. As recorrências, se ocorrerem, geralmente aparecem cedo após a cirurgia inicial. É por isso que as consultas de acompanhamento regulares são importantes. O seu cirurgião irá monitorizar a área para garantir que o cisto não regressa e para verificar quaisquer outras alterações.

A recuperação envolve proteger o local cirúrgico enquanto este cicatriza. Terá de manter a área limpa e estar atento a sinais de infeção. A maioria das pessoas retoma o uso normal da mão à medida que a cicatrização progride, mas deve seguir as orientações específicas do seu cirurgião sobre quando retomar a preensão forte ou o levantamento de pesos. O objetivo é restaurar o movimento confortável e eliminar a protuberância. Com o tratamento adequado, pode esperar que o cisto desapareça e que a função articular melhore significativamente.

Quando consultar um especialista

Procure uma avaliação especializada se notar um pequeno inchaço próximo à unha. Os cistos sinoviais podem apresentar sinais vagos, sendo fácil passá-los despercebidos no início. Consulte o seu médico de família se a área se tornar dolorosa e não melhorar com repouso. Procure ajuda se sentir fraqueza, instabilidade, ou se a articulação travar ou ceder. Entre em contacto connosco se os sintomas interferirem com o seu sono ou trabalho. A piora súbita da dor ou do inchaço também justifica uma consulta. Os seguimentos regulares ajudam a excluir recidivas ou outras alterações. A atenção precoce ajuda a prevenir complicações e mantém a função do dedo adequada.

Reviewed by AI synthesis (v2) — pending human review · 18 May 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Scientific data regarding mucous cysts consist almost entirely of retrospective studies [1].
  • Much of the management or recommendations for mucous cysts is based on expert opinion [1].
  • Total dorsal capsulectomy alone is a simple treatment for mucous cysts that does not lead to any recurrence [2].
  • Excision of the cyst combined with complete removal of the marginal osteophyte eradicates mucous cysts with extremely rare recurrence [3].
  • Osteophyte excision without cyst excision may be a good treatment choice for mucous cysts of the finger, providing a less invasive method with complete resolution in most cases [5].
  • Osteophyte removal results in a low cyst recurrence rate, indicating it should be undertaken regardless of the surgeon's plan for the soft tissues [13].
  • The Zitelli bilobed flap allows excision of the cyst and thinned skin with no added risk to the nail matrix [6].
  • The use of a Wolfe graft for mucous cysts is simple, easy to perform, and provides satisfactory cosmesis with acceptable recurrence rates [7].
  • Surgical excision with a local advancement skin flap is a reliable treatment for digital mucous cysts, demonstrating a low recurrence rate of 1.4% and high patient satisfaction regarding the scar and willingness to undergo the procedure again [9].
  • A surgical technique involving excision of the cyst, synovectomy, and débridement of osteophytes with rotational flap closure resulted in no recurrences in thirty-six patients [10].
  • Pathohistological analysis is useful in cases where doubts arise about the initial diagnosis of a benign tumorous lesion [4].
  • Eccrine porocarcinomas have a substantial risk of metastasis, high risk of local recurrence, and are potentially fatal [8].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Mucous cysts are associated with marginal osteophytes at the distal interphalangeal joint [3].
  • The primary pathology in mucous cysts involves osteophytes, and removal of these osteophytes allows for skin recovery potential [20].
  • Ultrasound is a powerful modality for evaluating pathologic conditions in the hand and wrist [16].
  • Ultrasound provides a cost-effective and expedient alternative or adjunct to MRI for hand and wrist evaluation [16].
  • Ultrasound is best used when there is a specific clinical question regarding a well-localized abnormality [16].
  • Subungual keratoacanthoma may show locally aggressive behaviour but does not metastasize [14].

Classification

  • Osteophyte excision without cyst excision may be a good treatment choice for mucous cyst of the finger, providing a less invasive method with complete resolution in most cases [5].
  • The use of a Wolfe graft is simple, easy to perform, and provides satisfactory cosmesis with acceptable recurrence rates [7].
  • There is a statistically significant difference in recurrence rates between Type I giant cell tumours of the tendon sheath (0%) and Type II tumours (38%) [11].
  • Recurrence in Type II giant cell tumours of the tendon sheath is likely due to undetected satellite lesions or incomplete excision [11].
  • Incomplete excision of a granular cell nerve tumor can lead to recurrence [12].
  • Osteophyte removal results in a low cyst recurrence rate [13].
  • Osteophyte removal should be undertaken regardless of the surgeon's plan for the soft tissues [13].

Clinical Presentation

  • Malignant natural-killer cell neoplasms can present as a mucous cyst on the distal interphalangeal joint of the finger [4].
  • Eccrine porocarcinomas can present as a hand cyst [8].
  • Subungual keratoacanthoma may present as a condition masquerading as flexor tenosynovitis in the finger [14].
  • Ultrasound is a powerful modality for the evaluation of pathologic conditions in the hand and wrist [16].
  • Ultrasound provides a cost-effective and expedient alternative and/or adjunct to MRI for hand and wrist evaluation [16].
  • Ultrasound is best used when there is a specific clinical question regarding a well-localized abnormality in the hand or wrist [16].

Investigations

  • Much of the management of mucous cysts is based on expert opinion [1].
  • Pathohistological analysis is useful when doubts arise about the initial diagnosis of a benign tumorous lesion [4].
  • Ultrasound is a powerful modality for evaluation of pathologic conditions in the hand and wrist [16].
  • Ultrasound provides a cost-effective and expedient alternative and/or adjunct to MRI [16].

Treatment

  • Scientific data regarding mucous cysts consist almost entirely of retrospective studies, and much of what is done or recommended is based on expert opinion [1].
  • Excision of the cyst and complete removal of the marginal osteophyte eradicates mucous cysts with extremely rare recurrence [3].
  • Osteophyte removal results in a low cyst recurrence rate, indicating that it should be undertaken regardless of the surgeon's plan for the soft tissues [13].
  • Use of Wolfe graft is simple, easy to perform, and provides satisfactory cosmesis with acceptable recurrence rates [7].

Complications

  • Scientific data regarding mucous cysts consist almost entirely of retrospective studies, with many recommendations based on expert opinion [1].
  • Total dorsal capsulectomy alone for mucous cysts did not lead to any recurrence [2].
  • Osteophyte excision without cyst excision may provide complete resolution in most cases [5].
  • Use of a Wolfe graft provides satisfactory cosmesis with acceptable recurrence rates [7].
  • Surgical excision with a local advancement skin flap demonstrates a low recurrence rate of 1.4% and high patient satisfaction regarding the scar [9].
  • Incomplete excision can lead to recurrence of granular cell nerve tumors [12].
  • Type II giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath have a 38% recurrence rate, likely due to undetected satellite lesions or incomplete excision [11].
  • Malignant natural-killer cell neoplasms can present as mucous cysts on the distal interphalangeal joint [4].

Recovery

  • Much of the treatment for mucous cysts is based on expert opinion [1].
  • Incomplete excision can lead to recurrence in granular cell nerve tumors [12].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] The scientific data regarding mucous cysts consist almost entirely of retrospective studies, and much of what is done or recommended is based on expert opinion. [1] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.01.029)
  • [L4] A total dorsal capsulectomy alone was a simple treatment for mucous cysts and did not lead to any recurrence. [2] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.03.004)
  • [L4] Excision of the cyst and complete removal of the marginal osteophyte eradicates mucous cysts with extremely rare recurrence. [3] (10.2106/00004623-197355030-00013)
  • [L5] This case emphasizes the utility of a pathohistological analysis in cases where doubts arise about the initial diagnosis of a benign tumorous lesion. [4] (10.1007/s00402-008-0794-4)
  • [L4] Osteophyte excision without cyst excision may be a good treatment choice for mucous cyst of the finger, providing a less invasive method with complete resolution in most cases. [5] (10.1177/1753193413478549)
  • [L4] It allows excision of the cyst and thinned skin with no added risk to the nail matrix. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.03.013)
  • [L4] The technique is simple, easy to perform, and provides satisfactory cosmesis with acceptable recurrence rates. [7] (10.1177/1753193408103498)
  • [L4] Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are critical because eccrine porocarcinomas have a substantial risk of metastasis, high risk of local recurrence, and are potentially fatal. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.07.112)
  • [L4] Surgical excision with a local advancement skin flap is a reliable treatment for digital mucous cysts, demonstrating a low recurrence rate of 1.4% and high patient satisfaction regarding the scar and willingness to undergo the procedure again. [9] (10.1177/1753193413508540)
  • [L4] A new surgical technique involving excision of the cyst, synovectomy, and débridement of osteophytes with rotational flap closure resulted in no recurrences in thirty-six patients. [10] (10.2106/00004623-197254070-00008)
  • [L3] The study found a statistically significant difference in recurrence rates between Type I tumours (0%) and Type II tumours (38%), with recurrence in Type II likely due to undetected satellite lesions or incomplete excision. [11] (10.1054/jhsb.2000.0522)
  • [Case_report] The author notes that while the true recurrence rate is unknown, incomplete excision can lead to recurrence. [12] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.05.011)
  • [Commentary] The article shows that osteophyte removal results in a low cyst recurrence rate, indicating that it should be undertaken regardless of the surgeon's plan for the soft tissues. [13] (10.1177/1753193413510663)
  • [L4] Subungual keratoacanthoma may show locally aggressive behaviour but does not metastasize. [14] (10.1177/1753193409360605)
  • [L5] Ultrasound is a powerful modality for evaluation of pathologic conditions in the hand and wrist, providing a cost-effective and expedient alternative and/or adjunct to MRI, best used when there is a specific clinical question regarding a well-localized abnormality. [16] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.02.010)
  • [L5] The authors of the original study believe that extensive damage to the skin is unnecessary and that the skin has recovery potential once the main problem (osteophytes) is removed, favoring a less invasive approach over techniques requiring skin flaps. [20] (10.1177/1753193414546443)

References

[1] Mucous Cysts. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.01.029

[2] Total Dorsal Capsulectomy for the Treatment of Mucous Cysts. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.03.004

[3] Marginal Osteophyte Excision in Treatment of Mucous Cysts. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1973. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-197355030-00013

[4] Malignant Natural-Killer cell neoplasm presenting as a mucous cyst on the distal interphalangeal joint of the finger. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-008-0794-4

[5] Osteophyte excision without cyst excision for a mucous cyst of the finger. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413478549

[6] The Zitelli Bilobed Flap on Skin Coverage After Mucous Cyst Excision: A Retrospective Cohort of 33 Cases. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.03.013

[7] Use of Wolfe Graft for the Treatment of Mucous Cysts. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2009. DOI: 10.1177/1753193408103498

[8] Eccrine Porocarcinoma Presenting as a Hand Cyst. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.07.112

[9] A reliable surgical treatment for digital mucous cysts. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413508540

[10] Etiology and Treatment of the So-Called Mucous Cyst of the Finger. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1972. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-197254070-00008

[11] Giant Cell Tumours of Tendon Sheath: Classification and Recurrence Rate. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2001. DOI: 10.1054/jhsb.2000.0522

[12] Granular Cell Nerve Tumor in the Hand: Case Report. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.05.011

[13] Commentary on Lee et al. Osteophyte excision without cyst excision for a mucous cyst of the finger. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2014. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413510663

[14] Metastases to the finger masquerading as flexor tenosynovitis. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2010. DOI: 10.1177/1753193409360605

[16] Ultrasound of the Hand and Wrist. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.02.010

[20] Re: Lee HJ, Kim PT, Jeon IH, et al. Osteophyte excision without cyst excision for a mucous cyst of the finger. J Hand Surg Eur. 2014, 39: 258–61. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2014. DOI: 10.1177/1753193414546443

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b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.