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Tendinopatia do ECU e ECU estalante

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Ilustração do lado do dedo mínimo do dorso do pulso, mostrando o tendão do extensor ulnar do carpo a correr no seu sulco na ulna, com a dor destacada sobre o sulco.
O tendão do ECU percorre uma fossa rasa no lado do dedo mínimo do pulso, mantido no lugar pela sua própria bainha. A dor resulta ou da irritação do próprio tendão, ou do seu deslocamento (subluxação) para dentro e fora da fossa. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

O que você está sentindo

Esta é uma dor no lado do dedo mínimo na parte posterior do seu pulso — o lado onde a pulseira do seu relógio fica mais próxima se você o usar mais baixo. Geralmente, é pior quando você vira a palma da mão para cima e dobra o pulso em direção ao dedo mínimo, que é exatamente o que acontece em um backhand no tênis, em um swing de golfe ou ao torcer um pano.

Existem duas versões do problema, e muitas pessoas têm um pouco de ambas.

Um tendão irritado. A dor é uma dor sura ao longo do tendão, às vezes com inchaço que você pode sentir, e dói empurrar o pulso para trás contra resistência. Tende a se desenvolver ao longo de semanas com uso repetido, em vez de começar em um único momento.

Um tendão que escapa de seu sulco. Aqui, você sente um estalo, clique ou batida distinta ao rotacionar o antebraço — muitas vezes algo que você pode demonstrar sozinho e, frequentemente, algo que notou pela primeira vez após um incidente específico, como a cabeça do taco batendo no chão ou um backhand forte. Pode parecer alarmante, como se algo estivesse cedendo.

O que está realmente acontecendo

O tendão envolvido é o extensor ulnar do carpo, geralmente abreviado como ECU. Ele se estende do músculo no antebraço até o lado do dedo mínimo do pulso, assentando-se em uma cavidade rasa na extremidade do úlna — o osso do antebraço nesse lado. Uma pequena bainha de tecido, seu próprio túnel privado, mantém o tendão nessa cavidade.

Essa cavidade é genuinamente rasa, com profundidade média de apenas cerca de um centímetro e meio, de modo que a bainha realiza a maior parte do trabalho de manter o tendão no lugar. Se a bainha estiver rompida ou distendida — geralmente por um torcimento vigoroso com a palma voltada para cima e o pulso fletido —, o tendão pode subir para fora da cavidade e voltar a encaixar. Se, em vez disso, o tendão e seu revestimento se tornarem irritados e espessados devido a cargas repetitivas, o deslizamento torna-se doloroso, o que corresponde à versão tendinopática.

Um ponto importante a saber, pois altera a forma como os testes devem ser interpretados: uma certa quantidade de movimento do tendão é completamente normal. Quando pesquisadores examinaram 755 pessoas sem nenhum sintoma de pulso, cerca de 1 em 15 apresentava ECU estalante, e quase metade desses casos tinha o tendão visivelmente saindo de sua cavidade na ultrassonografia — sem dor e sem problema. Um estalo isolado não é prova de que há algo errado.

O que podemos fazer a respeito

No Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, o Dr. Kieran Hirpara baseará o diagnóstico principalmente no exame clínico, e não em exames de imagem, e vale a pena explicar o porquê.

Os exames de imagem necessitam de interpretação cuidadosa neste contexto. Em um estudo com mais de 4.000 ressonâncias magnéticas (RM) do punho, alterações no tendão do extensor ulnar do carpo (EUC) foram observadas em cerca de um em cada oito exames, incluindo em pessoas que realizavam o exame por motivos completamente diferentes. Se você considerar um EUC com aparência anormal na RM e perguntar com que frequência essa pessoa realmente apresenta problemas no EUC, a resposta é de apenas cerca de 6% das vezes. A RM é genuinamente útil para excluir outras causas de dor nesse lado do punho — por exemplo, uma lesão da cartilagem —, mas uma marca no tendão, por si só, não é a resposta. A ultrassonografia é frequentemente mais útil, pois podemos observar o movimento do tendão em tempo real enquanto você reproduz o estalo.

A maioria das pessoas melhora sem cirurgia. O tratamento geralmente começa com a modificação da atividade que provoca o sintoma e um período de imobilização em talas ou gesso. Para um tendão que escapa de seu sulco, a posição é importante: o punho é geralmente mantido com o antebraço em pronação (palma para baixo) e o punho em leve extensão dorsal, por cerca de quatro a seis semanas, porque essa é a posição oposta à que permite a saída do tendão.

Uma injeção de corticoide na bainha do tendão é uma etapa razoável seguinte para a versão irritativa do tendão. No melhor estudo disponível, 13 pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado obtiveram algum alívio, 10 deles com alívio completo, e nenhum precisou de cirurgia — com a maioria ainda confortável quatro a cinco anos depois. Um sinal precoce útil: se a primeira injeção resolver o problema completamente, isso tende a perdurar. Se ela funcionar apenas parcialmente, é mais provável que deixe alguma dor residual.

Limitamos as injeções a um máximo de aproximadamente três, e somos mais cautelosos com atletas de arremesso e de raquete, porque há uma preocupação — não comprovada por dados numéricos, mas relatada — de que a repetição de corticoide próximo a esse tendão possa contribuir para sua eventual ruptura.

A cirurgia é reservada para pessoas cuja instabilidade continua causando dor apesar de um tratamento adequado com imobilização, geralmente avaliado em torno de dois meses. A operação reconstrói ou reforça a bainha que mantém o tendão no sulco. Existem várias técnicas e todas relatam bons resultados.

O que esperar

A recuperação pela via não cirúrgica depende do nível de irritabilidade dos sintomas. Atletas com um problema ligeiro estão frequentemente aptos para regressar às atividades em duas a três semanas; os casos mais graves demoram seis a oito semanas; e uma subluxação completa tratada com gesso pode demorar cinco a seis meses antes do regresso a um desporto exigente como o ténis.

Após a cirurgia, espere cerca de quatro a seis semanas em gesso ou tala, com o antebraço em pronação (palma para baixo), seguida de um retorno gradual da mobilidade, fortalecimento a partir de cerca de dois meses e trabalho específico para o desporto aos três a quatro meses. Séries publicadas relatam que os doentes regressam à sua atividade anterior em cerca de dois e meio a três meses e meio.

Dois pontos honestos sobre a cirurgia. Primeiro, essencialmente todas as séries publicadas relatam que o estalido não recorre — mas o único estudo que realizou exames de imagem aos doentes após a cirurgia verificou que o tendão continuava fora do seu sulco em cerca de metade dos casos, apesar de estarem satisfeitos e com bons resultados funcionais. Em outras palavras, a operação alivia os sintomas de forma fiável, mas nem sempre reposiciona a anatomia exatamente como estava. Segundo, os ganhos na força de preensão e na amplitude de movimento são pequenos; a operação é realizada para a dor e para o estalido, não para tornar o pulso mais forte.

As complicações são incomuns, mas reais: dormência ou um ponto sensível devido à irritação de um pequeno nervo cutâneo na face dorsal do pulso, rigidez e, raramente, uma síndrome de dor persistente.

Se o seu estalido não dói, provavelmente não precisa de correção. As pessoas com um estalido do ECU assintomático geralmente continuam a praticar desporto de alto nível apenas com bandagem e monitorização.

Quando consultar um profissional

Consulte o seu médico de família se a dor no lado do dedo mínimo do pulso não melhorar após algumas semanas de redução da atividade que a provoca, ou se estiver a limitar a sua prática desportiva ou trabalho.

Peça uma opinião de cirurgia da mão se o pulso estalar ou produzir um estalo doloroso ao rodar o antebraço, se a dor tiver seguido uma lesão específica por torção, ou se já tiver tentado repouso, talabarte e injeção sem benefício duradouro.

Procure atenção imediata se o pulso ficar quente, vermelho e inchado, se desenvolver dormência ou fraqueza na mão, ou se tiver sentido um súbito “ceder” com perda imediata de força — este último pode indicar que o próprio tendão se rompeu.


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