Skip to content

Patients › Hand

Artroplastia da Articulação Metacarpofalangeana (MCPJ)

Updated Sep 2026
Illustration: Artroplastia da Articulação Metacarpofalangeana (MCPJ)

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

Por que esta cirurgia foi recomendada

O Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirurgião de membros superiores no Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, começa sempre pelas opções menos invasivas adequadas ao seu quadro clínico. Geralmente, os pacientes são encaminhados à nossa clínica pelo médico de família; caso um fisioterapeuta tenha sugerido que você nos procure, ainda assim será necessário um encaminhamento do seu médico de família para que você tenha direito ao reembolso do Medicare. Na sua consulta, colhemos o histórico clínico, examinamos a sua mão e solicitamos exames de imagem, se necessário. Isso nos permite entender o que está ocorrendo na articulação.

Esta cirurgia substitui a articulação dos nós dos dedos — aquela onde o dedo ou o polegar se conectam à mão — por um implante artificial. Ela costuma ser indicada quando a superfície articular está muito desgastada devido à artrite e outros tratamentos não trouxeram alívio suficiente. Para problemas crônicos de desgaste, geralmente tentamos primeiro tratamentos não cirúrgicos: modificação das atividades, fisioterapia ou terapia ocupacional, além do uso de talas. A cirurgia é considerada apenas quando essas medidas não forem suficientes. O objetivo é aliviar a dor, melhorar a função da mão e proteger as articulações adjacentes. Para algumas pessoas, também restaura a estabilidade de uma articulação que se tornou frouxa ou deformada.

Antes da operação

Nas semanas que antecedem a cirurgia, confirmamos o plano terapêutico com novas imagens da sua mão, como radiografias, ressonância magnética ou ultrassonografia. Essas imagens permitem visualizar a articulação desgastada e ajudam a selecionar o implante adequado. Você receberá instruções claras sobre o jejum: não deve ingerir alimentos nem bebidas nas sete horas anteriores à operação. Pedimos esse período de sete horas, em vez de um tempo menor, para que a cirurgia possa ser antecipada caso a agenda do bloco operatório permita. Alguns medicamentos precisam ser suspensos antes da cirurgia; o seu cirurgião informará quais são e quando devem ser interrompidos. Caso tenha outras condições médicas, poderá ser necessário realizar exames de sangue ou uma avaliação com o anestesista. No dia da cirurgia, leve uma lista dos medicamentos que está tomando, organize transporte para casa e use roupas confortáveis com mangas largas.

No dia da cirurgia

Você chega à unidade de admissão cirúrgica do hospital, onde é registrado e preparado para a sala de operações. Conhece o anestesista, o médico responsável pela sua anestesia e controle da dor durante a cirurgia. Esta operação é realizada sob anestesia geral. Às vezes, um bloqueio nervoso regional é adicionado para alívio da dor pós-operatória; o anestesista conversará com você sobre isso no próprio dia. Em seguida, você é levado para a sala de operações, onde a cirurgia é realizada.

Ao término da operação, você acorda na sala de recuperação. As enfermeiras cuidam de você enquanto a anestesia vai passando. Quando seu estado se estabiliza, você é transferido para um quarto ou vai para casa no mesmo dia, dependendo do procedimento e da evolução da sua recuperação.

Como é realizada a operação

O cirurgião faz uma pequena incisão na parte de trás da articulação do dedo para alcançar as superfícies articulares desgastadas. As extremidades ósseas danificadas são removidas e moldadas para criar espaço para o implante. O implante mais comum é um espaçador flexível que fica entre os dois ossos, permitindo novamente a flexão da articulação e aliviando a dor. O objetivo é o alívio da dor, melhor mobilidade e proteção das articulações vizinhas.

Existem diferentes tipos de implantes, adequados a distintas articulações e problemas. Em alguns pacientes, utiliza-se um espaçador de silicone macio. Em outros, especialmente quando os ligamentos circundantes são fortes e os dedos adjacentes oferecem suporte, opta-se por um implante mais rígido, moldado à semelhança da superfície articular natural. O cirurgião escolhe o implante mais indicado para a sua articulação e condição clínica.

Após a colocação do implante, o cirurgião verifica se o dedo está alinhado e se se move suavemente; também equilibra os tecidos moles ao redor da articulação para garantir sua estabilidade. A incisão é fechada com pontos de sutura e coberta por um curativo. Este curativo permanece no local por cerca de 10 dias, conforme explicado na seção “Após a operação”.

Em algumas articulações do polegar, a fusão óssea (unindo os ossos) pode ser uma alternativa ao uso de implante. Essa técnica elimina a dor na articulação, porém faz com que essa parte do polegar deixe de dobrar. Antes de assinar o termo de consentimento, o cirurgião discutirá com você qual opção é mais adequada para a sua articulação.

Após a operação

Você acordará na sala de recuperação, onde as enfermeiras ficarão atentas a você enquanto o efeito da anestesia passa. Sua mão estará envolta em uma grande bandagem, e forneceremos analgésicos para mantê-lo confortável. Alguém deve ficar com você nas primeiras 24 horas após voltar para casa. Você pode se movimentar normalmente, mas vá com calma e mantenha a mão elevada sobre um travesseiro quando estiver sentado. Sua equipe informará se você poderá ir para casa no mesmo dia ou se precisará ficar uma noite no hospital. Deixamos a bandagem por cerca de 10 dias; por favor, não a retire antes disso, a menos que receba instruções em contrário. Trocamos ou retiramos a bandagem quando o examinamos.

Recuperação

Nos primeiros dias, sua mão ficará dolorida e inchada; os dedos podem parecer rígidos e sensíveis ao toque. Manter a mão elevada sobre um travesseiro ajuda a reduzir o inchaço, e os analgésicos que lhe prescrevemos garantem seu conforto. O desconforto diminui gradualmente à medida que a articulação cicatriza.

Inicialmente, sua mão será envolta em uma bandagem volumosa, que permanece por cerca de 10 dias. Quando o acompanharmos, trocaremos ou retiraremos essa bandagem e verificaremos o estado da pele em processo de cicatrização. Após a cirurgia, a reabilitação consiste em terapia de mão com Ruby Doolan, na Extend Rehabilitation. Ela orientará seus exercícios e confeccionará uma tala, caso seja necessário. Esses exercícios protegem a nova articulação enquanto seu dedo ou polegar recuperam a mobilidade; você também aprenderá a usar a mão nas tarefas cotidianas sem sobrecarregá-la.

À medida que o inchaço diminui, dobrar e esticar os dedos geralmente se torna mais fácil. Quando conseguir segurar objetos e fazer pinça sem dor, atividades diárias como se vestir, comer e escrever parecerão mais naturais. Muitas pessoas percebem que o principal benefício é o alívio da dor prévia, além de uma melhor utilização da mão nas tarefas diárias.

Você não deve dirigir enquanto a mão estiver com tala ou enquanto estiver tomando analgésicos fortes; além disso, é necessário conseguir segurar o volante com ambas as mãos e reagir em uma parada de emergência. Nosso guia específico sobre direção após cirurgia na mão explica quando é seguro retomar essa atividade.

A recuperação varia de pessoa para pessoa, e seu cronograma pode ser diferente. Orientaremos você em cada consulta de acompanhamento, juntamente com seu terapeuta de mão.

O que pode dar errado

A maioria dos pacientes se recupera bem, mas, ocasionalmente, podem surgir problemas. O seu cirurgião e a equipe o monitoram de perto para detectar qualquer problema precocemente.

Infecções são raras após esse tipo de artroplastia. Fique atento à pele ao redor da incisão. Se notar vermelhidão se espalhando a partir da ferida, calor, secreção ou uma dor latejante intensa que não melhora com analgésicos comuns, entre em contato com a clínica imediatamente. Se sentir febre ou mal-estar, vá ao pronto-socorro.

Às vezes, a nova articulação pode sair do lugar; isso é chamado de luxação. Você pode sentir uma mudança súbita na posição da articulação, com o dedo ou polegar ficando num ângulo estranho e sem conseguir se mover normalmente. Nesse caso, ligue para a clínica imediatamente.

Com o tempo, o próprio implante pode desgastar-se, afrouxar, rachar ou dobrar. Os sinais incluem retorno da dor que antes havia desaparecido, novos ruídos (cliques ou rangidos) ou o dedo se desviando da posição normal. Comunique essas alterações na próxima consulta de acompanhamento, ou ligue antes, caso surjam de repente.

Os ossos ao redor do implante também podem fraturar durante a cirurgia. O seu cirurgião verifica isso antes de você deixar o centro cirúrgico; geralmente, a fratura cicatriza com um período mais curto de imobilização na tala.

Caso algum problema ocorra, às vezes é necessária uma cirurgia adicional para corrigi-lo. Isso pode envolver a substituição do implante ou, se a substituição não for viável, a fusão dos ossos da articulação para que se unam numa única peça sólida. Essa segunda opção elimina a dor, porém impede o movimento da articulação. O seu cirurgião explicará qual alternativa se adequa ao seu caso, caso seja necessário.

Algumas pessoas percebem rigidez ou fraqueza persistentes no dedo ou no polegar após a cirurgia. A terapia ocupacional para a mão ajuda nesses casos; portanto, mencione isso nas consultas de acompanhamento em vez de esperar.

A tabela de complicações nesta página apresenta as taxas típicas, caso você queira informações mais detalhadas.

Quando nos contatar

A maioria dos problemas aparece nas primeiras semanas; por isso, é importante saber o que observar. Contate-nos caso perceba vermelhidão se espalhando a partir da ferida, secreção, febre ou dor que piora progressivamente. Procure atendimento de emergência se sentir febre e mal-estar, ou se a panturrilha ficar inchada e sensível ao toque. Dificuldade súbita para respirar também exige atendimento de emergência. Ligue imediatamente se o dedo ou polegar sair subitamente da posição normal, ficar num ângulo estranho ou se você não conseguir movê-lo. Formigamento ou dormência que não passam também requerem avaliação rápida. Em caso de dúvida, ligue para nós.

Em maior profundidade

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

Esta seção vai além do que você precisa saber para tomar decisões sobre o próprio tratamento. A artroplastia das articulações interfalângicas merece uma leitura mais aprofundada devido a um fato curioso: o implante mais utilizado atualmente é, basicamente, o mesmo projeto introduzido na década de 1960, e ele tem se mostrado mais durável do que todos os materiais criados para substituí-lo. Compreender o motivo disso explica, na verdade, qual é o propósito dessa cirurgia.

O silicone não foi deslocado

Uma revisão de 2026 sobre a artroplastia da articulação metacarpofalângica na artrite reumatoide conclui que o procedimento continua a desempenhar um papel central no tratamento da mão reumatoide, e que apesar dos avanços na tecnologia de implantes, a artroplastia com silicone flexível proporciona melhoria funcional e estética confiável em pacientes devidamente selecionados [1].

Sessenta anos de desenvolvimento em ciência dos materiais resultaram em alternativas de metal-plástico e pirocarbono; contudo, o espaçador de silicone ainda é o padrão de referência. Isso é incomum no âmbito da substituição articular, onde os implantes de quadril e joelho foram continuamente aprimorados ao longo do mesmo período.

O motivo é que esse implante não desempenha a função que seu nome sugere: ele não recobre a articulação para restaurar sua superfície de apoio. Trata-se, na verdade, de um espaçador flexível que mantém uma distância entre os ossos e atua como uma tala interna, enquanto o tecido cicatricial se forma ao seu redor, criando uma nova cápsula articular. O resultado final decorre do processo de cicatrização, e não do próprio dispositivo; por isso, o desenvolvimento de superfícies de apoio mais eficazes nunca se traduziu em melhores resultados clínicos.

O resumo objetivo dos resultados

Uma revisão sobre a artroplastia com implantes nas articulações dos dedos e do polegar resume bem a situação: a artroplastia com implantes produz de forma previsível alívio da dor e alta satisfação do paciente, porém historicamente apresentou altas taxas de complicações. Embora os materiais metálico-plástico e pirocarbono tenham evoluído, as taxas de sobrevivência dos implantes e de reoperações continuam sendo motivo de preocupação [2].

Ambos os aspectos são importantes. Os pacientes geralmente ficam satisfeitos com essas cirurgias: a dor desaparece, a aparência melhora, a mão passa a funcionar melhor nas atividades diárias, e os implantes têm uma vida útil limitada, o que implica em uma taxa real de reoperações. Satisfação e durabilidade são questões distintas; nesse caso, a cirurgia se sai muito melhor no primeiro quesito.

Quanto à osteoartrite, as evidências são escassas

A maior parte da literatura científica aborda a artrite reumatoide, pois é nela que a deformidade a ser corrigida é mais acentuada. No caso da osteoartrite, a situação é menos clara: as evidências disponíveis são provenientes de estudos de coorte retrospectivos, com amostras pequenas e período de acompanhamento relativamente curto [3].

Vale ressaltar que, quando os autores manifestam preferência pelo uso do pirocarbono em vez do silicone na osteoartrite, isso se baseia na possibilidade de maior estabilidade e alinhamento articular; os dados, porém, são considerados preliminares [3]. Trata-se de uma posição razoável, mas deve-se reconhecer que ela decorre de raciocínios mecânicos e não de superioridade comprovada clinicamente.

A durabilidade está se tornando uma questão cada vez mais importante

Uma preocupação levantada há quase duas décadas só fez crescer, em vez de ser resolvida: a durabilidade dos implantes ganha maior importância à medida que a expectativa de vida aumenta e que essas cirurgias são realizadas em pacientes mais jovens e ativos, que os utilizarão por períodos mais prolongados [4]. Um implante com desempenho aceitável após dez anos é uma opção viável para um paciente de 75 anos, mas não necessariamente para um de 55.

Na prática, isso é um motivo para deixar claro qual é o objetivo da cirurgia. Para alívio da dor, correção de deformidades e melhoria da função em mãos com demandas mecânicas moderadas, trata-se de uma cirurgia bem comprovada e com longo histórico de sucesso. Contudo, como método de reconstrução duradoura para uso intenso ao longo de décadas, ela não se mostra adequada.

Referências

[1] Herren DB. Equilíbrio na artroplastia da articulação metacarpofalângica na artrite reumatoide. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2026;51(6):778-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/17531934261430139

[2] Srnec JJ, Wagner ER, Rizzo M. Artroplastia com implante para degeneração das articulações interfalângicas proximais, metacarpofalângicas e trapézio-metacarpianas. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(10):817-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.07.030

[3] Martin AS, Awan HM. Artroplastia da articulação metacarpofalângica na osteoartrite. J Hand Surg Am. 2015;40(9):1871-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.05.019

[4] Goldfarb CA, Dovan TT. Artrite reumatoide: indicações, técnica e resultados da artroplastia metacarpofalângica com silicone. Hand Clin. 2006;22(2):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2006.02.001


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • MCP joint arthroplasty was performed safely in the setting of acute complex open MCP joint trauma [1].
  • Revision MCP arthroplasty is a challenging procedure with one in five patients requiring a revision procedure at 5 years [2].
  • Revision MCP arthroplasty has a relatively high rate of postoperative dislocations [2].
  • Dorsal capsule interposition arthroplasty provides a viable surgical option for isolated degenerative or traumatic arthritis of the MCPJ at an average follow-up of 2 years [3].
  • Treatment of MCP joint arthroplasty dislocation with revision to silicone implant appears to hold the most promise in achieving a stable MCP joint after an acute prosthetic dislocation [4].
  • MCP joint arthroplasty is an effective treatment option from a patient-centered perspective, improving appearance, pain, and function [5].
  • Silastic interposition arthroplasty of the MCPJ is reliable in terms of pain relief and correction of deformity [6].
  • Patient satisfaction with Silastic interposition arthroplasty of the MCPJ is high despite only modest improvements in the objective assessment of hand function [6].
  • The nonconstrained implant design for the MCP joint can have good outcomes and excellent arc of motion in OA patients [8].
  • Periprosthetic joint infection is uncommon after MCP or PIP arthroplasties [9].
  • Patient expectations of MCP joint arthroplasty were uniformly high, with functional improvement being the greatest motivation for surgery [11].
  • Joint goal-setting is essential for understanding patients' unique reasons for undergoing MCP arthroplasty and facilitating realistic expectations [14].
  • Implant arthroplasty of the PIP, MCP, and TMC joints predictably produces pain relief and high satisfaction [24].
  • Implant arthroplasty of the PIP, MCP, and TMC joints has historically suffered from high rates of complications [24].
  • The evidence regarding MCP arthroplasty for OA consists of retrospective cohorts with small sample sizes and relatively short evaluations [26].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Joint Mechanics and Kinematics

  • The metacarpophalangeal joint allows hyperextension up to approximately 20° [17].
  • Radial and ulnar deviation at the metacarpophalangeal joint decreases with flexion due to the associated tightening of the collateral ligaments [17].
  • Volar and proximal translation of the proximal phalanx is observed on 4-dimensional computed tomography following silicone implant arthroplasty [48].

Bony and Ligamentous Anatomy

  • The metacarpophalangeal articulations serve as the keystones of the longitudinal arches of the hand [39].
  • The thick anterior glenoid capsules, known as volar plates, prevent hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal joints [39].
  • The volar plates are interconnected by the transverse interglenoid ligament [39].
  • The stability of the metacarpophalangeal joints is essential to the support of both the longitudinal arch and the transverse metacarpal arch [39].
  • The deep transverse intermetacarpal ligament, also named the interglenoid ligament, ties together the anterior glenoid ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal articulations [39].
  • The lateral accessory ligaments, sagittal bands of the extensor apparatus, and the first annular segment of the flexor tendon pulley insert on the volar plate [39].

Muscular Anatomy

  • The deep head of each dorsal interosseous muscle forms a lateral tendon, or lateral band, at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint [36].
  • The deep head of the dorsal interosseous muscles flexes and weakly abducts the proximal phalanx while extending the middle and distal phalanges [36].
  • Transverse fibers arch dorsally from each lateral band to join over the dorsum of the finger, flexing the proximal phalanx [36].
  • Oblique fibers from the lateral bands sweep over the distal third of the proximal phalanx to insert onto the lateral tubercles at the base of the middle phalanx [36].
  • The oblique fibers extend the middle phalanx at the proximal interphalangeal joint [36].
  • The lateral bands are joined by the lateral slips of the extensor tendon to form the conjoined lateral band [36].
  • The two conjoined lateral bands to each finger unite at the distal third of the middle phalanx to form the terminal tendon [36].
  • The terminal tendon inserts at the base of the distal phalanx to extend it [36].
  • The volar interossei form the ulnar lateral band of the index finger and the radial lateral band of the ring and little fingers [36].
  • The flexor digiti quinti brevis forms the ulnar lateral band of the little finger [36].

Pathophysiology

  • Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory disease that affects multiple organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system [17].
  • The inflammatory process in rheumatoid arthritis is triggered and perpetuated by a cascade of mediators that result in synovial proliferation, collagenous destruction of the cartilage and soft tissues, and bone resorption [17].
  • The metacarpophalangeal joint is the most common site of involvement in the rheumatoid hand [17].
  • The metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the hand are typically involved early in rheumatoid arthritis [17].

Classification

  • Silicone rubber implants are the most frequently used device for treatment of revised metacarpophalangeal arthroplasty [17].
  • The nonconstrained implant design for the MCP joint can have good outcomes and excellent arc of motion in osteoarthritis patients [8].
  • Pyrocarbon implants were designed as a resurfacing implant for the MCP joint [28].
  • A radiographic classification system was modified to differentiate stable implant migration patterns (grade 2) from unstable patterns (grade 3) based on cortical breach status [28].
  • In a radiographic analysis of 37 pyrocarbon arthroplasties, 34 (92%) were determined to be stable at last follow-up [28].
  • Three (7%) pyrocarbon implants became unstable from migration, all involving grade 3 implant loosening [28].
  • Evidence of implant subsidence greater than 1 mm occurred in 6 (16%) of 37 pyrocarbon implants [28].
  • Postoperative ulnar deviation greater than 10° occurred in 8 (22%) fingers following pyrocarbon arthroplasty [28].
  • Implant fractures in silicone MCP arthroplasty are determined based on criteria including lucent lines, fragmentation, translation greater than one-half the diameter of the bone, and dislocation defined as proximodistal overlap more than one-half the width of the midportion of the implant [20].
  • Coronal plane deviation greater than 45° is an additional criterion for determining implant fracture or instability in silicone MCP arthroplasty [20].

Clinical Presentation

Indications and Etiology

  • Metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty is most often performed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, although it is occasionally performed for joints affected by osteoarthritis [17].
  • Dorsal capsule interpositional arthroplasty provides a viable surgical option for isolated degenerative or traumatic arthritis of the MCPJ [3].
  • Metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty continues to play a central role in the management of the rheumatoid hand [15].

Patient Expectations and Motivation

Functional Outcomes and Range of Motion

  • Silastic interposition arthroplasty of the MCPJ is reliable in terms of pain relief and correction of deformity, and patient satisfaction is high despite only modest improvements in the objective assessment of hand function [6].
  • Pain ratings and MCP arc of motion significantly improved following arthroplasty for noninflammatory arthritis [10].
  • Implant arthroplasty of the PIP, MCP, and TMC joints predictably produces pain relief and high satisfaction but has historically suffered from high rates of complications [24].
  • This study showed improved range of motion and DASH score, excellent pain relief, and excellent patient satisfaction in patients undergoing MCP arthroplasty for nonrheumatic arthritis [30].
  • Swanson arthroplasty frequently results in a range of flexion of the MP joint of the little finger that may be insufficient for its principal functions [19].

Complications and Complications Management

  • Revision MCP arthroplasty is a challenging procedure with one in five patients requiring a revision procedure at 5 years and a relatively high rate of postoperative dislocations [2].
  • The treatment of MCP joint arthroplasty dislocation with revision to silicone implant appears to hold the most promise in achieving a stable MCP joint after an acute prosthetic dislocation [4].
  • Increasing MCP joint flexion range was associated with increased fractures of the implants in silicone metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty for patients with rheumatoid arthritis [7].
  • If squeaking is associated with pain and swelling, revision MCP joint arthroplasty is recommended to identify and correct the underlying cause, such as implant subsidence or an incongruous joint [53].
  • An articulating spacer allows movement of the joint and reduces the chance of immobilisation associated complications such as bone loss, joint stiffness, and soft tissue contracture in the management of infected MCPJ arthroplasties [13].

Investigations

  • A careful physical examination is essential to direct care and future testing if indicated [27].
  • Diagnostic tests such as imaging and serum laboratory studies are useful in determining pathology but can be expensive, time consuming, and often nonspecific [27].

Treatment

Indications and Patient Expectations

  • MCP joint arthroplasty is most often performed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, though it is occasionally performed for osteoarthritis [17].
  • The MCP joint is the most common site of involvement in the rheumatoid hand [17].
  • MCP joint arthroplasty continues to play a central role in the management of the rheumatoid hand [15].
  • Given improvements in the medical management of rheumatoid disease, the indications for and long-term expectations of silicone metacarpophalangeal arthroplasty must be carefully examined [50].

Implant Types and Outcomes

  • Both NeuFlex and Swanson implant groups obtained satisfactory clinical improvement after MCP reconstruction of the hand [12].
  • Pain ratings and MCP arc of motion significantly improved following surface replacement arthroplasty in metacarpophalangeal joints affected by noninflammatory arthritis [10].
  • Good pain relief, a functional range of motion, and high satisfaction were seen in the majority of patients undergoing pyrocarbon metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty for noninflammatory arthritis [31].
  • Silicone arthroplasty for nonrheumatic metacarpophalangeal joint arthritis showed improved range of motion and DASH score, excellent pain relief, and excellent patient satisfaction [30].
  • Follow-up studies show that MCP arthroplasty improves function and deformity and achieves nearly uniform patient satisfaction [17].

Alternative Techniques

  • Limited clinical follow-up in a perichondrium transplant group showed reasonably good, and in some cases excellent, results several decades after the surgery, especially at the MCP level [16].
  • Arthrodesis has been the gold standard in treating isolated end-stage MP arthritis, whether inflammatory or post-traumatic arthropathies [32].
  • Arthrodesis is able to provide effective pain relief as well as restore stability to the joint, even in the setting of severe arthritis [32].
  • The key to why MP fusion in the thumb is so successful lies in the relatively negligible loss of motion that results from MP fusion [32].
  • By fusing the MP joint between 20 and 40° of flexion, stress can be relieved from the CMC joint by minimizing the activity required at the CMC for thumb opposition [32].

Complications and Revision

  • Metallosis is a potential long-term complication of grommets in silicone MCP joint arthroplasty, and given the lack of documented benefit from grommets, the authors recommend against their use [52].
  • Static spacers with consequent immobilisation can lead to bone loss, joint stiffness and soft tissue contracture, often causing significant complications at reimplantation [13].
  • An articulating spacer allows movement of the joint and reduces the chance of immobilisation associated complications [13].
  • An articulated spacer technique can be considered as an option to maintain motion while treating infected MCPJ arthroplasties and the co-morbidity resulting from immobilisation of the whole hand [13].

Specific Clinical Scenarios

Complications

Dislocation and Instability

  • Revision MCP arthroplasty is associated with a relatively high rate of postoperative dislocations [2].
  • Treatment of acute MCP joint arthroplasty dislocation with revision to a silicone implant appears to hold the most promise in achieving a stable MCP joint [4].
  • In a cohort of 37 cases, acute prosthetic dislocation was managed with revision surgery [4].

Implant Fracture and Failure

  • One in five patients undergoing revision MCP arthroplasty required a revision procedure at 5 years [2].
  • Increasing MCP joint flexion range was associated with increased fractures of silicone implants in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [7].
  • In a longitudinal analysis of 325 cases, implant fractures were determined based on criteria including lucent lines, fragmentation, translation greater than one-half the diameter of the bone, and dislocation defined as proximodistal overlap more than one-half the width of the midportion of the implant [20].
  • In a study of 40 silicone implants for MCP osteoarthritis, radiographs demonstrated fractured implants in 5 of 40 (12.5%) implants, although none of these patients had clinical instability, pain, or deterioration in range of motion [33].
  • For the Neuflex silicone implant, survivorship at 7 years was 88% when revision was the end point, but dropped to 68% when implant fracture was the end point [56].
  • In a study of pyrocarbon arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis, complication and overall reoperation rates were high, with 1 in 10 patients undergoing revision within 5 years postoperatively [57].
  • Patients with greater hand function preoperatively may be at higher risk of revision surgery after silicone MCP arthroplasty for inflammatory arthritis [18].

Infection

  • Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is uncommon after MCP or PIP arthroplasties [9].
  • Management of infected MCP joint replacements can involve removing the prosthesis and inserting gentamycin-loaded bone cement balls for 3 weeks before a final exchange operation [13].
  • Static spacers used in MCPJ infection management can lead to bone loss, joint stiffness, and soft tissue contracture, often causing significant complications at reimplantation [13].
  • An articulating spacer allows movement of the joint and reduces the chance of immobilization-associated complications compared to static spacers [13].

Other Complications

  • Intraoperative periprosthetic fractures are associated with metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty [21].
  • Swanson arthroplasty frequently results in a range of flexion of the MCP joint of the little finger that may be insufficient for its principal functions [19].
  • In a study of pyrocarbon arthroplasty for osteoarthritis, postoperative ulnar deviation greater than 10° occurred in 8 (22%) fingers [28].
  • In a study of pyrocarbon arthroplasty for osteoarthritis, 3 (7%) implants became unstable from migration, all with grade 3 implant loosening [28].
  • Evidence of implant subsidence greater than 1 mm occurred in 6 (16%) of 37 pyrocarbon implants, but no implants studied at more than 1 year after surgery demonstrated progressive subsidence resulting in implant instability [28].
  • Implant arthroplasty of the MCP joint has historically suffered from high rates of complications [24].

Recovery

Functional Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction

  • MCP joint arthroplasty improves appearance, pain, and function from a patient-centered perspective [5].
  • Silastic interposition arthroplasty of the MCPJ is reliable for pain relief and correction of deformity [6].
  • Patient satisfaction is high following Silastic interposition arthroplasty despite only modest improvements in the objective assessment of hand function [6].
  • The HAPY spherical pyrocarbon interposition arthroplasty for the metacarpophalangeal joint demonstrates satisfactory short- to mid-term outcomes with considerable improvements in pain relief and joint mobility [59].

Complications and Revision

Patient Expectations and Indications

Specialized Scenarios

Key Evidence

  • [L4] MCP joint arthroplasty was performed safely in the setting of acute complex open MCP joint trauma. [1] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.09.012)
  • [L4] Revision MCP arthroplasty is a challenging procedure with one in five patients requiring a revision procedure at 5 years and a relatively high rate of postoperative dislocations. [2] (10.5435/jaaos-d-17-00042)
  • [L4] This technique of dorsal capsule interposition arthroplasty provides a viable surgical option for isolated degenerative or traumatic arthritis of the MCPJ at an average follow-up of 2 years. [3] (10.1177/1558944720911215)
  • [L4] The treatment of MCP joint arthroplasty dislocation with revision to silicone implant appears to hold the most promise in achieving a stable MCP joint after an acute prosthetic dislocation. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.10.001)
  • [L4] MCP joint arthroplasty is an effective treatment option from a patient-centered perspective, improving appearance, pain, and function. [5] (10.1016/j.hcl.2006.02.001)
  • [L4] Silastic interposition arthroplasty of the MCPJ is reliable in terms of pain relief and correction of deformity, and patient satisfaction is high despite only modest improvements in the objective assessment of hand function. [6] (10.1054/jhsb.2000.0402)
  • [L4] Increasing MCP joint flexion range was associated with increased fractures of the implants. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.09.002)
  • [L5] The nonconstrained implant design for the MCP joint can have good outcomes and excellent arc of motion in OA patients. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.11.025)
  • [L4] PJI is uncommon after MCP or PIP arthroplasties. [9] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.008)
  • [L4] Pain ratings and MCP arc of motion significantly improved following arthroplasty. [10] (10.1177/15589447211028917)
  • [L1] Patient expectations of MCP joint arthroplasty were uniformly high, with functional improvement being the greatest motivation for surgery. [11] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.02.002)
  • [L1] Both implant groups obtained satisfactory clinical improvement after MCP reconstruction of the hand. [12] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.09.020)
  • [L5] [13] (10.1177/17531934251323067)
  • [L4] Joint goal-setting is essential for understanding patients' unique reasons for undergoing MCP arthroplasty and facilitating realistic expectations. [14] (10.1002/msc.1061)
  • [L5] Metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty continues to play a central role in the management of the rheumatoid hand. [15] (10.1177/17531934261430139)
  • [L3] [16] (10.1186/s12891-020-03687-3)
  • [L5] [17] (10.5435/00124635-200305000-00005)
  • [L3] Patients with greater hand function preoperatively may be at higher risk of revision surgery. [18] (10.1177/1558944719831236)
  • [L4] Our experience with this cohort, a review of published literature, and a survey of international experts suggest that Swanson arthroplasty frequently results in a range of flexion of the MP joint of the little finger that may be insufficient for its principal functions. [19] (10.1007/s11552-007-9051-5)
  • [L4] [20] (10.1177/1753193418778461)
  • [L3] [21] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.12.038)
  • [L4] Implant arthroplasty of the PIP, MCP, and TMC joints predictably produces pain relief and high satisfaction but has historically suffered from high rates of complications. [24] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.07.030)
  • [L4] The evidence regarding MCP arthroplasty for OA consists of retrospective cohorts with small sample sizes and relatively short evaluations. [26] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.05.019)
  • [L4] [28] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.08.013)
  • [L3] This study showed improved range of motion and DASH score, excellent pain relief, and excellent patient satisfaction in patients undergoing MCP arthroplasty for nonrheumatic arthritis. [30] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.09.016)
  • [L4] Good pain relief, a functional range of motion, and high satisfaction were seen in the majority of patients. [31] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.06.104)
  • [L5] [32] (10.1016/j.hcl.2006.02.010)
  • [L4] [33] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.10.010)
  • [L4] Volar and proximal translation of the proximal phalange was observed on 4-dimensional computed tomography. [48] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.10.001)
  • [L4] Given these findings, the indications for and long-term expectations of silicone metacarpophalangeal arthroplasty must be carefully examined in light of the improvements in the medical management of rheumatoid disease. [50] (10.2106/00004623-200310000-00001)
  • [Case_report] Metallosis is a potential long-term complication of grommets in silicone MCP joint arthroplasty, and given the lack of documented benefit from grommets, the authors recommend against their use. [52] (10.1007/s11552-012-9401-9)
  • [L5] If squeaking is associated with pain and swelling, revision MCP joint arthroplasty is recommended to identify and correct the underlying cause, such as implant subsidence or an incongruous joint. [53] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.10.002)
  • [L4] [56] (10.1177/1753193408094437)
  • [L4] Complication and overall reoperation rates were high, while 1 in 10 undergo revision within 5 years postoperatively. [57] (10.1177/15589447211063577)
  • [L4] The HAPY spherical pyrocarbon interposition arthroplasty for the metacarpophalangeal joint demonstrates satisfactory short- to mid-term outcomes, with considerable improvements in pain relief and joint mobility. [59] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100804)

References

[1] Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty in the Setting of Trauma. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.09.012

[2] Revision Metacarpophalangeal Arthroplasty: A Longitudinal Study of 128 Cases. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2019. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-17-00042

[3] Dorsal Capsule Interpositional Arthroplasty of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint. HAND. 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1558944720911215

[4] Outcomes Following Acute Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty Dislocation: An Analysis of 37 Cases. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.10.001

[5] Rheumatoid Arthritis: Silicone Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty Indications, Technique, and Outcomes. Hand Clinics. 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2006.02.001

[6] Outcome Measures Following Metacarpophalangeal Joint Replacement. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2000. DOI: 10.1054/jhsb.2000.0402

[7] Risk Factors Contributing to Early Implant Fracture in Silicone Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty for Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.09.002

[8] Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Metacarpophalangeal Joint Pyrolytic Carbon Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.11.025

[9] Incidence and Presentation of Periprosthetic Joint Infection After Primary Metacarpophalangeal and Proximal Interphalangeal Arthroplasty. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.008

[10] Outcomes of Surface Replacement Arthroplasty in Metacarpophalangeal Joints Affected by Noninflammatory Arthritis. HAND. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211028917

[11] Hand Appearance as a Patient Motivation for Surgery and a Determinant of Satisfaction with Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty for Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.02.002

[12] NeuFlex and Swanson Metacarpophalangeal Implants for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Prospective Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.09.020

[13] Management of an infected metacarpophalangeal joint replacement with a temporary articulated cement spacer. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251323067

[14] Patients' Expectations, Experiences and the Determinants of Satisfaction related to Metacarpophalangeal Arthroplasty. Musculoskeletal Care. 2013. DOI: 10.1002/msc.1061

[15] Balancing metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2026. DOI: 10.1177/17531934261430139

[16] Two-component surface replacement implants compared with perichondrium transplantation for restoration of Metacarpophalangeal and proximal Interphalangeal joints: a retrospective cohort study with a mean follow-up time of 6 respectively 26 years. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03687-3

[17] Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2003. DOI: 10.5435/00124635-200305000-00005

[18] Factors Associated With Reoperation After Silicone Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty in Patients With Inflammatory Arthritis. HAND. 2019. DOI: 10.1177/1558944719831236

[19] Insufficient Flexion of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Little Finger Following Swanson Silicone Arthroplasty for Rheumatoid Arthritis. HAND. 2007. DOI: 10.1007/s11552-007-9051-5

[20] Long-term outcomes of silicone metacarpophalangeal arthroplasty: a longitudinal analysis of 325 cases. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2018. DOI: 10.1177/1753193418778461

[21] Intraoperative Periprosthetic Fractures Associated With Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.12.038

[24] Implant Arthroplasty for Proximal Interphalangeal, Metacarpophalangeal, and Trapeziometacarpal Joint Degeneration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.07.030

[26] Metacarpophalangeal Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.05.019

[27] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Evaluation, Clinical Examination, and Imaging > Evaluation and Clinical Examination: Current Concepts.

[28] Metacarpophalangeal Joint Pyrocarbon Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis: An Analysis of 44 Arthroplasties. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.08.013

[30] Silicone Arthroplasty for Nonrheumatic Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.09.016

[31] Pyrocarbon Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty in Noninflammatory Arthritis: Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.06.104

[32] Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Arthritis: Arthroplasty or Fusion?. Hand Clinics. 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2006.02.010

[33] Silicone Metacarpophalangeal Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis: Long-Term Results. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.10.010

[36] Green S Operative Hand Surgery. Interosseous and Hypothenar Muscles.

[39] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. The arches of the hand > The metacarpal arch.

[48] In Vivo Metacarpophalangeal Joint Kinematics After Silicone Implant Arthroplasty in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.10.001

[50] METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT ARTHROPLASTY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume. 2003. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200310000-00001

[52] Metallosis Following Silicone Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasties with Grommets: Case Report. HAND. 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s11552-012-9401-9

[53] A Painful, Squeaking Pyrolytic Carbon Metacarpophalangeal Joint Replacement. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.10.002

[56] Survivorship of the Neuflex Silicone Implant in MCP Joint Replacement. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2009. DOI: 10.1177/1753193408094437

[57] Outcomes of Pyrocarbon Arthroplasty in Metacarpophalangeal Joints Affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis. HAND. 2022. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211063577

[59] Functional Outcomes of Spherical Pyrocarbon HAPY Metacarpophalangeal Interposition Arthroplasty for Long Fingers: A Retrospective Study of 16 Cases. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100804

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.