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自体腱细胞植入术(ATI)

Cultured tendon-cell injection (OrthoATI) for chronic tendinopathy — how it is made and given, what the published evidence does and does not show, and its regulatory standing in Australia.

Updated Aug 2026
Illustration: 自体腱细胞植入术(ATI)

本页面由机器翻译,尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

什么是该治疗

自体腱细胞植入术——通常简称为ATI,在澳大利亚以品牌名 OrthoATI销售——是将您自身的腱细胞注射到未愈合的肌腱中。

“自体”意味着细胞来源于您自身。“腱细胞”是存在于肌腱内部并产生赋予其强度的胶原蛋白的细胞。该治疗的理念是,长期的肌腱问题并非真正的炎症——而是肌腱上修复过程停滞、本应重建该区域的细胞已经死亡的斑块。ATI旨在用从您身体其他部位获取的健康腱细胞重新补充该斑块。

该治疗需要两次就诊,间隔数周。

  • 首先,进行活检。 在局部麻醉下,用针从肌腱中取出一小块样本,通常取自髌骨正下方的髌腱。您还需要进行血液检查,因为实验室在培养您的细胞之前必须筛查乙型肝炎和HIV。
  • 然后,实验室培养细胞。 您的样本将被送往有执照的细胞培养设施,在那里腱细胞被分离出来,并在大约三到五周内增殖,直到数量达到数百万。
  • 然后,进行注射。 您自身的细胞以少量液体的形式返回,医生在超声引导下将针直接插入肌腱受损部位进行注射。这是在局部麻醉下进行的。没有手术,也没有切口。

之后,已发表的研究要求患者休息两天,在四周内仅从事轻度的家务或办公室工作,并每天进行四次简单的拉伸。他们没有使用正式的物理治疗强化方案,工作和运动的限制在四周后解除。

该治疗已用于网球肘、肩袖(肩部)肌腱问题、臀肌(髋部)肌腱问题和跟腱问题。几乎所有已发表的研究都是关于网球肘的。

它有效吗?

这部分值得一个谨慎的回答,而非简短的回答,因为关于ATI(自体组织注射)的宣称与实际已证实的内容并非同一回事。

已发表的研究确实令人鼓舞,但样本量小且为非对照研究。 2025年发表的一项独立综述检索了全球文献,发现共有5项研究,包含50名患者——其中三项为小型病例系列研究,两项为单例患者报告,且均在澳大利亚进行。在主要的网球肘研究中,16名患有严重、长期网球肘且此前已尝试其他所有疗法均失败的患者,在12个月内其最严重疼痛改善了86%,手臂功能评分改善了91%,且MRI上肌腱的外观也有所改善。当同一组患者在平均4.5年后再次接受检查时,这些改善效果依然存在。

但上述研究均无对照组。 没有人接受安慰剂注射,也没有人未接受治疗以供对比。这一点的重要性可能听起来比实际更大,原因有二。肌腱疼痛对治疗预期反应强烈——在网球肘中,一项比较真实手术与假手术(患者和评估者均不知晓接受的是哪种手术)的试验发现,真实手术并无优势。此外,网球肘会自行好转:在随机对照试验的未治疗组和安慰剂组中,约90%的人在一年内症状得到改善 [12]。

常被引用以支持ATI有效性的那项试验从未发表。 2023年11月,生产OrthoATI的公司向证券交易所宣布了一项48人试验的结果,该试验比较了ATI与手术在治疗严重网球肘中的效果,报告称注射疗法优于手术,且患者恢复工作平均提前约一个月。近三年过去了,该试验仍未出现在任何医学期刊上,因此没有独立的医生能够核查其实施过程。试验中所有人都知道他们接受的是哪种治疗,主要测量指标是患者自行填写的问卷,且销售该产品的公司主导了这项试验。这些情况并不意味着结果有误,而是意味着它尚未经过那些职责所在就是检验其有效性的人员的检验。

有一项本可解决这一问题的试验,但它已沉默无声。 荷兰的一家医院进行了唯一一项已注册的正确盲法ATI研究:90名跟腱疼痛患者,一半接受肌腱细胞注射,另一半接受盐水注射,患者和评估他们的医生均不知晓谁接受了哪种治疗。该研究于2014年结束。自那以来的十二年里,其结果从未在任何地方发表。

因此,诚实的总结是:安全、合理、在非对照研究中持续呈阳性,但仍未得到证实。 2025年综述本身的结论是,ATI可能是顽固性肌腱问题的合理二线选择,但在任何人能断言其有效之前,对照组是必不可少的。

风险有哪些?

安全性记录是现有证据中最强的部分,在其覆盖范围内令人放心。

  • 在接受治疗的肘部或肌腱处,已发表的系列研究报告无感染、无肌腱断裂、无肌腱内出血、无神经损伤且无异位骨化。
  • 在取活检的膝关节处,不适感轻微且短暂。在主要的网球肘研究中,活检后4小时平均膝关节疼痛低于10分制中的2分,并在4周内消退,无遗留问题。在髋部研究中,12人中有3人在活检部位出现轻微酸痛,使用抗炎凝胶后消退。
  • 最常见的失望并非并发症,而是无反应。 在主要的网球肘研究中,有1人在3个月时未见改善,因在工作中提重物再次损伤肘部,随后接受了手术。

有两点诚实的限定。首先,鉴于整个已发表文献中仅有50名患者,不常见的并发症尚未显现——在50人中无瑕疵的记录不能排除发生率仅为1/100的问题。其次,五项已发表研究中有两项未正式监测副作用,因此“未报告”与“未发生”并不完全等同。

此外,还存在一种非医疗风险。这是一种未获批准的产品,治疗费用需自费支付,且活检使您在尚不知晓您的细胞能否良好生长或注射是否对您有效之前,便已承诺参与该过程。

这适合您吗?

ATI 并非首选方案,也没有任何明智的医生会将其作为首选。它仅在那些肌腱问题持续至少六个月且已接受常规治疗但无效的人群中进行过研究。在网球肘的研究中,这意味着患者已经接受了支具固定、物理治疗以及至少一次皮质类固醇注射。

了解其在澳大利亚的法律地位是值得的,因为这会影响决策。OrthoATI 未注册于澳大利亚治疗产品登记册(Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods)。它是根据治疗产品管理局(Therapeutic Goods Administration)的特殊准入计划(Special Access Scheme)供应的,该计划允许医生为个别患者获取未获批的产品。这是一条合法且常用的途径,但带来两个后果:医生需对该决定承担个人责任,并必须告知您该产品未获批准;此外,它不是由 Medicare 资助的治疗,因此细胞处理部分的费用需由您承担。请在活检之前而非之后,要求以书面形式确认这一点。

如果以下所有情况均属实,讨论该方案可能值得考虑。

  • 您的肌腱问题已持续远超六个月,且确实导致功能受限。
  • 您已正确完成由物理治疗师指导的负荷与强化训练计划——而不仅仅是尝试过——且效果不佳。
  • 诊断已通过超声或 MRI 确认,因此明确疼痛源自肌腱。
  • 您接受自己正在选择一种未经证实的治疗,并且您宁愿这样做,也不愿接受手术或继续等待。

如果您的症状是近期出现的,如果您尚未进行正规的康复计划,如果疼痛有其他解释(如神经卡压),或者如果您无法坦然接受“我们尚不清楚这是否有效”这一事实,那么这很可能不是正确的选择。

在考虑任何此类方案之前,Kieran Hirpara 医生将与您讨论替代方案——包括继续结构化的负荷训练、使用支具、进一步注射(如皮质类固醇或 PRP),以及在适当情况下进行手术——并将坦率地告诉您,对于顽固性网球肘,包括手术在内的所有治疗方案均缺乏强有力的证据基础。

核心结论

ATI 是一种耐受性良好的注射疗法,注射的是患者自身培养的肌腱细胞。在已接受研究的小样本人群中,其安全性记录良好,且呈现出一致且持久的改善模式。

然而,目前它仍是一种未获批准的产品,仅由五项已发表的研究和 50 名患者提供支持,且这些研究均无对照组。用于推广该疗法的那项试验从未发表;而本可以对其进行恰当测试的那项盲法试验也从未报告结果。面对一种大多数患者能在一年内自行恢复的疾病,且即便手术也未显示出优于安慰剂手术的效果,现有的证据不足以证明该疗法有效。

如果您正在考虑接受该治疗,关键问题并非“科学前景是否看起来有希望”——确实有希望。关键问题在于,您是否愿意为一种其疗效尚未能与疾病的自然病程及接受治疗的心理预期区分开来的疗法付费并承诺接受。这是一个知情者可以合理做出的选择。但这绝不是任何人应该被劝说去做的。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您做出自身治疗决策所需的深度。自体腱细胞植入值得额外阅读,因为它是再生骨科中一个贯穿始终的问题的异常清晰的范例:一种治疗在生物学上可能合理,且持续伴随改善、完全安全,但仍未被证明有效,其原因几乎从来不是生物学本身,而是研究的设计。

为何有人曾认为回输腱细胞会有帮助

慢性腱痛并非腱炎。对退行性组织进行检查时,发现其中炎症反应极少。实际存在的是胶原纤维紊乱、新生血管和神经长入,以及处于异常状态的常驻细胞群。在慢性网球肘的桡侧腕伸肌腱起点处,腱细胞本身可观察到凋亡和自噬性细胞死亡 [1]。衰老的腱细胞通过氧张力依赖性的Rac1信号通路向腱病表型漂移 [2]。基于这一图景,病灶并非处于炎症状态,而是细胞去势,因此用健康的产胶原细胞进行补充是一种合理的尝试。

ATI中使用的细胞是经过表征的,而不仅仅是采集。在首例肘部研究中,培养细胞通过流式细胞术和定量实时PCR进行谱系分析,证明其具有可与间充质干细胞区分的腱细胞特征,并以10%自体血清为介质,通过18号针头以约2 mL、2–5 × 10⁶ cells/mL的浓度,经一至两针注射至病灶内,明确非多点喷洒技术,因为目的是沉积细胞而非诱发出血 [3]。

该设计内部的一个假设很少受到审视。供体腱是髌腱;靶点是伸肌总腱起点。腱细胞在不同部位之间并非可互换的,人体屈肌腱和伸肌腱细胞在体外生长和基质行为上存在可测量的差异 [4],因此,膝关节来源的腱细胞注射后表现为肘部腱细胞的假设,是临床研究继承而非验证的前提。制造商自身的实验室工作报告称,供体年龄和供体部位不会降低细胞生长或生物活性,这在一定程度上解决了该问题,但这是销售该产品的团队得出的培养皿终点指标。

五十名患者实际显示的结果

2025年发表的一项独立系统综述,无外部资助,无已声明的利益冲突,检索了174条记录,发现五项可纳入的研究,共包含50名患者:三项病例系列和两篇病例报告,均于2013年至2018年间在澳大利亚进行 [5]。这就是该技术在所有解剖部位合并后的全部已发表临床证据基础。

其中,肘部数据最为有力。16名患有严重慢性网球肘的患者,平均症状持续时间为29个月,此前均已被列入手术名单,其最大疼痛VAS评分从5.94改善了12个月时的86%,QuickDASH评分从45.88改善了91%,合并MRI肌腱病变及撕裂评分在2至6分制上从4.31降至2.88 [3]。在平均4.51年的复查中,疼痛仍保持78%的改善,QuickDASH评分改善84%,握力持续超过其一年时的数值(19.85 kg → 一年时37.38 kg → 最终复查时46.60 kg),MRI评分为2.87,而一年时为2.88,除两名患者外,其余患者评分完全一致 [6]。使用皮肤来源的成肌细胞样细胞而非肌腱来源细胞的前驱技术,在12名患者中,将中位PRTEE评分从78降至6个月时的12 [7]。

该文献中有两项发现应比通常获得的关注度更受重视。首先,在臀肌肌腱病变系列研究中,临床评分改善并维持至24个月,但MRI上的肌腱外观未发生显著变化 [8],因此,结构修复的故事在肘部以外的部位并未重现。其次,在一项对照动物模型中,接种成肌细胞的支架改善了幼年及老年动物的肩袖愈合,但对成年动物完全没有效果 [9]。一种其临床前益处在实际患有肌腱病变的年龄组中消失的治疗手段,并非令人安心的发现,且这一点并未出现在任何关于该技术的宣传描述中。

此外,细胞是否必须是培养的成肌细胞也并不显而易见。皮肤成纤维细胞,获取成本远低于成肌细胞,在一项随机人体试验中,降低了大于2厘米的肩袖撕裂关节镜修复后的再撕裂率 [10]。如果细胞递送是活性成分,那么昂贵的细胞可能并非必要的细胞。

如何解读一项你无法阅读的研究

关于ATI(自体组织注射)最常被引用的结果,是一项针对重度慢性网球肘的48例患者随机对照研究,比较了ATI与手术治疗。该研究由Orthocell公司于2023年11月14日向澳大利亚证券交易所(ASX)发布(https://announcements.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20231114/pdf/05x9jhkpjfmzbp.pdf),并在澳大利亚骨科协会(AOA)年会上进行了展示。该研究报告称,在12个月时,ATI组在QuickDASH评分上比手术组高出15.7分(p = 0.0028),且恢复工作的时间分别为19天对51天。然而,近三年过去了,该研究仍未被PubMed或Europe PMC收录。以下有四个具体问题,且这些问题均不依赖于对任何人诚实性的质疑。

该设计仅测试了一件事,而标题却宣称了另一件事。 这是一项非劣效性试验,设定了15分的QuickDASH非劣效界值,这意味着其设计初衷是为了得出“并非显著更差”的结论;即使ATI组比手术组差多达15分,该试验仍会判定为成功。15分大约相当于QuickDASH的最小临床重要差异(MCID)的全部幅度。从这种试验架构中报告优效性,与样本量计算所支持的推断是不同的。

所有测量指标均为主观指标,且未进行盲法。 QuickDASH和VAS均由患者自行填写,且每位参与者都知道自己接受的是手术还是新型细胞注射。网球肘恰恰是最不适合接受这种非盲法设计的病症:在一项前瞻性、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验中,切除退变的伸肌总腱(ECRB)并未比假手术产生额外的益处 [11]。一项开放标签的、与一种甚至无法胜过安慰剂的手术进行的比较,无法证明注射物具有生物活性;它只能表明,在约90%的未治疗患者会在一年内恢复 [12] 的病症中,两种治疗轨迹看起来相似。

在已知文献脆弱的领域中,48例患者样本量过于单薄。 对肱骨外上髁炎非手术治疗随机试验的脆弱性分析发现,仅需逆转3例患者的结局,即可推翻所报告的统计显著性 [13]。

申办方主导了该研究,且在此确切适应症中,申办方身份可测量地影响结果。 在肱骨外上髁炎富血小板血浆(PRP)随机试验中,行业关联性与更积极的研究结果相关 [14]。在密切相关的间充质干细胞文献中,大多数试验均存在倾向性表述(spin)[15],且摘要中报告的具有统计显著性的p值比例显著高于同一论文正文中的比例 [16]。骨科生物制剂的报告标准普遍遵循度较差 [17],这就是为什么通常无法从已发表的内容中恢复细胞剂量、活力和传代次数,而完全无法从证券交易所的公告中恢复这些信息。

本可回答该问题的试验

该试验注册号为 NCT01343836(https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01343836),由研究者发起,在伊拉斯谟医学中心进行,对参与者、医疗提供者、研究者及结局评估者实施四重盲法,并将 90 例慢性跟腱病患者的随机分配至自体腱细胞植入组或腱内生理盐水组,两组均辅以离心负荷训练。主要终点为 24 周时的 VISA-A 评分。该试验于 2014 年 6 月完成。

目前未发布任何结果。注册信息最后一次更新于 2015 年 2 月。PubMed 或 Europe PMC 中未收录任何相关发表文章;唯一引用该注册号的文献是提及该试验存在的综述。

对于一项技术的唯一安慰剂对照试验而言,长达十二年的沉默本身即是一种信息。这并非阴性结果的证明,试验因资金、人员配置及论文完成度等原因未能报告的情况,与因尴尬原因未能报告的情况同样常见,但这种不对称性难以忽视:申办方主导的开放标签试验在完成后数周内即被宣布,而独立的盲法试验却从未有过任何消息。

真正能一锤定音的方案

一项ATI对照假注射的试验,采用评估者设盲,针对单一肌腱部位,以12个月时患者报告结局为主要终点,并以经设盲放射科医师判读的影像学结果作为共同主要终点。每臂约需130例患者,以检测QuickDASH量表15分的真实差异。前瞻性注册,按CONSORT规范报告,细胞剂量和活力数据须符合MIBO标准予以披露。上述任何一点在技术上都不难;只是在自首次试点研究以来的十七年间,始终无人实施。在此之前,肌腱疾病的细胞疗法仍如独立综述所描述的那样:在迄今研究的所有肌腱部位均安全 [18],且用2025年系统综述的话说,对于难治性肌腱病而言,它是一种合理的二线选择,但尚不能断言其有效,因为迄今无人纳入对照组 [5]。

参考文献

[1] Chen J, Wang A, Xu J, Zheng M. 在慢性肱骨外上髁炎中,桡侧腕短伸肌起点发生细胞凋亡和自噬性细胞死亡。J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19(3):355-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2009.07.064 [2] McBeath R, Edwards R, Parks S, O'Hara B, Taormina M, Shapiro I, Osterman AL. 肌腱病是由衰老肌腱细胞中依赖于氧张力的Rac1信号传导引起的。J Hand Surg Am. 2018;43(9):S39-S40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.06.085 [3] Wang A, Breidahl W, Mackie KE, Lin Z, Qin A, Chen J, Zheng MH. 自体肌腱细胞注射治疗严重、慢性难治性肱骨外上髁炎:一项初步研究。Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2925-2932. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513504285 [4] Evans CE, Trail IA. 人体屈肌腱和伸肌腱细胞的体外比较。J Hand Surg Br. 2001;26(4):307-313. https://doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.2001.0593 [5] Demeco A, de Sire A, Salerno A, Marotta N, Comuni B, Gabbi M, Lippi L, Invernizzi M, Ammendolia A, Costantino C. 自体肌腱细胞注射对过度使用和退行性肌腱病的影响:系统综述。J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2025;10(1):95. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010095 [6] Wang A, Mackie K, Breidahl W, Wang T, Zheng MH. 自体肌腱细胞注射治疗慢性难治性肱骨外上髁炎持久性的证据:平均4.5年临床随访。Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(7):1775-1783. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515579185 [7] Connell D, Datir A, Alyas F, Curtis M. 使用皮肤来源的类肌腱细胞治疗肱骨外上髁炎。Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(4):293-298. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.056457 [8] Bucher TA, Ebert JR, Smith A, Breidahl W, Fallon M, Wang T, Zheng M, Janes GC. 自体肌腱细胞注射治疗慢性顽固性臀肌肌腱病:一项前瞻性初步研究。Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(2):2325967116688866. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116688866 [9] Huegel J, Kim DH, Cirone JM, Pardes AM, Morris TR, Nuss CA, Mauck RL, Soslowsky LJ, Kuntz AF. 自体肌腱来源的细胞接种纳米纤维支架以年龄依赖的方式改善肩袖修复。J Orthop Res. 2016;35(6):1250-1257. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23381 [10] Kim YK, Kim YT, Won Y, Jang YH, Hwang ST, Han J, Jeon S, Kim SH, Oh JH. 自体真皮成纤维细胞注射在降低关节镜肩袖修复后再撕裂率方面的疗效。Am J Sports Med. 2025;53(3):592-599. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465241311605 [11] Kroslak M, Murrell GAC. 肱骨外上髁炎的手术治疗:一项前瞻性、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照临床试验。Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(5):1106-1113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517753385 [12] Ikonen J, Lähdeoja T, Ardern CL, Buchbinder R, Reito A, Karjalainen T. 持续性网球肘症状的预后价值很小:系统综述和荟萃分析。Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2021;480(4):647-660. https://doi.org/10.1097/corr.0000000000002058 [13] Shah R, Yu A, Kelley MG, Yendluri A, Bienstock D, Nietsch K, Megafu MN, Li X, Kelly JD, Parisien RL. 肘部肱骨外上髁炎非手术治疗的随机对照试验结果在统计上很脆弱。JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2025;5(4):798-804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.03.008 [14] Castonguay JB, Kotlier JL, Fathi A, Petrigliano FA, Liu JN. 行业隶属关系对富血小板血浆治疗肱骨外上髁炎的随机对照试验的影响。JSES Int. 2024;8(6):1284-1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseint.2024.06.010 [15] Woolley K, Milan N, Master Z, Feeley BT. 间充质基质细胞治疗膝关节骨关节炎临床试验中自旋(Spin)的评估:系统综述。Am J Sports Med. 2025;53(9):2264-2272. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465241274155 [16] Milan N, Woolley K, Master Z, Feeley BT. 间充质基质细胞治疗膝关节骨关节炎的随机对照试验和临床试验中摘要与正文P值对比分析。Orthop J Sports Med. 2025;13(10):23259671251374306. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671251374306 [17] Robert G, Butler JJ, Tishelman J, Lorentz N, Robertson D, Krebsbach S, Rubin J, Kennedy JG. 对骨科生物制剂评估研究最低信息(MIBO)指南的依从性差。Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2025;484(3):591-599. https://doi.org/10.1097/corr.0000000000003711 [18] Mirghaderi SP, Valizadeh Z, Shadman K, Lafosse T, Oryadi-Zanjani L, Yekaninejad MS, Nabian MH. 细胞疗法在治疗肌腱疾病中的疗效和安全性:临床研究系统综述。J Exp Orthop. 2022;9(1):85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-022-00520-9


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