Skip to content

Patients › Elbow

Olecranon Bursitis

PDF In-depth PDF Evidence

Olecranon bursitis — causes, symptoms, and when to seek urgent medical attention for infection.

Updated Aug 20265 citations
A hand-drawn illustration of a faceless person resting a bent elbow on a table with a swollen soft lump at the tip of the elbow.
Olecranon bursitis: the fluid-filled cushion (bursa) over the bony tip of the elbow swells, producing the characteristic 'goose egg' lump seen here. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

What you're feeling

You may notice a swollen lump at the tip of your elbow. This swelling is caused by fluid building up in the bursa, a small sac that cushions your bone. The area often feels tender to the touch. You might feel pain when you lean on your elbow or bend it fully.

The discomfort can change throughout the day. Many people find their elbow hurts more at night, especially if they sleep on that side. It may also ache after you have been using your arms for a while, such as during housework or gardening. On waking, the joint can feel stiff and tight until you start to move it gently.

Daily tasks become difficult because of the swelling and pain. You might struggle to rest your forearm on a table while working at a desk. Pushing up from a chair or lifting a light bag can be uncomfortable. You may also find it hard to wear long-sleeved shirts or jackets that rub against the swollen area.

In some cases, the skin over the elbow can become red or warm. If the swelling does not go away, or if it keeps coming back, it is important to check for other causes. Rarely, a persistent lump could be linked to a slow-growing infection or other skin conditions. Your surgeon will look closely at the lump to decide if it is simple fluid or something else.

If you have had this swelling for a long time, you might notice a firm cord-like structure under the skin. People with this cord often report less satisfaction after surgery compared to those without it. This is because the tissue changes can affect how the elbow feels after treatment.

Most of the time, the pain is manageable with rest and avoiding pressure on the elbow. However, if the swelling is severe or painful, it can limit your movement. You might avoid using your arm for simple activities like washing your hair or reaching for items on a high shelf. Understanding these symptoms helps you explain your experience clearly to your care team.

What's actually happening

At the tip of your elbow sits a small, fluid-filled sac called the bursa. Think of it as a natural shock absorber or a tiny water balloon. Its job is to let your skin slide smoothly over the bony point of your elbow when you bend your arm.

When this sac becomes irritated, it fills with extra fluid. This causes the noticeable swelling you see and feel. The pressure from this fluid can make the area tender and limit how fully you can straighten or bend your arm.

This swelling can happen for several reasons. Sometimes it is caused by repeated pressure, such as leaning on hard surfaces. It can also follow a direct injury, like a bump or fall. In some cases, an infection enters the sac, causing it to become red, warm, and painful. Less commonly, a slow-growing bacteria may cause a long-lasting swelling that does not respond to standard treatments.

If the swelling persists, the tissue around the bursa can change. In chronic cases, the body may form thickened cords of tissue around the area. These cords can make the elbow feel stiff or lumpy. Patients with these cords often report less satisfaction after surgical removal compared to those without them.

Your surgeon will look at the cause of your swelling to decide the best path forward. For simple cases, rest and compression are often enough. If the fluid is infected, antibiotics are used first. If the swelling keeps coming back or does not settle with basic care, we may discuss other options. These range from minimally invasive procedures to remove the fluid sac entirely, to techniques that tighten the area with sutures to prevent re-accumulation. The goal is always to reduce the swelling and restore your comfort and movement.

What we can do about it

Dr Kieran Hirpara, an upper-limb surgeon at Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, starts with the least invasive options that suit your condition. We begin with self-care and physiotherapy for uncomplicated cases. You can manage symptoms at home by resting your elbow and avoiding pressure on the tip. Physiotherapy aims to reduce swelling and restore movement. For septic bursitis (infection), evidence shows that empirical management without needle aspiration is effective, with no patients in one study requiring surgery. Deferring aspiration is a reasonable option for uncomplicated infections. We advise giving non-operative care a fair trial before considering more invasive steps.

Medical management focuses on controlling pain and inflammation. We may prescribe pain medication or anti-inflammatories to help you stay comfortable. While some clinicians use injections, recent literature highlights adverse effects of intrabursal injections and surgery compared with noninvasive management for initial treatment of non-septic bursitis. Therefore, we generally reserve injections for specific cases where conservative care has not provided enough relief. If you have recurrent bursitis that does not respond to standard care, we may discuss minimally invasive options. These include sclerotherapy, which uses a medication to shrink the bursa, or hydrothermal ablation using controlled heat. These approaches offer fewer complications than open surgery and have comparable efficacy.

Surgery is considered when conservative care has reached its limit or if the bursitis is severe and persistent. We assess whether surgical excision is needed whenever recurrence or failure of conservative treatment occurs. This leads to good clinical and functional outcomes for many patients. For recalcitrant cases, endoscopic debridement offers minimal invasiveness and rapid recovery. The revision rate after bursectomy is 11.5%. We present these options as a shared decision, ensuring you understand the benefits and risks.

Patients are generally referred to our clinic by their GP; if a physiotherapist has suggested you see us, you will still need a referral from your GP in order to be eligible for the Medicare rebate. A clinic assessment (history, examination, and imaging where needed) establishes the diagnosis. For degenerative or long-standing problems we usually try non-operative care — activity change, physiotherapy or hand therapy, splinting, and injections — and consider surgery when that has not given enough improvement. For structural or acute problems, surgery may be recommended straight away, without a preceding non-operative trial.

What to expect

Your outlook depends largely on whether the swelling is caused by infection or simple wear and tear. For uncomplicated infections, your surgeon may recommend empirical management without draining the fluid. In these cases, no patients required further surgery. However, if traditional aspiration is used instead, 8 of 11 patients required a bursectomy to resolve the issue. Deferring aspiration in uncomplicated septic cases is a reasonable option that avoids unnecessary procedures.

If your bursitis is not infected, noninvasive management is often preferred over injections or surgery for initial treatment. Older approaches favoured injections, but recent evidence shows they can cause more adverse effects than conservative care. For recurrent or chronic cases, newer options like hydrothermal ablation offer a safe path. This treatment uses heat between 50°C and 52°C. It has fewer complications than open surgery and works just as well.

Surgical options are reserved for persistent cases. Endoscopic bursectomy involves small incisions and minimal invasiveness. Patients reported high satisfaction with this method. There were no recurrences or wound-healing issues that required a return to the operating room. The revision rate after bursectomy is 11.5%. This means most people do not need a second operation.

Recovery feels different depending on the approach. Endoscopic debridement allows for rapid recovery and minimal postoperative pain. Bursal suture repair is another viable alternative for chronic traumatic cases, offering both functional and cosmetic benefits. However, some factors can affect your satisfaction. Patients with olecranon cords were less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without them.

In rare instances, symptoms may persist due to unusual causes like mycobacterial infection or protothecal bursitis. These conditions can mimic standard bursitis but require specific testing. Atrial spontaneous avascular necrosis is also a rare finding that may accompany pain. Your surgeon will distinguish between septic and aseptic causes through careful examination.

Overall, the typical course settles with appropriate care. Most patients achieve acceptable short- to mid-term outcomes. While 20% of patients may remain dissatisfied with their results, the majority find relief. Your journey involves patience and following your surgeon’s guidance to ensure the best possible outcome.

When to see someone

See your GP if you have a swollen elbow that does not improve with rest. Seek urgent care if the skin becomes red, hot, or painful, as this may signal an infection. Ask for a specialist review if symptoms persist for weeks or keep coming back. You should also seek help if you experience weakness, locking, or instability in the elbow. Sudden worsening of pain or swelling warrants prompt assessment. It can be difficult to tell the difference between infected and non-infected swelling without proper testing. Early evaluation helps avoid complications and ensures you receive the right treatment for your specific condition.

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

This section goes further than you need for your own treatment decisions. Olecranon bursitis is worth the extra reading because two of the things most instinctively done about it — draining the swelling with a needle, and injecting steroid into it — have evidence against them.

Draining it can be the thing that causes the problem

The intuition is strong: there is fluid, so remove the fluid. The trial data point the other way. In a comparison of management strategies for uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis, empirical treatment without aspiration was effective, with no patients requiring bursectomy — while in the traditional aspiration group, 8 of 11 patients went on to need surgical removal of the bursa [1].

That is a striking difference from a small series, and it should be read with that caution. But the mechanism is not mysterious. The bursa sits directly under thin skin over a bony point that takes every knock and every lean on a desk. Putting a needle through that skin creates a tract, and a tract over a pressure point is slow to seal and can keep discharging.

The general reviews agree on direction. Based primarily on level IV evidence, non-surgical management is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [2].

Steroid injection carries risk without improving the outcome

This one is stated unusually plainly in the literature. For aseptic bursitis, corticosteroid injection is associated with significant risks without improving the outcome [2].

The risks are specific to the site: skin atrophy and depigmentation over a subcutaneous bony prominence, and infection introduced into a space that is difficult to clear. Elsewhere in the upper limb a steroid injection is a reasonable step when simpler measures fail. Here the evidence does not support it, and that difference is worth knowing if it is offered.

Surgery is a genuine last resort, with a measurable failure rate

Where bursectomy is performed, it does not reliably end the story. The revision rate after bursectomy was 11.5%, and revision was more frequent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, a history of bursitis on either elbow, and in women [3].

Those risk factors describe the situations in which the bursa is likely to reform: an inflammatory or metabolic driver that surgery does not remove, or a demonstrated tendency of that individual's tissue to produce the problem. For recurrent cases, intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy — deliberately scarring the space closed rather than excising it — has been described as an alternative in a series of 45 elbows [4].

What actually settles it

The unglamorous answer is protection and time. Because the bursa is irritated mechanically by pressure on the point of the elbow, the treatment that addresses the cause is removing that pressure: padding, and changing the habit of resting on the elbow, sustained for longer than feels necessary. Most cases settle [5], and the interventions above are largely attempts to shorten a course that resolves anyway — which is precisely why an intervention carrying its own risk needs to clear a high bar here.

Reviewed by Dr Kieran Hirpara · 7 August 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

References for the advanced reading
  1. Deal JB, Vaslow AS, Bickley RJ, Verwiebe EG, Ryan PM. Empirical treatment of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration. J Hand Surg Am. 2020;45(1):20-5.
  2. Sayegh ET, Strauch RJ. Treatment of olecranon bursitis: a systematic review. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014;134(11):1517-36.
  3. Germawi L, Westenberg RF, Wang F, Schep NW, Chen NC, Eberlin KR. Factors associated with revision surgery for olecranon bursitis after bursectomy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30(5):1135-41.
  4. McDermott D, Wakefield D, Kowalsky M, Sethi P, Vitale MA, Morrey BF. Intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy for recurrent olecranon bursitis of the elbow. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2024;6(4):504-9.
  5. Nchinda NN, Wolf JM. Clinical management of olecranon bursitis: a review. J Hand Surg Am. 2021;46(6):501-6.
Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [1].
  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration is effective, with no patients requiring bursectomy [7].
  • Deferring aspiration in uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis is a reasonable treatment option [12].
  • In a comparison of empirical management versus traditional aspiration for uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis, 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [7].
  • Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status [5].
  • Intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management [6].
  • Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50°C and 52°C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and comparable efficacy [14].
  • Endoscopic olecranon bursectomy for recalcitrant olecranon bursitis resulted in no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room [2].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis is 11.5% [10].
  • Bursal suture repair is a viable alternative to bursectomy in selected patients with chronic traumatic olecranon bursitis, combining functional and cosmetic benefits [3].
  • Olecranon extrabursal endoscopic bursectomy provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon [4].
  • Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for recalcitrant aseptic olecranon bursitis offers simple operation, minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy [17].
  • Patients with olecranon cords were less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without cords [16].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Olecranon bursae can contain cords [16].
  • MR imaging is probably the method of choice for determining the development of olecranon bursae and their fluid content [19].
  • Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because physical and laboratory data overlap [11].
  • Traumatic lesions of the olecranon bursa are common injuries associated with a high risk of complications [8].
  • Providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for full-thickness triceps tears in patients with specific risk factors and comprehensive musculoskeletal examination to ensure accurate diagnosis, as these tears can be misdiagnosed as olecranon bursitis [23].

Classification

  • Extrabursal endoscopic bursectomy provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon [4].
  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration was effective, with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [7].
  • Prospective studies are needed to guide optimal treatment for olecranon bursitis [9].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5% [10].
  • Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because the physical and laboratory data overlap [11].
  • The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and, occasionally, bursal fluid aspiration [15].
  • Pyoderma gangrenosum must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis [18].

Investigations

  • Protothecal olecranon bursitis is a distinct entity that may require excision for cure [13].
  • MR imaging is probably the method of choice for determining both the development of the bursae and their fluid content [19].

Treatment

Non-Operative Management

  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy [7].

Operative Management

  • Endoscopic olecranon bursectomy provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon [4].
  • Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for recalcitrant aseptic olecranon bursitis offers advantages including simple operation, minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy [17].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa in cases of protothecal infection [13].

Special Considerations

  • More prospective studies are needed to guide optimal treatment for olecranon bursitis [9].

Complications

  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was effective with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [7].
  • Traumatic lesions of the olecranon bursa or prepatellar bursa are common injuries associated with a high risk of complications [8].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success [13].
  • Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and a comparable efficacy [14].

Recovery

  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration is effective, with no patients in the empirical group requiring bursectomy [7].
  • Eight of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group for uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis required bursectomy [7].
  • Patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy for recalcitrant olecranon bursitis experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room [2].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa in cases of protothecal infection, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success [13].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] Based primarily on level IV evidence, nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management. [1] (10.1007/s00402-014-2088-3)
  • [L4] In this population, patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room. [2] (10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100832)
  • [L5] Bursal suture repair is a viable alternative to bursectomy in selected patients with chronic traumatic olecranon bursitis, combining functional and cosmetic benefits. [3] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100597)
  • [L4] This approach provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon. [4] (10.1097/bth.0b013e31829c0535)
  • [L4] Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status. [5] (10.1016/j.jse.2008.07.009)
  • [L4] This may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.006)
  • [L4] Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.06.012)
  • [Paper] Traumatic lesions of the olecranon bursa or prepatellar bursa are common injuries associated with a high risk of complications. [8] (10.1007/s00402-017-2690-2)
  • [L5] More prospective studies are needed to guide optimal treatment. [9] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.006)
  • [L3] The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5%. [10] (10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033)
  • [L5] Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because the physical and laboratory data overlap. [11] (10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.032)
  • [L4] Deferring aspiration in uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis is a reasonable treatment option. [12] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.06.059)
  • [Case_report] Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success. [13] (10.2106/00004623-198062050-00024)
  • [L4] Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and a comparable efficacy. [14] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.021)
  • [L4] The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and, occasionally, bursal fluid aspiration. [15] (10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002)
  • [L4] Patients with olecranon cords were less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without cords. [16] (10.1016/j.jse.2015.04.016)
  • [L4] Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for the treatment of aseptic olecranon bursitis has several advantages: simple operation, minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy. [17] (10.1186/s13018-024-05090-3)
  • [Case_report] PG must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis. [18] (10.1016/j.jse.2014.06.032)
  • [L4] MR imaging is probably the method of choice for determining both the development of the bursae and their fluid content. [19] (10.1007/s002560050117)
  • [Case_report] Providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for triceps tears in patients with specific risk factors and comprehensive musculoskeletal examination to ensure accurate and timely diagnosis. [23] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.02.002)

References

[1] Treatment of olecranon bursitis: a systematic review. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-014-2088-3

[2] No Wound Healing Complications or Recurrences Were Seen and a High Level of Satisfaction Was Reported in Patients Who Underwent Endoscopic Olecranon Bursectomy for Recalcitrant Olecranon Bursitis. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100832

[3] Olecranon bursal repair for chronic traumatic bursitis: a surgical technique. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100597

[4] Olecranon Extrabursal Endoscopic Bursectomy. Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery. 2013. DOI: 10.1097/bth.0b013e31829c0535

[5] Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis: Case reports and literature review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2008.07.009

[6] Intrabursal Doxycycline Sclerotherapy for Recurrent Olecranon Bursitis of the Elbow: A Case Control Study. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.006

[7] Empirical Treatment of Uncomplicated Septic Olecranon Bursitis Without Aspiration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.06.012

[8] Treatment and outcome with traumatic lesions of the olecranon and prepatellar bursa: a literature review apropos a retrospective analysis including 552 cases. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-017-2690-2

[9] Clinical Management of Olecranon Bursitis: A Review. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.006

[10] Factors associated with revision surgery for olecranon bursitis after bursectomy. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033

[11] Olecranon bursitis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.032

[12] Empiric Treatment of Uncomplicated Septic Olecranon Bursitis Without Aspiration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.06.059

[13] Protothecal olecranon bursitis. A case report and review of the literature.. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1980. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-198062050-00024

[14] Hydrothermal ablation in recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis: a prospective study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.021

[15] Diagnosis and management of olecranon bursitis. The Surgeon. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002

[16] The existence of cords in olecranon bursae. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.04.016

[17] Clinical efficacy of endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture in the treatment of recalcitrant aseptic olecranon bursitis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-05090-3

[18] Case report: misdiagnosed olecranon bursitis: pyoderma gangrenosum. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2014.06.032

[19] The US,CT and MR findings of cubital bursitis: a report of five cases. Skeletal Radiology. 1996. DOI: 10.1007/s002560050117

[23] Full-thickness triceps tears misdiagnosed as olecranon bursitis: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.02.002

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International

Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.