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Olecranon Bursitis

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Olecranon bursitis — causes, symptoms, and when to seek urgent medical attention for infection.

Updated Aug 2026
A hand-drawn illustration of a faceless person resting a bent elbow on a table with a swollen soft lump at the tip of the elbow.
Olecranon bursitis: the fluid-filled cushion (bursa) over the bony tip of the elbow swells, producing the characteristic 'goose egg' lump seen here. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

What you're feeling

You likely notice a soft, swollen lump at the very tip of your elbow. This is where the bursa sits. The swelling can make your elbow look larger than usual. You might feel a dull ache or tenderness when you touch the area. The pain often worsens when you lean on your elbow or bend it fully.

Daily tasks can become difficult because of this swelling and stiffness. You may find it hard to rest your arm on a desk while working. Pushing up from a chair or a low sofa can be uncomfortable. Lifting objects, like a heavy grocery bag or a child, may strain the area. Even simple movements, such as reaching for a high shelf, can trigger pain if the elbow is bent for too long.

The discomfort often flares up after periods of activity or prolonged bending. You might notice it is more painful at night if you sleep on that side. Waking up with a stiff elbow is also common. If the swelling persists for a long time, or if the skin becomes red and warm, it could signal an infection. In rare cases, the pain may be sharp or constant, suggesting other underlying issues like bone changes or unusual infections.

Most people find that resting the elbow and avoiding pressure helps reduce the ache. However, if the swelling does not go down with rest, or if it keeps coming back, it may need further attention. Some patients experience a feeling of tightness or a visible cord-like structure under the skin. These symptoms can affect your satisfaction with treatment outcomes. It is important to monitor these changes and discuss them with your surgeon to determine the best path forward for your specific situation.

What's actually happening

Your elbow has a small, fluid-filled sac called the olecranon bursa. It sits right over the tip of your elbow bone. Think of it as a tiny shock absorber or gasket. It sits between your skin and the bone. Its job is to let your skin slide smoothly when you bend your arm.

Olecranon bursitis happens when this sac gets irritated. It fills with too much fluid. This causes swelling and a visible lump at the tip of your elbow. The fluid buildup creates pressure. This pressure is what causes the pain and stiffness you feel.

There are different reasons for this swelling. Sometimes it is caused by repeated leaning on your elbows or a direct hit. This is often called aseptic bursitis. Other times, bacteria enter the sac. This causes an infection known as septic bursitis. In rare cases, a slow-growing bacteria causes a long-lasting swelling. Your surgeon will check for these signs to find the cause.

If the swelling does not go away with rest, we may look at other options. For some patients, draining the fluid helps. In cases where the swelling keeps coming back, we might discuss removing the sac. This is called a bursectomy. Recent evidence shows that for many people, non-invasive care works well first. However, if surgery is needed, endoscopic removal is an option. This minimally invasive approach has shown no recurrences or wound-healing complications in studies.

The revision rate after removing the bursa is 11.5%. This means most people do not need a second surgery. We aim to restore your comfort and movement. We tailor the plan to your specific situation. Your surgeon will guide you through the best path for your recovery.

What we can do about it

How Dr Kieran Hirpara, an upper-limb surgeon at Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, approaches this in our clinic reflects a clear, step-by-step plan. We start with the least invasive options and move to surgery only if needed. You reach our clinic by GP or physiotherapist referral. A clinic assessment (history, examination, and imaging where needed) establishes the diagnosis. For degenerative or long-standing problems we usually try non-operative care — activity change, physiotherapy or hand therapy, splinting, and injections — and consider surgery when that has not given enough improvement. For structural or acute problems, surgery may be recommended straight away, without a preceding non-operative trial.

You can begin with self-management at home. Rest the elbow and avoid leaning on it. Apply ice packs to reduce swelling. Wear a soft elbow pad for protection during daily tasks. Physiotherapy aims to restore smooth movement and strengthen the muscles around the joint. We typically advise giving this approach four to six weeks to show results. If the swelling does not settle, we may discuss medical management. This includes pain medication and anti-inflammatory drugs to control discomfort. In some cases, we offer injections into the bursa (the fluid-filled sac). These can reduce inflammation and pain. The effect often lasts several months, allowing you to return to normal activities with less discomfort.

Surgery is considered when conservative care has reached its limit. This includes cases where the swelling persists despite rest and medication, or if the bursa becomes infected. We may recommend bursectomy, which is the removal of the swollen bursa tissue. This procedure is often performed endoscopically, using small incisions and a camera. This minimally invasive approach allows for rapid recovery and minimal postoperative pain. For recurrent cases, we may use hydrothermal ablation, which uses heat between 50C and 52C to shrink the bursa. This option has fewer complications than open surgery and comparable efficacy. The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5%. We present this as a shared decision, ensuring you understand the benefits and risks before proceeding.

What to expect

Your outlook depends largely on what is causing the swelling. For most people, the condition is not serious and often improves with simple, non-invasive care. You may notice that symptoms settle over a few weeks if you rest the elbow and avoid leaning on it. However, if the swelling does not go away, it can become a long-term issue.

If you have an infection, your surgeon will likely treat it with medication. In cases of uncomplicated infection, this approach is effective, and most people do not need surgery. But if you have had repeated episodes of swelling, or if the swelling has persisted for a long time, the cause might be more complex. In these cases, your surgeon may look for unusual infections, such as those caused by mycobacteria. These require specific testing to identify correctly.

If conservative treatments do not work, surgery may be discussed. The revision rate after bursectomy (removal of the bursa) for olecranon bursitis was 11.5%. This means that in about 1 in 9 cases, further treatment is needed. Some people find that their symptoms return, while others experience wound healing issues. If you have specific features like olecranon cords, you may be less satisfied with surgical excision compared to those without them.

Newer techniques, such as endoscopic debridement or hydrothermal ablation, offer alternatives. These methods are designed to be less invasive. They often involve minimal postoperative pain and rapid recovery. In some studies, patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications that required a return to the operating room. Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is also a safe option with fewer complications than open surgery.

Ultimately, your recovery feels different depending on the path chosen. Non-surgical management is usually the first step. If surgery is needed, the goal is to remove the inflamed tissue to relieve pain and restore function. While outcomes are generally acceptable, it is important to have realistic expectations. Some people recover fully, while others may need additional care if the condition recurs.

When to see someone

See your GP if you notice a swollen elbow that does not improve with rest. Seek urgent care if the area becomes red, hot, or painful, as this may signal an infection. Ask for a specialist review if symptoms persist for weeks or return repeatedly. Recurrent swelling can indicate unusual causes that need specific testing. You should also seek help if you experience weakness, locking, or instability in the joint. Sudden worsening of pain or symptoms that interfere with sleep or work are clear signs to act. Early assessment helps distinguish between simple inflammation and more complex issues, ensuring you receive the right non-invasive care first.

Reviewed by AI synthesis (v2) — pending human review · 18 May 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

Overview

  • Non-operative treatment of olecranon fracture in patients aged ≥75 years provided excellent functional results at 6 months, without associated complications [1].
  • Nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [2].
  • Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status [3].
  • Intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management [4].
  • Patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room [5].
  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [6].
  • More recent literature demonstrates adverse effects of intrabursal injections and surgery compared with noninvasive management for initial treatment of nonseptic olecranon bursitis [7].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5% [8].
  • Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and a comparable efficacy [11].
  • Patients with olecranon cords were less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without cords [13].
  • Low-profile double-plate osteosynthesis is a safe and effective alternative treatment of olecranon fractures with excellent subjective and objective clinical outcome measures [14].
  • Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for the treatment of aseptic olecranon bursitis has several advantages: simple operation, minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy [16].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Posteromedial elbow impingement is a source of disability in overhead throwing athletes [12].
  • Boxers are prone to the development of anterior and posterior elbow impingement lesions involving the coronoid and olecranon process [33].
  • In boxer's elbow, the lead arm is more vulnerable to impingement lesions than the non-lead arm [33].
  • Evaluation and management of elbow injuries in young athletes requires knowledge of immature developing anatomy [25].

Classification

  • Non-operative treatment of olecranon fracture in patients aged ≥75 years provided excellent functional results at 6 months, without associated complications [1].
  • Nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [2].
  • Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status [3].
  • Intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management [4].
  • Patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy for recalcitrant olecranon bursitis experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room [5].
  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [6].
  • More recent literature demonstrates adverse effects of intrabursal injections and surgery compared with noninvasive management for initial treatment of nonseptic olecranon bursitis [7].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5% [8].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success [9].
  • Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because the physical and laboratory data overlap [10].
  • Posteromedial elbow impingement is a source of disability in the overhead throwing athlete [12].
  • The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and, occasionally, bursal fluid aspiration [15].
  • Pyoderma gangrenosum must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis [17].
  • The available evidence did not support the central European concept of immediate bursectomy in cases of septic bursitis [22].

Clinical Presentation

  • Non-operative treatment of olecranon fracture in patients aged ≥75 years provided excellent functional results at 6 months, without associated complications [1].
  • Nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [2].
  • Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status [3].
  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [6].
  • Older studies showed resolution with injections and surgery, but more recent literature demonstrates adverse effects of intrabursal injections and surgery compared with noninvasive management for initial treatment of nonseptic olecranon bursitis [7].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5% [8].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success [9].
  • Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because the physical and laboratory data overlap [10].
  • The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and, occasionally, bursal fluid aspiration [15].
  • PG must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis [17].
  • Diagnosis and proper management of the infected bursa and dermatitis have prevented recurrence [31].
  • In the rheumatoid patient, septic arthritis of the elbow joint can mimic septic olecranon bursitis, and the fact that the elbow joint may also be involved should be suspected in the rheumatoid patient who has what appears to be a septic olecranon bursitis [34].

Investigations

  • Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because physical and laboratory data overlap [10].
  • Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status [3].
  • Pyoderma gangrenosum must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis [17].
  • Early use of MRI and cautious interpretation of posterior elbow palpation signs are crucial parts of the diagnosis of osteochondral injury of the elbow trochlea [21].

Treatment

Non-Operative Management

  • Nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [2].
  • Noninvasive management is preferred for the initial treatment of nonseptic olecranon bursitis due to adverse effects associated with intrabursal injections and surgery [7].
  • The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, and occasionally bursal fluid aspiration [15].
  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration was effective, with no patients requiring bursectomy [6].
  • In a comparison of empirical management versus traditional aspiration for uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis, 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [6].

Surgical and Interventional Management

  • Intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management [4].
  • Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50°C and 52°C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis, offering fewer complications than open bursectomy and comparable efficacy [11].
  • Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for recalcitrant aseptic olecranon bursitis offers minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy [16].
  • Patients undergoing endoscopic olecranon bursectomy for recalcitrant olecranon bursitis experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room [5].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis is 11.5% [8].
  • Excision has been curative for lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success [9].

Diagnostic Considerations Relevant to Treatment

  • Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because physical and laboratory data overlap [10].
  • Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status [3].

Complications

  • Non-operative treatment of olecranon fracture in patients aged ≥75 years provided excellent functional results at 6 months without associated complications [1].
  • Nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [2].
  • Intrabursal injections and surgery have adverse effects compared with noninvasive management for initial treatment of nonseptic olecranon bursitis [7].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5% [8].
  • Patients with olecranon cords were less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without cords [13].
  • Plating of the olecranon leads to predictable union, though the most common complication was lack of full extension in 39% of patients [19].

Recovery

Non-Operative Management

  • Non-surgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [2].
  • More recent literature demonstrates adverse effects of intrabursal injections and surgery compared with noninvasive management for initial treatment of nonseptic olecranon bursitis [7].
  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration was found to be effective, with no patients requiring bursectomy [6].
  • In a comparison group, 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy for uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis [6].
  • The available evidence did not support the central European concept of immediate bursectomy in cases of septic bursitis [22].

Interventional and Operative Management

  • Intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management [4].
  • Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and comparable efficacy [11].
  • Patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy for recalcitrant olecranon bursitis experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room [5].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5% [8].
  • Patients with olecranon cords were less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without cords [13].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa in cases of protothecal olecranon bursitis [9].

Specific Etiologies and Considerations

  • Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status [3].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] Non-operative treatment of olecranon fracture in patients aged ≥75 years provided excellent functional results at 6 months, without associated complications. [1] (10.1016/j.otsr.2017.10.015)
  • [L4] Based primarily on level IV evidence, nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management. [2] (10.1007/s00402-014-2088-3)
  • [L4] Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status. [3] (10.1016/j.jse.2008.07.009)
  • [L4] This may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.006)
  • [L4] In this population, patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room. [5] (10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100832)
  • [L4] Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.06.012)
  • [L5] Older studies showed resolution with injections and surgery, but more recent literature demonstrates adverse effects of intrabursal injections and surgery compared with noninvasive management for initial treatment of nonseptic olecranon bursitis. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.006)
  • [L3] The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5%. [8] (10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033)
  • [Case_report] Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success. [9] (10.2106/00004623-198062050-00024)
  • [L5] Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because the physical and laboratory data overlap. [10] (10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.032)
  • [L4] Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and a comparable efficacy. [11] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.021)
  • [L4] Posteromedial elbow impingement is a source of disability in the overhead throwing athlete. [12] (10.1016/j.arthro.2011.06.012)
  • [L4] Patients with olecranon cords were less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without cords. [13] (10.1016/j.jse.2015.04.016)
  • [L3] Low-profile double-plate osteosynthesis is a safe and effective alternative treatment of olecranon fractures with excellent subjective and objective clinical outcome measures. [14] (10.1016/j.otsr.2019.08.019)
  • [L4] The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and, occasionally, bursal fluid aspiration. [15] (10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002)
  • [L4] Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for the treatment of aseptic olecranon bursitis has several advantages: simple operation, minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy. [16] (10.1186/s13018-024-05090-3)
  • [Case_report] PG must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis. [17] (10.1016/j.jse.2014.06.032)
  • [L3] Plating of the olecranon leads to predictable union, though the most common complication was lack of full extension in 39% of patients. [19] (10.1016/j.injury.2016.04.015)
  • [Case_report] It also emphasizes the early use of MRI and the cautious interpretation of posterior elbow palpation signs as a crucial part of the diagnosis of this lesion. [21] (10.1016/j.jse.2010.09.015)
  • [L1] The available evidence did not support the central European concept of immediate bursectomy in cases of septic bursitis. [22] (10.1007/s00402-013-1882-7)
  • [L5] Evaluation and management of elbow injuries in young athletes requires knowledge of the immature developing anatomy, injury pathophysiology, and established treatment algorithms for each diagnosis. [25] (10.1016/j.csm.2010.06.010)
  • [L4] Diagnosis and proper management of the infected bursa and dermatitis have prevented recurrence. [31] (10.1016/j.jse.2011.10.013)
  • [L4] Boxers are prone to development of anterior and posterior elbow impingement lesions, with the lead arm being more vulnerable. [33] (10.1016/j.jse.2016.09.035)
  • [L4] In the rheumatoid patient, septic arthritis of the elbow joint can mimic septic olecranon bursitis, and the fact that the elbow joint may also be involved should be suspected in the rheumatoid patient who has what appears to be a septic olecranon bursitis. [34] (10.2106/00004623-198062060-00022)

References

[1] Results of non-operative treatment of olecranon fracture in over 75-year-olds. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2017.10.015 [2] Treatment of olecranon bursitis: a systematic review. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-014-2088-3 [3] Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis: Case reports and literature review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2008.07.009 [4] Intrabursal Doxycycline Sclerotherapy for Recurrent Olecranon Bursitis of the Elbow: A Case Control Study. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.006 [5] No Wound Healing Complications or Recurrences Were Seen and a High Level of Satisfaction Was Reported in Patients Who Underwent Endoscopic Olecranon Bursectomy for Recalcitrant Olecranon Bursitis. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100832 [6] Empirical Treatment of Uncomplicated Septic Olecranon Bursitis Without Aspiration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.06.012 [7] Clinical Management of Olecranon Bursitis: A Review. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.006 [8] Factors associated with revision surgery for olecranon bursitis after bursectomy. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033 [9] Protothecal olecranon bursitis. A case report and review of the literature.. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1980. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-198062050-00024 [10] Olecranon bursitis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.032 [11] Hydrothermal ablation in recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis: a prospective study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.021 [12] Posteromedial Elbow Impingement: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Overhead Throwing Athletes and Results of Arthroscopic Treatment. Arthroscopy. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2011.06.012 [13] The existence of cords in olecranon bursae. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.04.016 [14] Clinical evaluation of double-plate osteosynthesis for olecranon fractures: A retrospective case-control study. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2019.08.019 [15] Diagnosis and management of olecranon bursitis. The Surgeon. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002 [16] Clinical efficacy of endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture in the treatment of recalcitrant aseptic olecranon bursitis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-05090-3 [17] Case report: misdiagnosed olecranon bursitis: pyoderma gangrenosum. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2014.06.032 [19] Outcomes after plating of olecranon fractures: A multicenter evaluation. Injury. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.04.015 [21] Arthroscopic debridement for osteochondral injury of the elbow trochlea: a case report with a long-term follow-up. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2010.09.015 [22] Prepatellar and olecranon bursitis: literature review and development of a treatment algorithm. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-013-1882-7 [25] Pediatric Sports Elbow Injuries. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2010.06.010 [31] Septic olecranon bursitis, contact dermatitis, and pneumonitis in a gas turbine engine mechanic. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2011.10.013 [33] Boxer's elbow: internal impingement of the coronoid and olecranon process. A report of seven cases. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2016.09.035 [34] Septic arthritis presenting as olecranon bursitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A report of three cases.. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1980. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-198062060-00022

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Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.