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旋前圆肌和前骨间神经松解术

PDF Evidence Consent
Updated Oct 2026
Illustration: 旋前圆肌和前骨间神经松解术

本页面由机器翻译，尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

为何建议进行此手术

Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton 的上肢外科医生 Kieran Hirpara 医生会从适合您病情的微创方案入手。该手术是一种前臂神经松解术。它可以减轻从肘部延伸至手部的主要神经之一所受的压迫。当其他治疗未能给您带来足够缓解时，我们通常会建议进行此手术。

大多数人会先尝试非手术治疗。这包括让手臂休息、避免诱发症状的活动，以及服用抗炎药物。如果经过这些治疗症状仍然持续，才会考虑手术。对于旋前圆肌综合征，如果症状持续超过 6 个月，可以选择手术。对于骨间前神经综合征，如果至少 12 个月后仍没有任何肌力恢复的迹象，可以选择手术。如果您的日常活动需要反复用力扭转前臂，且检查证实神经受到压迫，我们也可能会更早建议手术。

此手术的目的是缓解您的疼痛，并恢复手部的力量和功能。约64至71%的人疼痛完全缓解。约20%的人缓解不完全，约8%的人需要再次手术。我们会与您一起讨论这些数据，以便您与我们共同决定手术是否适合您。

术前

您的外科医生会为您提供明确的术前准备说明。您需要在手术前七小时停止进食和饮水。我们要求七小时而非六小时，以便在手术室日程提前时可以将您的手术提前。您可能需要在手术前停用某些药物，您的外科医生会告诉您需要停用哪些药物以及何时停用。请安排他人在术后送您回家。请携带一份您目前所服用药物的清单。手术当天请穿着宽松、舒适的衣物。为规划手术，可能需要进行一些影像学检查，例如X光、MRI扫描或超声检查。如果您有其他基础疾病，可能需要进行血液检查或接受麻醉医生的评估，但大多数人不需要。

手术当天

您将抵达医院的手术入院病区。工作人员会为您办理入院手续并进行术前准备。随后，您将与麻醉医生见面，麻醉医生负责给您用药，让您在手术中保持睡眠和舒适。本手术在全身麻醉下进行。有时，为缓解术后疼痛，会额外进行区域神经阻滞；麻醉医生将在手术当天就此与您沟通。

之后，您将被带入手术室进行手术。手术结束后，您将在复苏室苏醒。在麻醉消退期间，护士会在那里监护您。待生命体征平稳后，根据手术类型及您的恢复情况，您将被转入病房或直接回家。

手术内容

这是一种前臂神经松解术。外科医生会在您前臂前侧、靠近肘部的位置做一个切口，以到达神经。切口会尽可能小。通过此切口，外科医生找到紧绷组织压迫神经的部位，并将这些组织松解，使神经沿其整个走行得到松解。如果有纤维束带或异常血管压迫神经，也会一并切除。

切口用缝线关闭，并用敷料覆盖。您回家时敷料保持完好。

手术本身是在狭小空间内进行的专注、精细的操作。在神经穿过前臂肌肉的部位进行松解，需要比某些其他神经松解术更深入的解剖分离，因此外科医生会花时间保护神经及其周围的结构。

术后

您将在复苏室苏醒，在麻醉消退期间护士会照看您。您的手臂可能会在一段时间内感到沉重或麻木。这是预料之中的，会随着药效消退而缓解。我们会为您提供止痛治疗以保持舒适，您的手和前臂会包扎柔软的敷料。苏醒后不久您就可以四处走动，最初的24小时内应有人陪伴您。您的医疗团队会告知您是当天回家还是在医院留观一晚。我们会保留敷料约10天；除非我们告知您，否则请勿在此之前拆除。我们会在复诊时为您更换或拆除敷料。

恢复

最初几天，您的手和前臂可能会感到疼痛和肿胀。切口周围可能会酸痛，手指可能会感到僵硬。休息、将手垫在枕头上抬高以及服用止痛药，都有助于缓解这些不适。不适感通常会一天天减轻。

您回家时手臂会包扎柔软的敷料。我们会将其保留约10天，然后在复诊时更换或拆除。敷料拆除后，就开始手部治疗。您的手部治疗师——Extend Rehabilitation 的 Ruby Doolan——将指导您进行锻炼，并根据需要为您制作夹板。这些锻炼可以在神经恢复期间保持手指活动，防止僵硬。

在家中，最初一两周内您就可以完成大多数轻度日常事务，在舒适允许的范围内使用您的手。在您的治疗师允许之前，请避免提重物、用力抓握或任何会使前臂劳损的动作。睡觉时采取您感觉舒适的姿势即可；有些人喜欢把手臂放在身旁的枕头上休息。

恢复遵循一定的规律，而不是固定的时间表。首先，疼痛和肿胀消退。然后，活动度和握力恢复。手部的力量和感觉会在数月内持续改善，当疼痛和力量不再变化时，就达到了最终效果。每个人的愈合速度不同，因此您的时间表可能有所不同；您的外科医生和治疗师会在整个过程中为您提供指导。

可能出现的问题

大多数患者恢复良好，但偶尔也可能出现问题。您的外科医生和医疗团队会密切监测您，以便尽早发现任何异常。

由于这种松解需要在前臂肌肉深处进行，手术比某些其他神经松解术更为复杂。外科医生会格外小心地保护神经及其周围的组织。

被松解的神经靠近为手部提供感觉和运动功能的其他神经。极少数情况下，其中一条神经可能在手术中受到刺激。在神经阻滞消退后（约需24小时），您可能会注意到手部或前臂某些部位出现新的麻木、针刺感或无力。最初24小时内出现一些麻木和无力，是神经阻滞本身引起的，属于预料之中。如果持续时间超过这一时间，请致电诊所。

伤口也可能出现问题。如果您出现发热、从切口向外扩散的发红，或切口渗出液体或脓液，请在当天致电诊所。如果尽管服用了止痛药，疼痛仍持续加重，也需要在当天致电诊所。

有时在术后几天内，伤口附近会形成一个坚实、有压痛的肿块。这是皮下的积血（血肿）。如果肿块增大、疼痛越来越明显，或其上方的皮肤看起来紧绷发亮，请致电诊所。

如果松解是通过微创小切口而非开放切口完成的，松解效果偶尔无法维持，可能需要再次手术。外科医生在规划您的治疗时会与您讨论这一点。

神经手术后的恢复通常较慢，神经可能在数月内持续改善。恢复程度部分取决于手术前神经受压的时间长短。如果压迫已存在很长时间，手部的某些变化可能无法完全逆转。您的外科医生会与您讨论您的具体情况下可以期待怎样的结果。

本页上的并发症表格列出了典型发生率，如果您想了解具体数据，可参考该表。

何时联系我们

大多数问题会在最初几天出现。有些需要尽快致电我们，有些则需要紧急救治。

如果您的小腿肿胀或疼痛，或出现呼吸急促或胸痛，请前往急诊科。这些可能是血凝块的征兆。如果您的手指、手或拇指变得苍白、冰冷、发白、发青或发黑，也请前往急诊科，因为这提示血液循环出现问题。

如果您出现发热、从切口向外扩散的发红，或切口渗出液体或脓液，请在当天致电诊所。如果尽管服用了止痛药，疼痛仍持续加重，也需要在当天致电诊所。

如果在神经阻滞消退后，您的手臂、手或手指仍没有感觉，或无法活动，请致电诊所。神经阻滞约需24小时才会消退，在此期间出现麻木和无力属于预料之中。如果持续时间超过这一时间，请致电我们。

如果在非工作时间或周末无法联系到诊所，请前往离您最近的急诊科。

Reviewed by AI synthesis (v2) — pending human review · 21 August 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Surgical decompression can be considered for pronator syndrome when activities of daily living require frequent strong pronation and electromyography confirms compression [1].
  • Other medical causes should be considered in anterior interosseous nerve syndrome with pure motor loss [1].
  • Pronator syndrome can be successfully treated nonoperatively or surgically when the correct diagnosis is made [2].
  • Cases of brachial plexus neuritis-induced anterior interosseous nerve palsy should be managed conservatively [3].
  • Surgical decompression may be performed for specific instances of direct trauma causing anterior interosseous nerve palsy [3].
  • Patients presenting with paresis in incomplete anterior interosseous nerve syndrome should be observed, as most will improve spontaneously without surgery [5].
  • Bilateral pronator syndrome can be caused by an anomalous tendinous origin of the ulnar belly of the pronator teres muscle [6].
  • Damage to the innervation of the pronator quadratus muscle risks impairment of the initiation of hand pronation [7].
  • A patient with a very large neurilemmoma of the anterior interosseous nerve had no complaints and full flexion of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb and distal interphalangeal joint of the index finger one year after surgery [8].
  • Supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer followed by multimodal hand therapy provides measurable improvements in neurophysiology and function [9].
  • Engagement in hand therapy and outcomes for supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer appear to be mediated by comorbid physical and psychosocial health [9].
  • Median nerve compression neuropathy by the lacertus fibrosus represents a subgroup of median nerve neuropathies where the lacertus fibrosus is the sole cause of compression [10].
  • Patients who underwent cubital tunnel release and anterior interosseous nerve supercharge end-to-side transfer together had a significantly smaller cubital tunnel volume and cross-sectional area [11].
  • Compression of the median nerve at the elbow is a pathology that is often unrecognized and can be isolated or associated with carpal tunnel syndrome [12].
  • A patient with a nerve tumour causing anterior interosseous nerve palsy was able to return to work 3 months after surgery with increased pinch force and active interphalangeal joint motion of the thumb [4].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

AIN Anatomy and Compression Sites

  • Near its site of origin, the anterior interosseous nerve is vulnerable to compression from tendinous attachments or accessory muscles [13].
  • Specific structures that can compress the AIN include tendinous origins of the deep head of pronator teres and of flexor digitorum superficialis to the middle finger [13].
  • Accessory structures described as causes of AIN compression include the attachment of flexor digitorum superficialis to flexor pollicis longus, an accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus muscle (Gantzer's muscle), a tendinous origin of the muscle variant palmaris profundus, and a double lacertus fibrosis [13].
  • Fractures at or around the elbow joint, direct injury to the nerve, and compression from plaster casts are recognized causes of anterior interosseous nerve syndrome [13].
  • Vascular causes of anterior interosseous nerve syndrome have been described by Spinner [13].
  • The AIN bifurcated at 3 cm (average) distal to the intercondylar line of the humerus in a report by Gunther and DiPasquale [15].
  • Constrictions associated with AIN palsy occur in the median nerve trunk of the upper arm, a location where the cause cannot be explained by a mechanical factor alone [15].
  • Structural factors, including nerve fascicles, must be considered before the onset of AIN palsy when constrictions occur in the median nerve trunk of the upper arm [15].
  • In patients with nontraumatic AIN palsy, the relationship between hemangiomas and intraneural topography matched the AIN in specific cases, suggesting the hemangioma as the cause of the palsy [15].
  • Intraepineurial constriction of nerve fascicles can be seen in pronator syndrome, similar to findings in AIN syndrome [15].

Pronator Syndrome Anatomy and Pathology

  • The pronator quadratus muscle is of importance for the initiation of hand pronation [7].
  • Damage to the innervation of the pronator quadratus muscle risks impairment of hand pronation initiation [7].
  • Median nerve compression at the elbow by the lacertus fibrosus is a pathology that can be isolated or associated with carpal tunnel syndrome [12].
  • Median nerve compression at the elbow by the lacertus fibrosus is a pathology often unrecognized where loss of muscle strength in the median nerve territory should evoke the diagnosis [17].
  • Patients representing a subgroup of median nerve neuropathies may have the lacertus fibrosus as the sole cause of compression [10].
  • Ultrasound examination findings may not lead to a diagnosis of pronator syndrome (LS) because median nerve compression in the forearm is often mild and may not produce positive US findings [16].

Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Features

  • Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome is characterized by weakness of pinch between the thumb and index finger [13].
  • In AIN syndrome, the interphalangeal joint of the thumb and the distal interphalangeal joint of the index finger are hyperextended in the pinch position [13].
  • Weakness of the pronator quadratus muscle can be tested with the forearm flexed to neutralize 75% of pronator teres action [13].
  • Patients with AIN syndrome may complain of vague pain in the proximal forearm aggravated by exercise [13].
  • Pronator syndrome in violinists and anterior interosseous nerve syndrome with pure motor loss are distinct clinical observations [1].
  • If activities of daily living require frequent strong pronation and electromyography confirms compression, surgical decompression can be considered for pronator syndrome [1].
  • Other medical causes should be considered in AIN syndrome rather than immediate surgical decompression based solely on activity demands [1].

Elbow Anatomy Context

  • The flexor-pronator mass consists of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, and flexor digitorum superficialis [23].
  • The medial epicondyle forms the attachment site for the origins of the flexor pronator mass [22].
  • The ligament of Struthers is a variant anatomy arising from the supracondylar process to attach to the medial epicondyle and is a potential site of median nerve compression [23].
  • The normal range of forearm pronation and supination is 75° and 85° respectively [19].
  • The normal range of forearm pronosupination is 80 to 85 degrees in each direction [28].
  • A functional arc for forearm rotation is 50 degrees [28].

Classification

  • Pronator syndrome is characterized by pain in the proximal forearm that is aggravated by exercise [13].
  • In anterior interosseous nerve syndrome, the interphalangeal joint of the thumb and the distal interphalangeal joint of the index finger are hyperextended during pinch [13].
  • Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome can be caused by compression from tendinous attachments or accessory muscles near the site of nerve origin [13].
  • Tendinous origins of the deep head of pronator teres and flexor digitorum superficialis to the middle finger are described causes of anterior interosseous nerve compression [13].
  • Accessory structures causing anterior interosseous nerve compression include the attachment of flexor digitorum superficialis to flexor pollicis longus [13].
  • An accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus muscle (Gantzer's muscle) is a described cause of anterior interosseous nerve compression [13].
  • A tendinous origin of the muscle variant palmaris profundus is a described cause of anterior interosseous nerve compression [13].
  • A double lacertus fibrosis is a described cause of anterior interosseous nerve compression [13].
  • Fractures at or around the elbow joint and direct injury to the nerve are causes of anterior interosseous nerve syndrome [13].
  • Compression from plaster casts is a recognized cause of anterior interosseous nerve syndrome [13].
  • Vascular causes have been described for anterior interosseous nerve syndrome [13].
  • Pronator syndrome can be caused by an anomalous tendinous origin of the ulnar belly of the pronator teres muscle [6].
  • Median nerve compression at the elbow by the lacertus fibrosus is a pathology that is often unrecognized [12].
  • Median nerve compression at the elbow by the lacertus fibrosus can be isolated or associated with carpal tunnel syndrome [12].
  • Patients with median nerve compression at the elbow by the lacertus fibrosus represent a subgroup of median nerve neuropathies where the lacertus fibrosus is the sole cause of compression [10].
  • Loss of muscle strength in the median nerve territory should prompt consideration of median nerve compression at the elbow [17].
  • Nontraumatic anterior interosseous nerve palsy can be associated with palsy of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and/or palmaris longus muscles [15].
  • Intraepineurial constriction of nerve fascicles can be observed in pronator syndrome [15].
  • The cause of hourglass constrictions associated with anterior interosseous nerve palsy in the median nerve trunk of the upper arm cannot be explained by a mechanical factor alone [15].
  • Structural factors, including nerve fascicles, must be considered before the onset of anterior interosseous nerve palsy when hourglass constrictions are present in the upper arm median nerve trunk [15].
  • The anterior interosseous nerve bifurcates at an average of 3 cm distal to the intercondylar line of the humerus [15].
  • Clinical signs and symptoms of spontaneous anterior interosseous nerve palsy with hourglass-like fascicular constriction are similar to those described for isolated neuritis [14].
  • Ultrasound examination findings may not lead to a diagnosis of pronator syndrome because median nerve compression in the forearm is often mild [16].

Clinical Presentation

  • AIN syndrome is characterized by weakness of pinch between the thumb and index finger [13].
  • Patients with AIN syndrome may complain of vague pain in the proximal forearm that is aggravated by exercise [13].
  • Pronator syndrome is associated with activities of daily living that require frequent strong pronation [1].
  • Electromyography findings are used to confirm the presence of compression in pronator syndrome [1].
  • Brachial plexus neuritis-induced anterior interosseous nerve palsy presents with clinical signs and symptoms similar to those described for isolated neuritis [14].
  • Nontraumatic AIN palsy may be accompanied by palsy of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and/or palmaris longus muscles [15].
  • Clinical findings in nontraumatic AIN palsy may be unassociated with high median nerve injury [15].
  • Ultrasound examination findings for median nerve compression in the forearm may not lead to a diagnosis of pronator syndrome because the compression is often mild [16].

Investigations

Clinical Presentation and Physical Examination

  • In anterior interosseous nerve syndrome, the interphalangeal joint of the thumb and the distal interphalangeal joint of the index finger are hyperextended in the pinch position [13].
  • Patients with anterior interosseous nerve syndrome may complain of vague pain in the proximal forearm that is aggravated by exercise [13].
  • Median nerve compression at the elbow is a pathology that is often unrecognized, where loss of muscle strength in the median nerve territory should evoke the diagnosis [17].
  • Median nerve compression at the elbow can be isolated or associated with carpal tunnel syndrome [12].
  • Patients with nontraumatic anterior interosseous nerve palsy may present with palsy of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and/or palmaris longus muscles [15].

Electrodiagnostic Studies

  • Electromyography findings can confirm the presence of compression in pronator syndrome [1].
  • Electromyography/nerve conduction velocity studies should be performed if any question about neurologic dysfunction exists [36].

Imaging

  • Ultrasonographic examination can be challenging for diagnosing median nerve compression in the forearm, as findings may not lead to diagnosis because compression is often mild and may not produce positive US findings [16].
  • Plain radiographs remain the hallmark and the best screening test for elbow evaluation [19].
  • CT is helpful when assessing for malunion architecture and the location and pattern of osteophytes and/or loose bodies [36].
  • MRI can be used to evaluate ligaments and tendons, but it is rarely indicated for elbow stiffness [36].
  • MRI may be most helpful in evaluating associated injuries including partial or complete tears of the medial collateral ligament in valgus extension overload syndrome [38].

Treatment

Non-Operative Management

  • Patients presenting with paresis of the anterior interosseous nerve should be observed, as most will improve spontaneously without surgery [5].
  • When the correct diagnosis is made, pronator syndrome can be successfully treated nonoperatively [2].

Operative Management

  • Surgical decompression can be considered for pronator syndrome if activities of daily living require frequent strong pronation and electromyography confirms the presence of compression [1].
  • When the correct diagnosis is made, pronator syndrome can be successfully treated surgically if necessary [2].
  • One year after surgery for a very large neurilemmoma of the anterior interosseous nerve, the patient had no complaints and full flexion of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb and distal interphalangeal joint of the index finger [8].
  • Engagement in hand therapy and outcomes after supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer appear to be mediated by comorbid physical and psychosocial health [9].

Anatomical Considerations in Treatment

  • Tendinous origins of the deep head of pronator teres and of flexor digitorum superficialis to the middle finger are described as causes of anterior interosseous nerve compression [13].
  • Accessory structures described as causes of anterior interosseous nerve compression include the attachment of flexor digitorum superficialis to flexor pollicis longus, an accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus muscle (Gantzer's muscle), a tendinous origin of the muscle variant palmaris profundus, and a double lacertus fibrosis [13].
  • Compression from plaster casts has been recognized as a cause of anterior interosseous nerve syndrome [13].
  • The median nerve compression neuropathy by the lacertus fibrosus represents a subgroup of median nerve neuropathies where the lacertus fibrosus is the sole cause of compression [10].

Complications

  • Surgical decompression of the pronator quadratus muscle risks damage to its innervation, which is important for the initiation of hand pronation [7].
  • Compression of the anterior interosseous nerve can result from tendinous attachments or accessory muscles, including the deep head of pronator teres and flexor digitorum superficialis to the middle finger [13].
  • Accessory structures that can cause anterior interosseous nerve compression include the attachment of flexor digitorum superficialis to flexor pollicis longus, an accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus muscle (Gantzer's muscle), a tendinous origin of the palmaris profundus muscle variant, and a double lacertus fibrosis [13].
  • The cause of hourglass constrictions associated with anterior interosseous nerve palsy in the median nerve trunk of the upper arm cannot be explained by a mechanical factor alone and requires consideration of structural factors including nerve fascicles [15].

Recovery

  • Cases of brachial plexus neuritis-induced anterior interosseus nerve palsy should be managed conservatively [3].
  • Surgical decompression for pronator syndrome can be considered if activities of daily living require frequent strong pronation and electromyography confirms the presence of compression [1].
  • When the correct diagnosis is made, pronator syndrome can be successfully treated nonoperatively or surgically, if necessary [2].

Key Evidence

  • [L5] If the activities of daily living of a patient require frequent strong pronation, and if the electromyography findings confirm the presence of compression, surgical decompression can be considered against the background of pronator syndrome, whereas other medical causes should be considered in AIN syndrome. [1] (10.1177/17531934221080018)
  • [L5] When the correct diagnosis is made, pronator syndrome can be successfully treated nonoperatively or surgically, if necessary. [2] (10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70267-2)
  • [L5] Cases of brachial plexus neuritis-induced anterior interosseus nerve palsy should be managed conservatively, while surgical decompression may be performed for specific instances of direct trauma. [3] (10.1016/s0363-5023(97)80025-1)
  • [L5] The patient was able to return to work 3 months after surgery with increased pinch force and active interphalangeal joint motion of the thumb. [4] (10.1177/1753193412454801)
  • [L4] Patients presenting with paresis should be observed, as most will improve spontaneously without surgery. [5] (10.1016/s0363-5023(85)80240-9)
  • [L5] We report the case of a patient with bilateral pronator syndrome caused by an anomalous tendinous origin of the ulnar belly of the pronator teres muscle. [6] (10.1016/0363-5023(93)90373-b)
  • [L5] This risks damage of the innervation of this muscle of importance for initiation of hand pronation. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.06.017)
  • [L5] One year later, the patient has no complaints and has full flexion of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb and D.I.P. joint of the index finger. [8] (10.1016/0266-7681(91)90141-a)
  • [L4] SETS AIN to ulnar motor nerve followed by multimodal hand therapy provides measurable improvements in neurophysiology and function, although engagement in hand therapy and outcomes appear to be mediated by comorbid physical and psychosocial health. [9] (10.1016/j.jht.2020.03.021)
  • [L4] The authors conclude that these patients represent a subgroup of median nerve neuropathies where the lacertus fibrosus is the sole cause of compression. [10] (10.1016/s0363-5023(86)80015-6)
  • [L4] Patients who underwent CuTR and AIN-SETS together had a significantly smaller cubital tunnel volume (CTV) and cross-sectional area (CSA). [11] (10.1016/j.otsr.2024.103982)
  • [L4] La compression du nerf médian au coude est une pathologie souvent méconnue qui peut être isolée ou associée à un syndrome du canal carpien. [12] (10.1016/j.hansur.2018.10.219)
  • [L5] [13] (10.1016/s0266-7681(05)80231-1)
  • [L4] The clinical signs and symptoms of these patients were similar to those described for isolated neuritis. [14] (10.1016/s0363-5023(96)80114-6)
  • [L4] [15] (10.1053/jhsu.2003.50021)
  • [L5] US examination can be challenging and its findings may not lead to diagnosis of LS, as median nerve compression in the forearm is often mild and may not produce positive US findings. [16] (10.1177/17531934251370272)
  • [L4] La compression du nerf médian au coude est une pathologie souvent méconnue où une perte de la force musculaire dans le territoire du nerf médian doit faire évoquer le diagnostic. [17] (10.1016/j.hansur.2019.10.044)

References

[1] Two clinical observations: pronator syndrome in violinists and anterior interosseous nerve syndrome with pure motor loss. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2022. DOI: 10.1177/17531934221080018

[2] PRONATOR SYNDROME. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2001. DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70267-2

[3] Brachial neuritis presenting as anterior interosseous nerve compression—Implications for diagnosis and treatment: A case report. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1997. DOI: 10.1016/s0363-5023(97)80025-1

[4] Nerve tumour as a rare cause of anterior interosseous nerve palsy. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2012. DOI: 10.1177/1753193412454801

[5] The incomplete anterior interosseous nerve syndrome. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1985. DOI: 10.1016/s0363-5023(85)80240-9

[6] Bilateral pronator syndrome associated with anomalous heads of the pronator teres muscle: A case report. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1993. DOI: 10.1016/0363-5023(93)90373-b

[7] An Anatomical Study of the Anterior Interosseous Nerve and its Innervation of the Pronator Quadratus Muscle. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.06.017

[8] A Very Large Neurilemmoma of the Anterior Interosseous Nerve. Journal of Hand Surgery. 1991. DOI: 10.1016/0266-7681(91)90141-a

[9] Postoperative management and rehabilitation after the supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer: A report of 3 cases. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2020.03.021

[10] Median nerve compression neuropathy by the lacertus fibrosus: Report of three cases. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1986. DOI: 10.1016/s0363-5023(86)80015-6

[11] Morphological characteristics of the cubital tunnel as indication for anterior interosseous nerve supercharge end-to-side transfer in treating advanced cubital tunnel syndrome. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2024.103982

[12] Diagnostic et traitement chirurgical de la compression du nerf médian au coude par section isolée du lacertus fibrosus. À propos de 13 cas. Hand Surgery and Rehabilitation. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2018.10.219

[13] An Anomaly of the Median Artery Associated with the Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery. 1992. DOI: 10.1016/s0266-7681(05)80231-1

[14] Spontaneous anterior interosseous nerve palsy with hourglass-like fascicular constriction within the main trunk of the median nerve. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1996. DOI: 10.1016/s0363-5023(96)80114-6

[15] Fascicular torsion in the median nerve within the distal third of the upper arm: Three cases of nontraumatic anterior interosseous nerve palsy. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2003. DOI: 10.1053/jhsu.2003.50021

[16] Re: Fang J, Zhang LQ, Tang JB. Incidence of local tenderness at the lacertus fibrosus in healthy people. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251370272

[17] Compression du nerf médian au coude par le lacertus fibrosus : à propos de 34 cas. Hand Surgery and Rehabilitation. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2019.10.044

[19] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Summary and Conclusions.

[22] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Anatomy > Bony Anatomy.

[23] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. SECTION 16 PATELLAR TRACKING IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY > TABLE 2.3 Shoulder Spaces.

[28] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. ELBOW.

[36] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Stiffness* > IV. Evaluation.

[38] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Injuries in the Athlete* > III. Valgus Extension Overload Syndrome and Posterior Impingement.

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