Skip to content

Patients › General-Health

Nerve Tests and Conduction Studies

PDF Evidence

What nerve conduction studies and EMG are, why they are done for carpal tunnel and other nerve problems, what to expect, and how accurate they are.

Updated Sep 202613 citations
A nerve conduction study: a probe on the forearm with electrode leads on the hand.
Nerve conduction studies measure how well nerves carry signals, helping diagnose carpal tunnel and other nerve problems. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

What it is

Nerve tests check how well your nerves are working. There are two main types. A nerve conduction study measures how fast signals travel along a nerve. Electromyography (say "ee-lect-ro-my-og-ra-fee") records the electrical activity in your muscles.

Your doctor may order these tests if they suspect a compressed or irritated nerve, such as carpal tunnel syndrome (a pinched nerve at the wrist) or cubital tunnel syndrome (a pinched nerve at the elbow). The results help confirm what is causing your symptoms and how severe it is. For carpal tunnel syndrome, nerve conduction studies are the best available measure of overall disease severity, rather than a test that decides the diagnosis on their own [1]. They also carry some value in predicting how surgery might turn out [1].

The tests work because a squeezed nerve sends signals more slowly or weakly than a healthy one. The measurements pick up that slowdown. Research has found that the size of the nerve on ultrasound and the speed of its signals are linked, and both track with your symptoms [2] [3]. Ultrasound, which uses sound waves to picture the nerve, is a valid alternative confirmatory test for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow [4]. Because the tests and a hands-on examination do not always agree, combining both gives a clearer picture [5].

These tests are not perfect. A negative result does not always rule out a problem. When clinical signs point strongly to cubital tunnel syndrome, a negative test does not exclude the diagnosis [6]. Your doctor weighs the test results alongside your symptoms and examination to decide on treatment.

Does it work?

The honest answer is that these tests do some jobs well and other jobs poorly. For carpal tunnel syndrome, they are good at measuring how severe the problem is. But a positive result does not tell us whether your symptoms will improve after surgery. Research found that people with positive test results before carpal tunnel release had no better change in their symptom and function scores up to 1 year afterwards than anyone else [1].

For the pinched nerve at the elbow, the picture is even more mixed. One line of research says the test results should help decide when to treat and what to expect [2]. But another study found that how severe you rate your own symptoms before surgery predicts your recovery better than the nerve tests do [3]. In other words, your own account of your symptoms matters.

There are some genuine uses. The tests can pick up patterns that examination alone misses, such as when a nerve is squeezed in two places at once rather than just one [4]. They also help flag when a shoulder problem involves nerve damage that could hold back your recovery after some shoulder operations [5].

No good trials have compared people who had these tests against people who did not, so we cannot say whether testing itself leads to better results. What the evidence does support is using the tests as one piece of the puzzle. They measure nerve function well. They do not predict your outcome on their own. Your doctor will combine the results with your symptoms and examination before recommending treatment.

What are the risks?

These tests are very low risk. The most common effects are short-lived and happen where the electrodes or needles touch your skin. You may feel a brief tingling or twitching when the electrical pulses are applied, and the small needle used for electromyography can leave mild soreness in the muscle for a day or so. The skin at the test site can be slightly tender afterwards.

The evidence for these tests does not describe any effect on the rest of your body, and no rare but serious problems are reported in the studies we have. That does not mean the tests are risk free, but it does mean the recorded harms are limited to the test site itself.

What deserves more of your attention is not a physical harm but a limitation. The tests can be wrong in both directions. A negative result does not rule out a pinched nerve at the elbow when your symptoms strongly point to one [1]. And for carpal tunnel syndrome, a positive result does not tell you whether your symptoms will improve after surgery [2]. There is also a real chance the test and a hands-on examination will disagree, because research has found the two only correlate weakly [3]. Your doctor uses both together rather than trusting either one alone.

If you have had these tests before, or have them repeated later, the evidence does not describe any limit on how often they can be done.

Is it right for you?

These tests suit people whose symptoms point to a pinched nerve but whose diagnosis is not yet clear. If your doctor suspects carpal tunnel syndrome and surgery is on the table, extra testing such as ultrasound or a nerve study can raise the chance that surgery will actually help you [1]. The tests measure how severe the problem is, which helps your doctor judge whether an operation makes sense.

They may be less useful in some situations. If your symptoms strongly suggest a pinched nerve at the elbow but the test comes back clear, that does not rule the problem out [2]. Your own rating of your symptoms can say more about your likely recovery than the test results do [3]. And if your age sits well outside the usual range for carpal tunnel syndrome, ultrasound performs about as well as a nerve study anyway [4].

The main alternative is ultrasound, which pictures the nerve with sound waves instead of testing its signals. Research has found the two agree closely for carpal tunnel syndrome in people whose age falls well outside the usual range [4]. Your doctor may use one or both.

This should be a shared decision. Bring your symptom story, how bad it is, and how it affects your day. Your doctor will weigh the test results alongside your examination before recommending treatment. The tests themselves carry little physical risk, which we cover in the risks section above.

The bottom line

Nerve tests measure how well your nerves work, not whether you have a pinched nerve on their own. They are worth doing when your symptoms point to carpal tunnel syndrome and surgery is being considered, because extra testing can raise the chance that surgery will actually help [1]. Go in with a realistic expectation: the results show how severe the problem is, but they do not predict whether your symptoms will improve after surgery [2]. The single most important caveat is that a clear result does not rule out a pinched nerve at the elbow when your symptoms strongly suggest one [3]. Your doctor weighs the tests alongside your own account of your symptoms and a hands-on examination before recommending anything.

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 13 June 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

References
  1. Use of nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome. *Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume)*. 2023. 10.1177/17531934231191685
  2. Characteristics of diabetic and non-diabetic carpal tunnel syndrome in terms of clinical, electrophysiological, and Sonographic features: a cross-sectional study. *BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders*. 2023. 10.1186/s12891-023-06881-1
  3. Ultrasound Measurements of the Median Nerve at the Distal Wrist Crease Correlate With Electrodiagnostic Studies. *HAND*. 2022. 10.1177/15589447211066349
  4. Diagnosis of Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow Using Ultrasound — A Comparison to Electrophysiologic Studies. *The Journal of Hand Surgery*. 2023. 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.08.014
  5. Evaluation of electrophysiological examinations for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. *Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research*. 2025. 10.1186/s13018-025-06122-2
  6. Electrodiagnostic Testing Predicts Postdecompression Outcomes in Patients With Cubital Tunnel Syndrome. *Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online*. 2024. 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.08.013
  7. Associations of Preoperative Ultrasonography, Nerve Conduction Studies, and CTS-6 to Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaires Up to One Year Following Carpal Tunnel Release. *Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online*. 2025. 10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100767
  8. Electrodiagnostic Predictors of Outcomes After In Situ Decompression of the Ulnar Nerve. *The Journal of Hand Surgery*. 2023. 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.10.008
  9. Electrodiagnostic severity does not predict short- to midterm outcomes of cubital tunnel release surgery. *Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery*. 2024. 10.1016/j.jse.2024.01.055
  10. Preoperative Electrodiagnostic Study Findings Differ Between Patients With Double-crush Syndrome and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Propensity Matched Analysis. *Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons*. 2024. 10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00056
  11. Radiological and electrodiagnostic insights into suprascapular nerve dysfunction: a key predictor of poor functional outcomes in shoulder hemiarthroplasty. *Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery*. 2026. 10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.001
  12. Diagnosis of Mild-to-moderate Idiopathic Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel Based on Signs and Symptoms is Discordant From Diagnosis Based on Electrodiagnostic Studies and Ultrasound. *Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research*. 2023. 10.1097/corr.0000000000002751
  13. The Diagnostic Utility of Ultrasound and Electrodiagnostic Studies in The Young and Old. *Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online*. 2024. 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.01.008
Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Nerve conduction studies serve as a measure of impaired nerve function rather than a test that determines the diagnosis [1].
  • Nerve conduction studies are the best available indicator of overall disease severity for carpal tunnel syndrome [1].
  • Nerve conduction studies have some prognostic value for surgical outcome in carpal tunnel syndrome [1].
  • Ultrasound is a valid alternative confirmatory test compared with electrodiagnostic studies in detecting ulnar neuropathy at the elbow [2].
  • There is a severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound (51%) [9].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as EDS or US may increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Ulnar nerve motor nerve conduction velocity at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of MNCV at the elbow and forearm, especially in clinically severe cases considering surgery [6].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve cross-sectional area are associated with each other and with clinical symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome [10].
  • Intraoperative electrodiagnosis may offer limited value in neonatal brachial plexus palsy surgery [5].
  • There is insufficient evidence to reach robust conclusions regarding the use of intraoperative electrodiagnosis in neonatal brachial plexus palsy surgery [5].
  • Electromyography does not show adequate effectiveness in the diagnosis of suprascapular nerve lesions caused by rotator cuff tear in a rat model [12].

How It Works

  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as electrodiagnostic studies or ultrasound may increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Perioperative nerve preservation strategies and postoperative neurological assessments are important in the context of suprascapular nerve dysfunction [4].
  • Ulnar nerve motor nerve conduction velocity at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of motor nerve conduction velocity at the elbow and forearm [6].
  • Measurement of ulnar nerve motor nerve conduction velocity at the upper arm is especially indicated in clinically severe cases considering surgery [6].
  • Compound muscle action potential amplitude was predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve [7].
  • Conventional electrodiagnostic parameters other than compound muscle action potential amplitude were not predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve [7].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis demonstrated significant improvements in nerve conduction for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [8].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis demonstrated significant pain reduction for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [8].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis demonstrated enhancement of hand function for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [8].
  • Distal motor latency is associated with clinical symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome [10].
  • Median nerve cross-sectional area is associated with clinical symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome [10].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve cross-sectional area are associated with each other in carpal tunnel syndrome [10].
  • The overall usage of electrodiagnostic studies for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014 [11].
  • The preoperative usage of electrodiagnostic studies for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014 [11].
  • The decrease in electrodiagnostic study usage for carpal tunnel syndrome predates the 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline [11].
  • There is a significant association between increasing median nerve cross-sectional area at the distal wrist crease and increasing electrodiagnostic severity [13].
  • As the severity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow increases, the cross-sectional area of the ulnar nerve correspondingly increases at the elbow [14].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrated shorter sensory nerve onset latencies compared to patients with carpal tunnel syndrome only [15].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrated shorter sensory nerve peak latencies compared to patients with carpal tunnel syndrome only [15].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrated different patterns of wrist motor nerve conduction compared to patients with carpal tunnel syndrome only [15].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrated different patterns of elbow motor nerve conduction compared to patients with carpal tunnel syndrome only [15].

What the Evidence Shows

  • Nerve conduction studies serve as a measure of impaired nerve function and are the best available indicator of overall disease severity in carpal tunnel syndrome [1].
  • There is a discordance between diagnosis of mild-to-moderate median neuropathy based on signs and symptoms versus diagnosis based on electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound [3].
  • Patients and clinicians might consider additional testing, such as electrodiagnostic studies or ultrasound, to increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery when signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy [3].
  • Ulnar nerve motor nerve conduction velocity at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of motor nerve conduction velocity at the elbow and forearm, especially in clinically severe cases considering surgery [6].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis demonstrated significant improvements in nerve conduction, pain reduction, and enhancement of hand function for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [8].
  • The estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms is 73% [9].
  • The estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound is 51% [9].
  • There is a severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound [9].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve cross-sectional area are associated with each other [10].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve cross-sectional area are associated with clinical symptoms [10].
  • Patient-reported preoperative disease severity may predict the expected postoperative change in ulnar nerve functional improvement [16].
  • Electrodiagnostic studies may not have prognostic value for patients undergoing cubital tunnel decompression [16].
  • Improvement in hand function may be possible for chronic stroke patients nine years after stroke following 15 sessions of electromyography-driven robotic treatment [17].
  • Negative preoperative electrodiagnostic studies in the setting of strong clinical suspicion of cubital tunnel syndrome do not exclude diagnosis [19].
  • Negative preoperative electrodiagnostic studies in the setting of strong clinical suspicion of cubital tunnel syndrome may be a positive predictive factor for short-term postoperative functional improvement [19].

Practical Considerations

  • Nerve conduction studies serve as a measure of impaired nerve function and the best available indicator of overall disease severity with some prognostic value for surgical outcome, rather than a test that determines the diagnosis [1].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, patients and clinicians might consider additional testing, such as EDS or US, to increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Intraoperative electrodiagnosis may offer limited value in neonatal brachial plexus palsy surgery, but there is insufficient evidence to reach robust conclusions [5].
  • Ulnar nerve MNCV at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of MNCV at the elbow and forearm, especially in clinically severe cases considering surgery [6].
  • Compound muscle action potential amplitude was predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve, but other conventional electrodiagnostic parameters were not [7].
  • The overall and preoperative electrodiagnostic study usage for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014, predating the 2016 AAOS CPG [11].
  • Surgeons need to carefully evaluate suprascapular nerve integrity in cases of rotator cuff tear, as electromyography does not show adequate effectiveness in diagnosis of suprascapular nerve lesions in a rat model [12].
  • Ultrasound has comparable sensitivity and specificity to NCS in patients two or more standard deviations above or below the mean age for presentation of CTS [18].

Key Evidence

  • [L5] Nerve conduction studies should be understood not as a test that determines the diagnosis but as a measure of impaired nerve function, serving as the best available indicator of overall disease severity with some prognostic value for surgical outcome. [1] (10.1177/17531934231191685)
  • [L4] Ultrasound is a valid alternative confirmatory test compared with electrodiagnostic studies in detecting ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. [2] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.08.014)
  • [L3] When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, patients and clinicians might consider additional testing, such as EDS or US, to increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery. [3] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002751)
  • [L3] These findings highlight the importance of perioperative nerve preservation strategies and postoperative neurological assessments. [4] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.001)
  • [L4] Intraoperative electrodiagnosis may offer limited value in neonatal brachial plexus palsy surgery, but there is insufficient evidence to reach robust conclusions. [5] (10.1177/17531934261478357)
  • [L3] Ulnar nerve MNCV at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of MNCV at the elbow and forearm, especially in clinically severe cases considering surgery. [6] (10.1177/17585732241293360)
  • [L2] Compound muscle action potential amplitude, but not other conventional electrodiagnostic parameters, was predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.10.008)
  • [L1] This approach demonstrated significant improvements in nerve conduction, pain reduction, and enhancement of hand function. [8] (10.1016/j.jht.2024.02.006)
  • [L5] There is a severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound (51%), calling into question whether clinicians can confidently diagnose patients with mild-to-moderate CTS. [9] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002822)
  • [L4] Distal motor latency and median nerve CSA were not only associated with each other, but also with clinical symptoms. [10] (10.1186/s12891-023-06881-1)
  • [L3] The overall and preoperative electrodiagnostic study usage for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014, predating the 2016 AAOS CPG, reflecting the rapid implementation of evidence into practice. [11] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.09.019)
  • [L5] This underscores the need for surgeons to carefully evaluate suprascapular nerve integrity in such cases. [12] (10.1186/s12891-025-09195-6)
  • [L3] There was a significant association between increasing cross-sectional area and increasing electrodiagnostic severity. [13] (10.1177/15589447211066349)
  • [L2] As the severity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow increases, the CSA of the ulnar nerve correspondingly increases at the elbow. [14] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.004)
  • [L3] Patients with double-crush syndrome (DCS) demonstrated unique electrodiagnostic findings, including shorter sensory nerve onset and peak latencies and different patterns of wrist and elbow motor nerve conduction compared to CTR-only patients. [15] (10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00056)
  • [L3] Patient-reported preoperative disease severity may predict the expected postoperative change in ulnar nerve functional improvement, and EDS may not have prognostic value for patients undergoing cubital tunnel decompression. [16] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.01.055)
  • [L5] The improvement achieved 9 years later with 15 sessions of rehabilitation suggests that improvement may be possible for chronic stroke patients. [17] (10.1016/j.jht.2021.04.022)
  • [L4] Ultrasound has comparable sensitivity and specificity to NCS in patients two or more standard deviations above or below the mean age for presentation of CTS. [18] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.01.008)
  • [L4] However, negative preoperative EDX studies in the setting of strong clinical suspicion of CuTS do not exclude diagnosis and may in fact be a positive, rather than a negative, predictive factor for short-term postoperative functional improvement. [19] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.08.013)

References

[1] Use of nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2023. DOI: 10.1177/17531934231191685

[2] Diagnosis of Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow Using Ultrasound — A Comparison to Electrophysiologic Studies. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.08.014

[3] Diagnosis of Mild-to-moderate Idiopathic Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel Based on Signs and Symptoms is Discordant From Diagnosis Based on Electrodiagnostic Studies and Ultrasound. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002751

[4] Radiological and electrodiagnostic insights into suprascapular nerve dysfunction: a key predictor of poor functional outcomes in shoulder hemiarthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.001

[5] Intraoperative electrodiagnostic testing as a decision-making tool for neonatal brachial plexus palsy: a scoping review. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2026. DOI: 10.1177/17531934261478357

[6] Clinical significance of upper arm motor nerve conduction velocity in cubital tunnel syndrome. Shoulder & Elbow. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/17585732241293360

[7] Electrodiagnostic Predictors of Outcomes After In Situ Decompression of the Ulnar Nerve. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.10.008

[8] Effectiveness of chitosan phonophoresis on ulnar nerve conduction velocity, pain relief, and functional outcomes for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2024.02.006

[9] CORR Insights®: Diagnosis of Mild-to-moderate Idiopathic Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel Based on Signs and Symptoms is Discordant From Diagnosis Based on Electrodiagnostic Studies and Ultrasound. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002822

[10] Characteristics of diabetic and non-diabetic carpal tunnel syndrome in terms of clinical, electrophysiological, and Sonographic features: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06881-1

[11] Has the Use of Electrodiagnostic Studies for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Changed After the 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline?. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.09.019

[12] Electromyography does not show adequate effectiveness in diagnosis of suprascapular nerve lesions caused by rotator cuff tear in rat model. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09195-6

[13] Ultrasound Measurements of the Median Nerve at the Distal Wrist Crease Correlate With Electrodiagnostic Studies. HAND. 2022. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211066349

[14] Association of Ultrasound and Electrodiagnostic Studies in Patients Evaluated for Ulnar Neuropathy. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.004

[15] Preoperative Electrodiagnostic Study Findings Differ Between Patients With Double-crush Syndrome and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Propensity Matched Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2024. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00056

[16] Electrodiagnostic severity does not predict short- to midterm outcomes of cubital tunnel release surgery. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.01.055

[17] The effect of Electromyography (EMG)-driven Robotic Treatment on the recovery of the hand Nine years after stroke. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2021.04.022

[18] The Diagnostic Utility of Ultrasound and Electrodiagnostic Studies in The Young and Old. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.01.008

[19] Electrodiagnostic Testing Predicts Postdecompression Outcomes in Patients With Cubital Tunnel Syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.08.013

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International

Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.