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Fusão do Punho

Um plano de recuperação após a fusão total do punho (artrodese), no qual o punho desgastado é fixado de forma sólida com uma placa dorsal, de modo que ele não se mova por projeto, enquanto os dedos, o polegar e a rotação do antebraço são mantidos em movimento desde o início e a força de preensão é desenvolvida após a consolidação óssea.

Ilustração de uma fusão total do punho fixada com uma placa que se estende do osso do antebraço até a mão.
Fusão total do punho: uma placa mantém os ossos do punho firmes enquanto se fundem em uma única unidade. Isso elimina o movimento doloroso causado pela artrite, em troca da perda da flexão do punho, enquanto a rotação do antebraço — que é essencial para a maioria das tarefas diárias — é preservada. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

Este protocolo orienta a sua recuperação após uma artrodese total do punho (também chamada de artrodese do punho, uma cirurgia que une permanentemente o punho desgastado, tornando-o rígido e sem movimento), realizada pelo Dr. Kieran Hirpara no Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Ele começa com o seu programa de exercícios domiciliares, seguido pelo protocolo clínico estruturado escrito para o seu terapeuta da mão: leve esta página ou o seu PDF à sua primeira sessão de terapia para que a sua reabilitação seja coordenada. O seu terapeuta pode ajustar o plano dependendo da evolução da sua recuperação.

Se tiver alguma preocupação sobre a sua ferida cirúrgica após a operação, entre em contato com a clínica. Frequentemente, é útil tirar uma foto da ferida e enviá-la por e-mail para avaliação.

O que esperar

Uma fusão total do punho é realizada para um punho desgastado em todas as suas articulações (artrite em estágio terminal, ou "pancarpal") e doloroso durante o movimento. Em vez de tentar manter uma articulação desgastada em movimento, a operação remove o movimento de propósito: o osso do antebraço (o rádio) é unido aos ossos da mão (os metacarpianos) com uma placa dorsal que percorre a parte posterior do punho, fixando o punho de forma sólida em uma posição de leve inclinação para trás (leve extensão) que é a melhor para a preensão. Nas semanas seguintes, os ossos se fundem (unem-se) em um único bloco sólido.

A ideia central desta recuperação é o oposto da maioria das operações: o punho deve parar de se mover: essa é a cura, não uma complicação. Portanto, não há objetivo de recuperar o movimento do punho, nem exercícios para flexionar ou estender o punho. Em vez disso, toda a reabilitação protege duas coisas que a fusão não afeta e que são extremamente importantes para a função da mão:

  • Seus dedos e polegar devem permanecer totalmente móveis. A rigidez dos dedos é o principal fator que compromete uma fusão do punho, portanto, o movimento dos dedos e do polegar começa desde o primeiro dia.
  • A rotação do antebraço (virar a palma da mão para cima e para baixo) é preservada. A fusão não envolve esse movimento, e o antebraço assume grande parte do que o punho fazia anteriormente (girar chaves, torneiras e maçanetas), por isso é mantido flexível desde o início.

Como a placa dorsal mantém os ossos firmemente fixos (fixação estável), apenas uma tala leve ou curativo é necessário para conforto, e o movimento precoce dos dedos e do antebraço é incentivado, em vez de restringido. Assim que o osso se funde (geralmente em torno de seis a oito semanas), começa o fortalecimento da preensão. Muitas pessoas funcionam muito bem após uma fusão do punho e, como a preensão não é mais dolorosa, a força de preensão frequentemente melhora em comparação com o punho doloroso antes da cirurgia.

Precauções e limitações

  • NÃO tente mover o próprio punho: ele está fundido e rígido por projeto. Não existem exercícios de flexão do punho, agora ou no futuro.
  • Mantenha os dedos, o polegar e a rotação do antebraço em movimento completo desde o primeiro dia: esta é a medida mais importante que pode adotar para a sua mão.
  • Use a tala ou a curativo conforme indicado para conforto e proteção, até que o osso tenha consolidado; mantenha-os limpos e secos.
  • NÃO aplique carga ou faça força com a pega, e evite levantar mais do que uma chávena leve, até que a fusão tenha consolidado e receba autorização (geralmente entre seis a oito semanas): a aplicação de carga pesada antes da consolidação coloca em risco a placa ou a fusão.
  • NÃO conduza enquanto estiver com a tala ou não conseguir controlar o veículo de forma segura; a condução só recomeça quando está sem a tala e consegue manusear o volante, conforme confirmado na sua consulta de acompanhamento.

Para a gestão da ferida, do edema e da cicatriz, consulte as orientações da clínica sobre cuidados com a ferida.

Seus exercícios

Estes são os exercícios do seu material didático. Inicie-os apenas conforme orientado pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão. Os exercícios iniciais protegem o que a fusão mantém livre (movimento dos dedos e do polegar, rotação do antebraço e controle do inchaço) e nenhum deles envolve o punho, que permanece estável. O fortalecimento do punho pertence a uma fase posterior e não deve ser iniciado até que a fusão esteja consolidada e você receba liberação específica. Interrompa qualquer atividade que cause dor aguda na parte posterior do punho.

Seu protocolo clínico

O restante desta página é o protocolo clínico por fases para reabilitação após artrodese total do punho. Esta seção deve ser fornecida ao seu terapeuta da mão, e cada fase inicia-se com uma explicação em linguagem simples do que está ocorrendo. Não há objetivo de amplitude de movimento (ROM) do punho: as articulações radiocarpiana (e geralmente a terceira articulação carpometacárpica) são fundidas com uma placa dorsal. O protocolo existe para preservar a amplitude de movimento dos dedos, a rotação do antebraço e o controle do edema enquanto a fusão se consolida, e depois para desenvolver a força de preensão sobre a construção estável.

Antes do tratamento, verifique o relatório cirúrgico do paciente e o histórico médico, e entre em contato com o cirurgião assistente em relação à construção (placa de artrodese dorsal; se a terceira articulação carpometacárpica está incluída ou poupada), a posição do punho fundido, qualquer enxerto ósseo utilizado e o estado de consolidação. O Dr. Hirpara funde o punho em leve extensão com uma placa dorsal; a fixação é estável, portanto, utiliza-se uma tala leve/venda para conforto em vez de gesso rígido prolongado, e o movimento precoce dos dedos e do antebraço é a prioridade.

Fase I — proteger a construção, mobilizar as articulações livres (semanas 0 a 6)

As primeiras seis semanas protegem a fusão em cicatrização, mantendo totalmente móveis todas as estruturas que não foram fundidas. É utilizado um talhe leve ou curativo para conforto. Não há movimento do punho (a construção é rígida por design) e o foco é inteiramente nos dedos, polegar, antebraço e edema.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Educação e precauções - Talhe/curativo para conforto e proteção até à união clínica e radiográfica; não é necessário gesso rígido prolongado, dada a fixação estável com placa - Sem mobilização do punho: a construção radiocarpiana/CMC está fundida; não há alvo de amplitude de movimento (AM) - Sem preensão carregada ou levantamento além de uma chávena leve até à confirmação da união - Vigiar a rigidez digital: a principal ameaça ao resultado após a fusão do punho

Gestão - Ferida: curativos cirúrgicos conforme indicado; suturas removidas e revisão com talhe/radiografia por volta dos 10–14 dias; monitorizar infeção - Edema: elevação acima do nível do coração, bombeamento digital suave, gelo conforme necessário - Exercícios: AMAT completa dos dedos e do polegar (punho composto → extensão completa, oposição do polegar) desde o dia 1; pronação/supinação ativa do antebraço; AMAT do ombro e do cotovelo; sem movimento do punho, sem preensão resistida

Critérios para progressão - Ferida cicatrizada; AMAT digital total ou quase total mantida; sinais radiográficos precoces de união por volta das seis semanas

Fase II — confirmar consolidação, iniciar carga na preensão (semanas 6 a 12)

Por volta das seis a oito semanas, a fusão geralmente está se consolidando na radiografia e, assim que o cirurgião confirma isso, a tala é descartada e o fortalecimento da preensão é iniciado. Os exercícios de antebraço e dedos continuam; o punho permanece fundido e sem carga apenas até que a consolidação seja confirmada.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Avaliações - Confirmar o status de consolidação com o cirurgião tratante antes de iniciar a carga; amplitude de movimento (AM) digital; arco de rotação do antebraço; linha de base da preensão; revisão da ferida/cicatriz

Educação e precauções - Iniciar a preensão e a carga leve apenas após o cirurgião confirmar a consolidação (comumente entre seis e oito semanas) - O hardware sobre o punho dorsal é subcutâneo; observar proeminência/irritação e notificá-la - Continuar a priorizar a AM digital completa durante todo o período

Conduta - Exercícios: fortalecimento progressivo da preensão (bola macia → massa de modelar → abridores graduados) após a confirmação da consolidação; iniciar manejo da cicatriz após o fechamento da ferida; continuar rotação do antebraço e AM digital completa; introduzir uso funcional leve da mão - Educar que a rotação do antebraço agora substitui o movimento do punho perdido nas tarefas diárias (chaves, torneiras, virar objetos)

Critérios para progressão - Consolidação confirmada; preensão leve sem dor; AM digital completa; cicatriz móvel

Fase III — fortalecimento e retorno à carga (a partir da semana 12)

Uma vez que a fusão esteja sólida, não há restrições de movimento a proteger; a mão pode ser submetida a carga conforme a tolerância e o fortalecimento pode ser progressivo. A força de preensão e a força geral da mão continuam a melhorar ao longo de vários meses, frequentemente atingindo níveis superiores aos anteriores à cirurgia, uma vez que a preensão agora é indolor.

Para o seu terapeuta da mão:

Avaliações - Força de preensão em comparação com o lado contralateral; testes funcionais e específicos para o trabalho/tarefas; tolerância ao material de osteossíntese

Educação e precauções - Sem restrições de movimento após a consolidação; progressão da carga conforme a tolerância - Cargas pesadas/manuais aumentadas gradualmente; ganhos de força completos continuam até aproximadamente doze meses

Gestão - Exercícios: fortalecimento progressivo da preensão e do antebraço com resistência; retorno gradual às tarefas funcionais e laborais; continuar qualquer trabalho de mobilidade digital residual - Considerar a alta quando a força de preensão for funcional e estiver a melhorar, e as tarefas diárias forem geridas; encaminhar de volta para o médico tratante se surgir rigidez digital, irritação persistente pelo material de osteossíntese ou um resultado insatisfatório

Critérios para retorno à carga - Consolidação sólida; força de preensão funcional e em melhoria; carga específica para tarefas sem dor

Retorno ao trabalho e às atividades

O uso leve das mãos nas atividades diárias (comer, escrever, cuidados pessoais leves) é incentivado desde o início, dentro dos limites do conforto, desde que não haja aperto forte ou levantamento de objetos mais pesados do que uma xícara leve antes da consolidação da fusão. Como você não deve dirigir enquanto usa talas ou não consegue controlar o veículo com segurança, organize ajuda para o transporte nas primeiras semanas; a direção só será retomada após a retirada das talas e quando você conseguir manejar o volante com segurança, conforme confirmado na sua consulta de acompanhamento.

O aperto com carga, o levantamento e o puxão devem ser adiados até que a fusão se consolide (geralmente entre seis e oito semanas) e você receba liberação, sendo então progressivamente intensificados. A maioria das pessoas retorna ao trabalho de escritório ou a atividades leves por volta dos três meses, enquanto o trabalho mais pesado ou manual é retomado posteriormente, com base em critérios de progressão avaliados pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão, e não apenas pelo calendário. A força continua a melhorar por até um ano, e, como a articulação do punho desgastada deixa de ser dolorosa, muitas pessoas passam a exercer maior força de preensão e a utilizar a mão com mais liberdade do que antes da cirurgia.

Após o seu protocolo

Este protocolo complementa as orientações gerais de recuperação da clínica: consulte o manejo da dor pós-operatória, o cuidado com a ferida e o manejo da cicatriz. O plano por fases acima reflete os resultados publicados e as orientações de reabilitação após artrodese total do punho, e sua recuperação contínua é orientada individualmente pelo Dr. Hirpara e pelo seu terapeuta da mão, de acordo com a evolução da fusão e da mão.


Evidence & references

Total Wrist Arthrodesis — Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Radiocarpal Fusion, Dorsal Plate)

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after total wrist arthrodesis — permanent surgical fusion of the radiocarpal (and usually the third carpometacarpal) joints with a dorsal arthrodesis plate, for end-stage pancarpal (panarticular) arthritis of the wrist. This is a salvage reconstruction that deliberately abolishes wrist motion, not a motion-preserving operation, so the rehabilitation has no wrist-ROM goal. It is built around preserving the joints the fusion leaves free — the fingers, thumb and forearm rotation — and controlling oedema while the fusion unites, then progressive grip loading once united.

Defining principle of the rehab here: total wrist fusion trades motion for a stable, pain-free wrist. The whole wrist is set solid (radius → metacarpals) in slight extension; loss of wrist movement is the intended endpoint, not a deficit to be rehabilitated. Modern dorsal locking-plate fixation is rigid enough that prolonged casting is unnecessary — so the deliberate priorities are early digital and forearm-rotation motion (digital stiffness is the principal threat to a good result) and swelling control, with grip strengthening deferred until radiographic union (typically 6–8 weeks). The single branch point is union status: loading is gated on the surgeon confirming the fusion has consolidated, after which there are no motion restrictions to protect.


A. PROCEDURE OUTCOMES (total wrist arthrodesis, dorsal plate)

Total wrist arthrodesis is a reliable, durable salvage for the painful, arthritic wrist that has failed non-operative care: the great majority of patients obtain lasting pain relief and a stable hand, accepting the loss of wrist motion in exchange.

  • High union rates and durable pain relief. Plate arthrodesis is a well-established, reproducible operation; published series and the JAAOS review of indications and outcomes report reliable fusion, good pain relief and high patient satisfaction, with most patients willing to undergo it again [Wei & Feldon, JAAOS 2017; Shah et al., J Hand Surg Am 2022 — technique/modifications]. Moderate–strong (review + technique series).
  • Grip strength is preserved or improves. Because gripping is no longer painful and the wrist is a stable platform, grip strength after fusion is typically equal to or better than the painful pre-operative wrist. A 2026 systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term grip strength after total wrist fusion (comparing inclusion vs sparing of the third CMC joint) confirms maintained long-term grip with comparable complication profiles between the two constructs [Lawson-Smith et al., J Hand Surg Glob Online 2026]. Moderate (SR/meta-analysis).
  • Function is good for daily tasks; forearm rotation compensates for lost wrist motion. Patients adapt well because forearm pronation/supination (unaffected by the fusion) substitutes for much of the lost wrist arc in activities such as turning keys, taps and handles. Carpometacarpal-joint– sparing plate designs aim to retain a small amount of motion and reduce distal hardware issues [Briotti et al., HAND 2022 — Medartis CMC-sparing plate]. Moderate (cohort).
  • Complications are defined and manageable. Principal complications are nonunion, hardware prominence/irritation requiring plate removal (the dorsal plate is subcutaneous), wound issues, and adjacent-segment problems (distal radioulnar joint / digital stiffness). These are recognised, generally treatable, and informed-consent staples rather than common catastrophes [Wei & Feldon, JAAOS 2017; Kalb & Prommersberger, Oper Orthop Traumatol 2009 — AO plate technique]. Moderate.

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

The rehab questions after total wrist fusion are different from a motion-preserving operation: there is no wrist arc to recover. The evidence and consensus instead converge on early mobilisation of the unfused joints, oedema control, and union-gated grip loading, exploiting the stability of modern plate fixation.

  • Stable plate fixation permits early digital and forearm motion. Rigid dorsal locking-plate constructs are robust enough that prolonged rigid immobilisation is unnecessary; a light splint or dressing for comfort, with immediate finger, thumb and forearm-rotation motion, is the intended default [Shah et al., J Hand Surg Am 2022; Kalb & Prommersberger, Oper Orthop Traumatol 2009]. Moderate (technique consensus).
  • Preserving digital range is the priority — stiffness is the main avoidable failure. Because the hand's function after fusion depends entirely on the joints left mobile, full active finger and thumb range from day one, plus preserved forearm rotation, is the core therapeutic aim. This is a mechanistic/consensus position rather than one from comparative rehab trials. Weak–moderate (mechanism strong, dedicated rehab RCTs absent).
  • Grip strengthening is deferred to union, then progressed freely. Loaded grip is withheld until the surgeon confirms radiographic union (commonly 6–8 weeks), after which there are no motion restrictions and strengthening is progressed as tolerated; grip continues to improve for several months. Consensus / protocol-based.
  • Hand therapy targets the free joints, not the wrist. Published patient-guidance protocols and surgical references describe early referral to a hand therapist for finger and forearm mobility and later putty-based grip strengthening — there is no wrist-ROM component by design [AAOS OrthoInfo — Wrist Fusion; institutional post-op protocols]. Consensus (patient-guidance).

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Restraint Hand use / therapy focus Strength / load Notes
I — Protect construct, mobilise free joints Week 0–6 Light splint/dressing for comfort; no wrist motion (fused) Elevate; immediate full finger + thumb AROM; forearm pronation/supination; elbow/shoulder ROM; oedema control Light functional use only; no loaded grip / lifting > a light cup Sutures + splint/X-ray review ~10–14 days. Digital stiffness is the chief threat
II — Confirm union, begin grip loading Week 6–12 Loading gated on surgeon-confirmed union (≈6–8 wk) Splint discarded at union; progressive grip (ball → putty → grippers); scar massage once healed; continue forearm + digital ROM Grip introduced light → graded after union Forearm rotation substitutes for lost wrist motion. Watch dorsal hardware prominence
III — Strengthening & return to load Week 12 → 12 months None once united Progressive resisted grip/forearm strengthening; work-/task-specific loading Full load as tolerated; heavy/manual built up gradually Office/light work ~3 months; strength improves up to ~12 months, often exceeding pre-op (pain-free grip)

(Phase windows mirror the precautions and recovery structure in the patient protocol; they are typical guides anchored to union, not trial-derived deadlines.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Fusion vs total wrist arthroplasty. The central modern controversy. Systematic review of total wrist arthroplasty versus arthrodesis (originally in rheumatoid disease) found insufficient evidence to declare either superior, with arthroplasty preserving some motion at the cost of higher revision/implant-related complications, and fusion offering durability at the cost of motion [Cavaliere & Chung, Plast Reconstr Surg 2008]. A cost-utility analysis found arthrodesis and arthroplasty both reasonable, with trade-offs in motion, complications and cost [Cavaliere & Chung, J Hand Surg Am 2010]. The "where are we now" synthesis frames the choice as patient-specific (demand, bilateral disease, expectations) rather than a settled winner [Jump, Trail & Talwalkar, J Hand Surg Eur 2025]. Moderate; genuine equipoise.
  2. Arthrodesis as salvage for failed arthroplasty. Total wrist fusion reliably salvages a failed total wrist arthroplasty, though such salvage fusions behave somewhat differently (bone loss, grafting) from primary arthrodesis [Zijlker et al., J Hand Surg Eur 2021]. Moderate.
  3. Include or spare the third CMC joint. Constructs differ in whether the plate crosses the third carpometacarpal joint. Long-term grip and complication outcomes are broadly comparable between inclusion and sparing, with CMC-sparing designs aiming to reduce distal hardware issues and retain a trace of motion [Lawson-Smith et al., J Hand Surg Glob Online 2026; Briotti et al., HAND 2022]. Moderate.
  4. Hardware prominence and removal. The subcutaneous dorsal plate is a recognised source of irritation and a common reason for elective hardware removal once the fusion is solid — expected, not a failure of the operation [Wei & Feldon, JAAOS 2017]. Moderate.
  5. Special populations. In spastic/neurological wrists (e.g. cerebral palsy), fusion changes hand function in nuanced ways — improving positioning but with task-specific trade-offs — underlining that the goal is a useful stable position, not motion [Hargreaves, Warwick & Tonkin, J Hand Surg Br 2000]. Moderate (specialised cohort).

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • STRONG (SR / meta-analysis): preserved-to-improved long-term grip strength after total wrist fusion; comparable outcomes between CMC-inclusion and CMC-sparing constructs [Lawson-Smith et al. 2026].
  • MODERATE: reliable union, durable pain relief and high satisfaction with plate arthrodesis [Wei & Feldon 2017; Shah et al. 2022]; genuine equipoise between fusion and arthroplasty with motion-vs-durability/complication trade-offs [Cavaliere & Chung 2008, 2010; Jump et al. 2025]; fusion as salvage for failed arthroplasty [Zijlker et al. 2021]; defined complication set (nonunion, hardware removal, DRUJ/digital adjacent issues).
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the specific early digital/forearm-motion, union-gated grip rehabilitation programme (mechanistically rationalised — stiffness avoidance — with no dedicated rehab RCTs); exact phase timings (typical, anchored to union rather than trial-derived); stable-fixation early-motion default from technique consensus [Shah et al. 2022; Kalb & Prommersberger 2009].

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Total Wrist Arthrodesis: Indications and Clinical Outcomes. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2017. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-15-00424
  • Radiocarpal Fusion: Indications, Technique, and Modifications. J Hand Surg Am. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.04.002
  • Long-term Grip Strength and Complications After Total Wrist Fusion With and Without Inclusion of the Third Carpometacarpal Joint: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101022
  • Wrist Arthrodesis Using the Medartis Carpometacarpal Joint Sparing Plate. HAND. 2022. DOI: 10.1177/15589447221141474
  • A Systematic Review of Total Wrist Arthroplasty Compared with Total Wrist Arthrodesis for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008. DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e318180ece3
  • A Cost-Utility Analysis of Nonsurgical Management, Total Wrist Arthroplasty, and Total Wrist Arthrodesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Hand Surg Am. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.12.013
  • Arthrodesis or arthroplasty, complete or partial: where are we at in the 21st century? J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934241296758
  • Comparative outcomes of total wrist arthrodesis for salvage of failed total wrist arthroplasty and primary wrist arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/17531934211057389
  • Die vollständige Versteifung des Handgelenks mit der AO-Handgelenk-Arthrodesenplatte (Complete wrist arthrodesis with the AO wrist arthrodesis plate). Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2009. DOI: 10.1007/s00064-009-1905-2
  • Changes in Hand Function Following Wrist Arthrodesis in Cerebral Palsy. J Hand Surg Br. 2000. DOI: 10.1054/jhsb.2000.0366

Wrist-fusion rehabilitation / patient-guidance literature (URLs)

  • American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons — Wrist Fusion (Wrist Arthrodesis), OrthoInfo (recovery timeline; fusion heals ~8–12 weeks; the fused wrist no longer moves; therapy for joints not fused). https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/wrist-fusion-wrist-arthrodesis/
  • Wrist Arthrodesis Technique — postoperative care and approach considerations. Medscape eMedicine. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1241236-technique
  • Total Wrist Arthrodesis (Wrist Fusion) — procedure and rehabilitation overview. Resurgens Orthopaedics. https://www.resurgens.com/hand-wrist/procedures/wrist-fusion-total-wrist-arthrodesis
  • Full Wrist Fusion — Post-Operative Rehabilitation Protocol (institutional hand-therapy protocol; early digital/forearm motion, union-gated grip strengthening). Alaska Orthopedic. https://www.akortho.com/wp-content/uploads/Full-Wrist-Fusion.pdf

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d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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