Patients › Hand
Neuropatias por Compressão
Hand numbness, tingling, or weakness – understanding carpal tunnel, cubital tunnel, and other compression neuropathies.
O que você está sentindo¶
Você pode notar dor, formigamento ou dormência na mão ou no braço. Esses sintomas frequentemente seguem um padrão de "duplo impacto", o que significa que um problema em um nervo pode tornar outro nervo mais sensível à compressão. Por exemplo, problemas com o nervo ulnar (o nervo no lado do dedo mínimo do seu braço) podem aumentar seu risco de desenvolver a síndrome do túnel do carpo (compressão do nervo mediano no pulso). Você pode sentir sintomas em várias áreas porque fatores sistêmicos, como a saúde geral ou a inflamação, contribuem para a forma como esses nervos reagem.
A localização do seu desconforto depende de qual nervo está comprimido. Se o nervo ulnar estiver comprimido no cotovelo ou no pulso, você pode sentir dor ou fraqueza nos dedos anelar e mínimo. No pulso, isso é chamado de síndrome do túnel ulnar. Cistos, conhecidos como gânglios, são a causa mais comum dessa compressão específica. Se o nervo mediano for afetado no pulso, você pode experimentar os sintomas clássicos da síndrome do túnel do carpo. Raramente, condições como pseudogota (acúmulo de cristais nas articulações) ou tumores podem causar compressão nervosa súbita e aguda.
Seus sintomas frequentemente pioram com a atividade. As pressões no túnel intracarpoano aumentam significativamente quando você usa ativamente a mão, o que pode agravar a síndrome do túnel do carpo. Você pode perceber que alcançar as costas para fechar um sutiã, guardar a camisa dentro da calça ou levantar objetos se torna difícil. Exacerbações noturnas são comuns, pois dormir de lado pode aumentar a pressão sobre os nervos. Como os locais de compressão proximal são frequentemente negligenciados, você pode sentir dor no antebraço ou na mão mesmo que a compressão esteja localizada mais acima no braço. Seu cirurgião avaliará esses padrões para determinar se o problema é mecânico, sistêmico ou uma combinação de ambos.
O que está realmente acontecendo¶
Seus nervos são como cabos elétricos que enviam sinais do seu cérebro para suas mãos e dedos. Quando esses nervos são comprimidos ou espremidos, os sinais ficam bloqueados ou distorcidos. É isso que causa a dor, o formigamento ou a fraqueza que você sente. No seu braço superior e na mão, essa compressão frequentemente ocorre devido a um mecanismo de "dupla lesão". Isso significa que um nervo pode estar irritado em um local, tornando-o mais sensível à pressão em outro local próximo.
Vários fatores podem causar essa compressão. Às vezes, é apenas a forma como você usa suas mãos. Por exemplo, a pressão dentro do túnel carpal no seu pulso aumenta significativamente quando você usa ativamente a mão. Essa pressão aumentada pode pinçar o nervo mediano. Outras vezes, uma obstrução física é a culpada. Um pequeno nódulo gorduroso, chamado lipoma perineural, pode crescer ao redor do nervo ulnar no seu cotovelo. Ou, se você já teve uma fratura em um osso do pulso, fragmentos ósseos afiados ou até mesmo hardware cirúrgico podem pressionar diretamente o nervo.
A saúde geral do seu corpo também desempenha um grande papel. Fatores sistêmicos, como diabetes ou inflamação, podem tornar seus nervos mais vulneráveis à compressão. Curiosamente, problemas com um nervo podem levar a problemas com outro. Por exemplo, se o seu nervo ulnar já estiver irritado, você pode ter mais probabilidade de desenvolver a síndrome do túnel carpal mais tarde. Isso ocorre porque a forma como sua mão se move e se controla pode mudar quando um nervo não está funcionando corretamente.
Às vezes, o problema começa com a forma como seus músculos controlam sua mão. Após uma lesão no pulso, você pode perder algum controle sensoriomotor, o que altera a forma como a pressão é distribuída entre seus nervos. Em casos raros, condições como esclerose tuberosa podem causar tumores que pressionam os nervos, mesmo em crianças. Seu cirurgião analisa todas essas peças — sua anatomia, seu histórico e seus sintomas — para entender exatamente onde e por que a compressão está ocorrendo. Isso ajuda a escolher o tratamento certo para aliviar a pressão e restaurar a função normal.
O que podemos fazer a respeito¶
O tratamento conservador beneficia a maioria dos pacientes com síndrome do túnel cubital que apresentam sintomas leves ou moderados. Seu cirurgião provavelmente começará por aqui. Esta abordagem foca na redução da pressão sobre o nervo. Pode ser aconselhado ajustar seus hábitos diários. Por exemplo, evitar a flexão prolongada do cotovelo pode ajudar. A fisioterapia visa manter a articulação móvel e fortalecer os músculos ao redor. Esse suporte ajuda a proteger o nervo de irritação adicional. Dê tempo suficiente para que este plano não cirúrgico surta efeito. A maioria das pessoas melhora sem precisar de uma operação.
Se medidas simples não forem suficientes, seu cirurgião pode discutir o manejo médico. Isso geralmente inclui medicamentos para dor ou anti-inflamatórios para reduzir o inchaço. Em alguns casos, injeções são usadas para administrar medicamentos diretamente na área. Injeções de cortisona reduzem a inflamação e a dor. Injeções de ácido hialurônico podem lubrificar o espaço articular. Injeções de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) usam componentes do próprio sangue para promover a cicatrização. Esses tratamentos visam a fonte da irritação. O efeito dessas injeções varia. Algumas proporcionam alívio por semanas, enquanto outras podem durar meses. Seu cirurgião ajudará você a decidir se esta etapa é adequada para você, com base nos seus sintomas específicos.
A cirurgia é considerada quando o tratamento conservador atingiu seu limite. Isso geralmente ocorre quando a dor persiste ou a função nervosa piora apesar de outros tratamentos. A opção cirúrgica envolve a descompressão. Isso significa que seu cirurgião libera as estruturas apertadas que pressionam o nervo. Isso cria mais espaço para que o nervo se recupere. Em alguns casos, como quando há um tumor, a redução do volume da massa junto com a descompressão proporciona alívio. Técnicas minimamente invasivas podem ser usadas para fazer incisões menores. Essas abordagens visam minimizar a perda de sangue e o tempo de recuperação. Seu cirurgião explicará o procedimento específico, se necessário. O objetivo é interromper a compressão e restaurar a função normal do nervo.
O que esperar¶
O seu prognóstico depende em grande parte da rapidez com que a pressão sobre o nervo é aliviada. Quando diagnosticado precocemente e tratado com cuidado, a maioria dos pacientes apresenta uma boa recuperação funcional. Pode esperar que os seus sintomas diminuam à medida que o nervo cicatriza. Para muitos, isso significa o retorno à função normal da mão e do braço. No entanto, se os sintomas estiverem presentes há muito tempo, a recuperação completa pode não ocorrer. Os sinais nervosos demoram a ser restaurados, e a compressão prolongada pode causar alterações duradouras.
As decisões de tratamento variam com base no nervo específico envolvido. Para problemas comuns, como a síndrome do túnel do carpo, a cirurgia frequentemente proporciona alívio duradouro. Este benefício mantém-se verdadeiro mesmo se você tiver diabetes. A sua melhora a longo prazo provavelmente será semelhante à de pacientes sem diabetes. Em casos mais complexos, como a compressão grave do nervo ulnar no cotovelo, as técnicas minimamente invasivas são seguras e eficazes. Essas abordagens visam libertar o nervo com mínima interrupção dos tecidos circundantes. Pode notar melhorias sustentadas tanto na força quanto na sensibilidade ao longo do tempo.
É importante compreender que o manejo nem sempre é simples. Complicações podem ocorrer, incluindo lesão de estruturas próximas, falha do tratamento ou o desenvolvimento de síndromes de dor crônica. Esses riscos são minimizados quando o seu cirurgião tem um profundo conhecimento da sua anatomia única. Em alguns casos, o tratamento inicial pode não resolver completamente o problema. A compressão recorrente ou persistente pode ser desafiadora de manejar. Se os sintomas retornarem, o seu cirurgião pode discutir opções adicionais, como o uso de uma envoltura de colágeno para proteger o nervo ou a transferência de outro nervo para restaurar a função.
Se não for tratado, as neuropatias por compressão frequentemente persistem ou pioram. A pressão sobre o nervo geralmente não se resolve espontaneamente. Em algumas instâncias, um nervo comprimido pode torná-lo mais suscetível à compressão em outra área. Por exemplo, problemas no nervo ulnar às vezes precedem problemas no nervo mediano. Portanto, a avaliação oportuna é fundamental. Embora a maioria das publicações sobre condições raras do membro superior seja baseada em estudos menores, o princípio geral permanece: a descompressão precoce e precisa oferece a melhor chance de retorno completo às suas atividades diárias.
Quando procurar atendimento¶
Procure seu médico de família se tiver dor persistente que não melhora com o repouso. Solicite uma avaliação especializada se notar fraqueza ou instabilidade na mão. Procure atendimento se seus sintomas interferirem no sono ou no trabalho. A piora súbita dos sintomas também requer atenção. As neuropatias por compressão podem envolver um mecanismo de "dupla lesão", no qual um problema nervoso aumenta a susceptibilidade a outro. Fatores sistêmicos também podem contribuir para essas condições. Por exemplo, problemas no nervo ulnar podem preceder a compressão do nervo mediano. Esteja ciente de que problemas concomitantes no punho e no antebraço são frequentemente negligenciados. A avaliação precoce ajuda a prevenir complicações, como síndromes dolorosas patológicas ou falha no tratamento. Seu cirurgião depende do entendimento da anatomia normal para gerenciar esses casos complexos com segurança.
Evidence & references
Overview¶
- Compression neuropathies of the upper extremity involve pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and management considerations including the double-crush mechanism and systemic factors [1].
- Validated patient-reported outcome measures are useful in the evaluation and management of upper extremity compression neuropathies [1].
- Complications of compressive neuropathy management include iatrogenic injury, treatment failure, and pathologic pain syndromes [2].
- Prevention of complications in compressive neuropathy management relies on a solid understanding of normal anatomy and anatomic variations [2].
- Diagnosis and treatment of compressive neuropathies are evolving with technology, specifically shifting towards preoperative imaging with ultrasound and MRN [3].
- Management of failed decompressions for compressive neuropathies remains challenging [3].
- Most publications on uncommon upper extremity compression syndromes (radial, ulnar, and median nerves) are small retrospective series or case reports [4].
- Treatment decisions for uncommon upper extremity compression syndromes are not typically based on high levels of evidence [4].
- Debulking of a tumor along with median nerve decompression relieved neurological symptoms in a child with tuberous sclerosis complex causing carpal tunnel syndrome [5].
- Minimally invasive in situ decompression is technically simple, safe, and provides good results for severe ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow [6].
- Ulnar nerve pathology may precede and increase susceptibility to median nerve compression, as indicated by the incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome after ulnar neuropathy diagnosis [8].
- Use of a collagen matrix wrap in recurrent compression neuropathies of the upper extremity has shown good success [9].
- Surgical decompression for carpal tunnel syndrome is associated with a greater decrease in median nerve cross-sectional area than nonsurgical treatment [10].
- Anterior interosseous nerve transfer combined with cubital and ulnar tunnel release results in sustained clinical and electrophysiological improvements in severe chronic ulnar nerve compression [14].
- Anterior interosseous nerve transfer combined with cubital and ulnar tunnel release is encouraged as a standard treatment for severe chronic ulnar nerve compression [14].
- Endoscopic decompression for anterior interosseous nerve syndrome can achieve the same proximal and distal extents of the nerve as open techniques [15].
- Endoscopic decompression for anterior interosseous nerve syndrome uses an incision nearly one fourth the size of open techniques, minimizing morbidity, blood loss, and recovery time [15].
- Extensive decompression of the ulnar nerve beyond the cubital tunnel is not routinely needed, supported by satisfactory outcomes with endoscopic detection of compressing fascial bands within the FCU [17].
Anatomy & Pathophysiology¶
- Compression neuropathies of the upper extremity involve a double-crush mechanism [1].
- Systemic factors play a role in the pathophysiology of compression neuropathies of the upper extremity [1].
- Intracarpal tunnel pressures during active hand use are substantially greater than previously reported in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome [21].
- Perineural lipoma of the ulnar nerve can occur within the cubital tunnel [25].
- Sensorimotor control impairment can occur after wrist trauma [27].
- Distal radius fracture management requires evaluation of all potential causes for early carpal tunnel syndrome findings, including prominent volar cortical fragments causing direct pressure or prominently placed hardware [34].
- Ulnar nerve entrapment neuropathy at the elbow is associated with non-task-specific focal hand dystonia [41].
Classification¶
- Compression neuropathies of the upper extremity involve a double-crush mechanism [1].
- Systemic factors contribute to the pathophysiology of compression neuropathies of the upper extremity [1].
- Compressive neuropathy management complications include iatrogenic injury, treatment failure, and pathologic pain syndromes [2].
- Prevention of compressive neuropathy complications relies on understanding normal anatomy and anatomic variations [2].
- Diagnosis and treatment of compressive neuropathies are shifting towards preoperative imaging with ultrasound and MRN [3].
- Management of failed decompressions for compressive neuropathies remains challenging [3].
- Most publications on uncommon upper extremity compression syndromes (radial, ulnar, median nerves) are small retrospective series or case reports [4].
- Treatment decisions for uncommon upper extremity compression syndromes are not typically based on high levels of evidence [4].
- Debulking of a tumor along with median nerve decompression relieved neurological symptoms in a child with tuberous sclerosis complex causing carpal tunnel syndrome and thumb overgrowth [5].
- Minimally invasive in situ decompression is technically simple, safe, and provides good results for severe ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow [6].
- Pseudogout is a rare cause of acute carpal tunnel syndrome and acute Guyon canal syndrome [7].
- Ulnar nerve pathology may precede and increase susceptibility to median nerve compression [8].
- Surgical decompression for carpal tunnel syndrome is associated with a greater decrease in median nerve cross-sectional area than nonsurgical treatment [10].
- Concurrent carpal tunnel syndrome and pronator syndrome are rarely considered, and proximal compression sites are easily overlooked [11].
- Ganglia are the most common cause of ulnar tunnel syndrome [12].
- Symptoms of ulnar tunnel syndrome vary based on the anatomic location of the compression within Guyon's canal [12].
- The term double crush syndrome is proposed to be expanded to multifocal neuropathy to describe the complex interplay of mechanical, systemic, pharmacological, and environmental factors contributing to nerve dysfunction [13].
- Unusual compression neuropathies of the forearm include posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, radial tunnel syndrome, and superficial radial nerve compression (Wartenberg's syndrome) [16].
- In-situ release is an alternative for managing McGowen grade 3 ulnar nerve compression neuropathy at the elbow, with a similar success rate to submuscular and intramuscular transpositions but a lower complication rate [23].
Clinical Presentation¶
- Compression neuropathies of the upper extremity involve a double-crush mechanism [1].
- Systemic factors contribute to the pathophysiology of compression neuropathies of the upper extremity [1].
- Ulnar nerve pathology may precede and increase susceptibility to median nerve compression [8].
- Concurrent carpal tunnel syndrome and pronator syndrome are rarely considered, and proximal compression sites are easily overlooked [11].
- Intracarpal tunnel pressures during active hand use in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome are substantially greater than previously reported [21].
- Ganglia are the most common cause of ulnar tunnel syndrome [12].
- Symptoms of ulnar tunnel syndrome vary based on the anatomic location of the compression within Guyon's canal [12].
- Pseudogout is a rare cause of acute neuropathic compression of the hand, including acute carpal tunnel syndrome and acute Guyon canal syndrome [7].
- Collagenoma in a child with tuberous sclerosis complex can cause carpal tunnel syndrome and thumb overgrowth [5].
- Uncommon compression syndromes of the radial, ulnar, and median nerves exist, with most publications being small retrospective series or case reports [4].
- Unusual compression neuropathies of the forearm include posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, radial tunnel syndrome, and superficial radial nerve compression (Wartenberg's syndrome) [16].
- A punched nerve syndrome of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve is a rare presentation [18].
- Multifocal neuropathy describes the complex interplay of mechanical, systemic, pharmacological, and environmental factors contributing to nerve dysfunction [13].
Investigations¶
- Diagnosis and treatment of compressive neuropathies are shifting towards preoperative imaging with ultrasound and MRN [3].
- Most publications on uncommon upper extremity compression syndromes are small retrospective series or case reports, and treatment decisions are not typically based on high levels of evidence [4].
- Debulking of a tumor along with median nerve decompression relieved neurological symptoms in a child with tuberous sclerosis complex causing carpal tunnel syndrome [5].
- Pseudogout is a rare cause of acute neuropathic compression of the hand, including acute carpal tunnel syndrome and acute Guyon canal syndrome [7].
- Ulnar nerve pathology may precede and increase susceptibility to median nerve compression [8].
- Concurrent carpal tunnel syndrome and pronator syndrome are rarely considered, and proximal compression sites are easily overlooked [11].
- Ganglia are the most common cause of ulnar tunnel syndrome, and symptoms vary based on the anatomic location of the compression within Guyon's canal [12].
- Endoscopic decompression for anterior interosseous nerve syndrome can be achieved over the same proximal and distal extents of the nerve as open techniques but with an incision nearly one fourth the size, minimizing morbidity, blood loss, and recovery time [15].
- Unusual compression neuropathies of the forearm specifically include posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, radial tunnel syndrome, and superficial radial nerve compression (Wartenberg's syndrome) [16].
- High-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) is a viable method to demonstrate a punched nerve syndrome of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve [18].
- Ultrasound measurements have limited value in predicting clinical results of patients treated for entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve [19].
- After surgery for perineural lipoma of the ulnar nerve within the cubital tunnel, shooting pain resolved, sensation normalized in digits four and five, and hand strength gradually improved [25].
- The diagnostic accuracy of nerve conduction studies for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow may be lower than 80%–90% and depends on the severity of the neuropathy [33].
- Short segment testing is suggested to improve the diagnostic accuracy of nerve conduction studies for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow [33].
Treatment¶
- Conservative treatment benefits the majority of patients with cubital tunnel syndrome who present with mild or moderate symptoms [22].
- Surgical decompression is associated with a greater decrease in median nerve cross-sectional area compared to nonsurgical treatment [10].
- Debulking of a tumor along with median nerve decompression provides relief of neurological symptoms in cases such as collagenoma causing carpal tunnel syndrome [5].
- Minimally invasive in situ decompression is technically simple, safe, and yields good results for severe ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow [6].
- In-situ release is an alternative for managing McGowen grade 3 ulnar nerve compression neuropathy at the elbow, offering a similar success rate to submuscular and intramuscular transpositions with a lower complication rate [23].
- Anterior interosseous nerve transfer combined with cubital and ulnar tunnel release results in sustained clinical and electrophysiological improvements in patients with severe chronic ulnar nerve compression [14].
- Minimally invasive endoscopic decompression for anterior interosseous nerve syndrome achieves the same proximal and distal extents of the nerve as open techniques but with an incision nearly one-fourth the size, minimizing morbidity, blood loss, and recovery time [15].
- Extensive decompression of the ulnar nerve beyond the cubital tunnel is not routinely needed, as satisfactory outcomes are supported by endoscopic detection of compressing fascial bands within the flexor carpi ulnaris [17].
- A novel technique using a collagen matrix wrap in recurrent compression neuropathies has shown good success [9].
- Pseudogout should be considered a rare cause of acute neuropathic compression of the hand, including acute carpal tunnel syndrome and acute Guyon canal syndrome [7].
- Complications of compressive neuropathy management include iatrogenic injury, treatment failure, and pathologic pain syndromes, with prevention relying on a solid understanding of normal anatomy and anatomic variations [2].
- The management of failed decompressions remains challenging as diagnosis and treatment evolve with technology, shifting towards preoperative imaging with ultrasound and MRN [3].
Complications¶
- Complications of compressive neuropathy management include iatrogenic injury [2].
- Complications of compressive neuropathy management include treatment failure [2].
- Complications of compressive neuropathy management include pathologic pain syndromes [2].
- Prevention of complications relies on a solid understanding of normal anatomy and anatomic variations [2].
- Management of failed decompressions remains challenging [3].
- Nerve injuries following elbow arthroscopy are likely under-reported in the literature [29].
- The number of severe nerve injuries following elbow arthroscopy may be much higher than previously thought [29].
Recovery¶
- Minimally invasive in situ decompression for severe ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow is technically simple, safe, and provides good functional outcomes [6].
- Endoscopic decompression of the anterior interosseous nerve achieves the same proximal and distal extents as open techniques but with an incision nearly one-fourth the size, minimizing morbidity, blood loss, and recovery time [15].
- Extensive decompression of the ulnar nerve beyond the cubital tunnel is not routinely needed, as satisfactory outcomes are supported by endoscopic detection of compressing fascial bands within the flexor carpi ulnaris [17].
- Revision decompression combined with a collagen nerve wrap demonstrates good success in managing recurrent and persistent compression neuropathies of the upper extremity [9].
- Anterior interosseous nerve transfer combined with cubital and ulnar tunnel release results in sustained clinical and electrophysiological improvements in patients with severe chronic ulnar nerve compression [14].
- Early diagnosis and careful excision of epineural ganglia causing ulnar nerve compression in the cubital tunnel are associated with satisfactory outcomes, although complete electrophysiological recovery may not occur if symptoms have been present for a prolonged period [20].
- Debulking of a tumor along with median nerve decompression provides relief of neurological symptoms in cases such as collagenoma-induced carpal tunnel syndrome [5].
- Long-term improvement following carpal tunnel release in patients with diabetes is maintained to the same extent as in patients without diabetes [24].
- Treatment decisions for uncommon upper extremity compression syndromes are not typically based on high levels of evidence, as most publications are small retrospective series or case reports [4].
- Management of failed decompressions remains challenging despite evolving diagnostic and treatment technologies such as preoperative ultrasound and MRN [3].
Key Evidence¶
- [L5] Complications of compressive neuropathy management include iatrogenic injury, treatment failure, and pathologic pain syndromes, with prevention relying on a solid understanding of normal anatomy and anatomic variations. [2] (10.1016/j.hcl.2015.01.012)
- [L5] The diagnosis and treatment of compressive neuropathies continue to evolve with technology, shifting towards preoperative imaging with ultrasound and MRN, while the management of failed decompressions remains challenging. [3] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.10.009)
- [L4] This article reviews uncommon compression syndromes of the radial, ulnar, and median nerves, noting that most publications are small retrospective series or case reports and treatment decisions are not typically based on high levels of evidence. [4] (10.1016/j.hcl.2013.04.014)
- [Case_report] Debulking of the tumor along with median nerve decompression was performed with relief of neurological symptoms. [5] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.07.004)
- [L3] Minimally invasive in situ decompression is technically simple, safe and gives good results in patients with severe nerve compression. [6] (10.1177/1753193411416426)
- [L4] Pseudogout should be considered a rare cause of acute neuropathic compression of the hand. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.07.010)
- [L2] This supports the hypothesis that ulnar nerve pathology may precede and increase susceptibility to median nerve compression. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100970)
- [L4] The authors report on the novel technique of using a collagen matrix wrap in recurrent compression neuropathies with good success. [9] (10.1097/sap.0b013e3182956475)
- [L3] Surgical decompression was associated with a greater decrease in median nerve cross-sectional area than nonsurgical treatment. [10] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.06.010)
- [L4] Concurrent carpal tunnel syndrome and pronator syndrome are rarely considered and proximal compression sites are easily overlooked. [11] (10.1016/j.otsr.2016.10.009)
- [L5] The article provides a comprehensive review of the anatomy, pathophysiology, and causes of ulnar tunnel syndrome, noting that ganglia are the most common cause and that symptoms vary based on the anatomic location of the compression within Guyon's canal. [12] (10.1016/j.hcl.2007.06.006)
- [L5] The authors propose expanding the term from double crush syndrome to multifocal neuropathy to better describe the complex interplay of mechanical, systemic, pharmacological, and environmental factors contributing to nerve dysfunction. [13] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.09.009)
- [L4] Anterior interosseous nerve transfer, along with cubital and ulnar tunnel release, results in sustained clinical and electrophysiological improvements in patients with severe chronic ulnar nerve compression, which encourages its adoption as a standard treatment for severe chronic ulnar nerve compression. [14] (10.1177/17531934251381023)
- [L4] Endoscopic decompression can be achieved over the same proximal and distal extents of the nerve as open techniques but with an incision nearly one fourth the size, minimizing morbidity, blood loss, and recovery time. [15] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.07.026)
- [L5] This article is a review examining unusual compression neuropathies of the forearm, specifically focusing on the radial nerve, including posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, radial tunnel syndrome, and superficial radial nerve compression (Wartenberg's syndrome). [16] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.10.016)
- [L4] The satisfactory outcomes support the perception that extensive decompression of the ulnar nerve beyond the cubital tunnel is not routinely needed. [17] (10.1007/s11552-011-9377-x)
- [L4] HRUS is a viable method to demonstrate a punched nerve syndrome. [18] (10.1007/s00402-015-2216-8)
- [L3] Ultrasound (US) measurements seem to have a limited value in clinical results of patients treated for entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve. [19] (10.1177/1558944719857816)
- [Case_report] Early diagnosis and careful excision of epineural ganglia are associated with satisfactory outcomes, although complete electrophysiological recovery may not occur if symptoms have been present for a prolonged period. [20] (10.1007/s11552-006-9013-3)
- [L4] In patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, intracarpal tunnel pressures during active hand use are substantially greater than previously reported. [21] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.09.019)
- [L2] The majority of patients suffering from cubital tunnel syndrome with mild or moderate symptoms benefit from conservative treatment. [22] (10.1177/1753193408098480)
- [L4] Thus, in-situ release could be an alternative in management of patients with McGowen grade 3 ulnar nerve compression neuropathy at the elbow with a similar success rate as the submuscular and intramuscular transpositions with a lower complication rate. [23] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.06.068)
- [L2] Long-term improvement in patients with diabetes remained after carpal tunnel release to the same extent as for patients without diabetes. [24] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.01.012)
- [L4] After surgery, shooting pain resolved, sensation normalized in digits four and five, and hand strength gradually improved. [25] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100889)
- [L5] This clinical review discusses the organization, neuroanatomy, assessment, clinical relevance, and rehabilitation of sensorimotor control impairment after wrist trauma, proposing promising rehabilitation strategies that require more rigorous evaluation in clinical trials. [27] (10.1016/j.jht.2015.12.003)
- [L4] Nerve injuries are likely under-reported in the literature, and this study indicates that the number of severe nerve injuries may be much higher than previously thought. [29] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.08.025)
- [L5] The diagnostic accuracy of nerve conduction studies for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow may be lower than 80%–90% and depends on the severity of the neuropathy; short segment testing is suggested to improve accuracy. [33] (10.1177/17531934241288802)
- [Paper] If early carpal tunnel syndrome findings are noted during distal radius fracture management, all potential causes should be evaluated, including prominent volar cortical fragments causing direct prominently placed hardware. [34] (10.1016/j.ocl.2012.07.021)
- [L4] This case establishes a clear-cut relationship between ulnar nerve entrapment neuropathy at the elbow and non-task-specific focal hand dystonia, demonstrated by the dramatic recovery of clinical and electrophysiological parameters after surgical decompression. [41] (10.1007/s11552-010-9280-x)
References¶
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