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Patients › Ankle

Lesão sindesmótica

Updated Sep 2026
Illustration: ankle

Esta página foi traduzida automaticamente e ainda não foi verificada por um médico. A versão em inglês é a versão oficial.

O que você está sentindo

A lesão sindesmótica afeta os ligamentos que mantêm os dois ossos da perna unidos, logo acima do tornozelo. A dor geralmente se espalha ao redor do tornozelo, em vez de estar concentrada em um único ponto; com frequência, localiza-se na parte frontal e lateral, logo acima dos ligamentos laterais do tornozelo. Também pode haver sensibilidade ao toque na parte interna do tornozelo.

Certos movimentos pioram a dor: subir ladeiras, fazer pivôs ou torções, e ficar na ponta de um só pé são situações comuns que provocam dor. Girar o pé para fora ou dobrá-lo para cima, em direção à canela, também podem desencadear a dor. Inchaço e hematomas são comuns; estes últimos podem se estender bem acima na perna ou pela parte interna do tornozelo. Quando o tornozelo é instável, colocar peso sobre ele costuma ser muito doloroso.

Alguns padrões de sintomas indicam essa lesão, em vez de uma simples entorse. A dor persistente, mesmo após repouso, é um sinal típico. Por outro lado, uma entorse cujos sintomas desaparecem completamente entre os episódios sugere outro problema nos ligamentos laterais do tornozelo. Inchaço e rigidez que persistem, fraqueza ao dar impulso com o pé e a sensação de que o tornozelo pode “ceder” podem continuar muito tempo após a lesão inicial, mesmo quando os exames padrão parecem normais.

Atividades cotidianas podem se tornar difíceis: subir escadas ou ladeiras, levantar-se de uma cadeira e ficar em pé sobre uma perna para se vestir podem ser dolorosos. Você pode perceber que não consegue impulsionar o corpo adequadamente ao caminhar, acabando por favorecer a outra perna.

Existem alguns sinais de alerta precoces: se você não consegue suportar nenhum peso, se o inchaço surge rapidamente e de forma intensa, ou se há hematomas extensos na parte interna ou superior da perna, é mais provável que haja envolvimento da sindesmose. Essas lesões são facilmente ignoradas e, às vezes, confundidas inicialmente com uma simples entorse. Se algo disso se assemelha ao seu caso, vale a pena procurar avaliação médica adequada, em vez de esperar que melhore por conta própria.

O que está realmente acontecendo

A parte inferior da sua perna possui dois ossos, a tíbia e a fíbula, que ficam lado a lado logo acima do tornozelo. Eles são mantidos juntos por um conjunto de ligamentos fortes, chamado de sindesmose. Pense nisso como uma faixa resistente que impede que os dois ossos se separem ao caminhar. Essa estrutura também ajuda a transmitir o peso do corpo pela perna; portanto, ela trabalha ativamente toda vez que você fica de pé.

A lesão ocorre quando o pé é dobrado para cima em direção à canela e, ao mesmo tempo, torcido para fora. Essa força de torção pode afastar os dois ossos e romper essa “faixa”. Em casos graves, outras estruturas também podem ser danificadas, como o ligamento na parte interna do tornozelo ou até mesmo o próprio osso da fíbula. Para que os ossos realmente se separem, vários ligamentos fortes e uma membrana resistente entre eles precisam ser rompidos.

Quando essa “faixa” é danificada, a articulação do tornozelo perde parte de sua estabilidade. O pequeno osso sob o tornozelo, o tálus, pode então deslocar-se ligeiramente ao se mover. Esse deslocamento é o que provoca a dor, o inchaço e a sensação de instabilidade mencionados anteriormente. O ligamento rompido também pode ficar inflamado e formar cicatriz, o que pode comprimir tecidos na frente do tornozelo e manter a dor presente.

Se os ossos permanecerem separados e não houver tratamento, a articulação pode sofrer desgaste irregular ao longo do tempo, levando à artrose. É por isso que um diagnóstico correto é fundamental. Algumas lesões são estáveis: a “faixa” está esticada, mas ainda mantém os ossos no lugar; essas geralmente melhoram sem cirurgia, com apoio de peso protegido. Outras são instáveis, ou seja, os ossos podem se afastar; nesses casos, é necessária uma operação para mantê-los unidos enquanto cicatrizam. Diagnosticar e tratar precocemente é essencial, pois atrasos superiores a seis meses estão associados a pior desempenho funcional posteriormente.

O que podemos fazer a respeito

Como essa lesão pode passar despercebida, às vezes utilizamos exames de imagem que mostram claramente os ligamentos antes de decidirmos o tratamento adequado.

Se a lesão for estável, ou seja, se os ligamentos estiverem esticados, mas ainda mantendo os ossos no lugar, a cirurgia não é necessária. Protegemos o tornozelo durante a cicatrização e permitimos que você vá colocando peso nele gradualmente. A fisioterapia ajuda a recuperar o movimento, a força e a confiança no tornozelo. Algumas pessoas acham que um curativo macio é suficiente como suporte inicial; outras precisam de um gesso por até três semanas. O período adequado de repouso sem carga varia, e nós orientaremos você quanto a isso.

Se a lesão for instável, ou seja, se os ossos tendem a se separar, geralmente recomendamos a cirurgia. Aguardar mais de seis meses piora o prognóstico, por isso procuramos resolver o problema o quanto antes. A operação mantém os dois ossos unidos enquanto os ligamentos cicatrizam. Isso pode ser feito com um parafuso, uma sutura resistente e um pequeno botão, ou ainda reparando diretamente os ligamentos rompidos. Conversaremos sobre qual opção se adequa melhor à sua lesão e definiremos um plano juntos.

Após a cirurgia, a fisioterapia acelera a recuperação. A maioria das pessoas volta às atividades normais, inclusive ao esporte, cerca de quatro meses após a operação.

O que esperar

O prognóstico depende de se a lesão é estável ou instável. Em lesões estáveis, nas quais a faixa de ligamentos ainda mantém os ossos no lugar, geralmente não é necessária cirurgia. Nesses casos, protege-se o tornozelo, carrega-se peso sobre ele gradualmente e recupera-se a força por meio de fisioterapia. As pessoas tratadas dessa forma relatam bom funcionamento do tornozelo a longo prazo; poucas voltam a lesionar o tornozelo.

Já nas lesões instáveis, é preciso realizar uma cirurgia para manter os ossos unidos enquanto os ligamentos cicatrizam. Quando o procedimento é bem executado, com os ossos perfeitamente alinhados e bem fixados, a maioria dos pacientes volta às atividades normais. Cerca de quatro meses após a cirurgia, a maioria retoma suas atividades habituais, inclusive esportivas. Muitas pessoas mantêm bom funcionamento do tornozelo por décadas, embora exames por imagem às vezes revelem sinais de artrose na articulação. Em um estudo de longo prazo, todas as pessoas que tiveram os ligamentos reparados diretamente afirmaram que repetiriam o procedimento se fosse necessário.

A recuperação raramente segue um caminho linear. No início, o maior desafio é colocar peso sobre o pé; readquirir a mobilidade do tornozelo exige esforço constante na fisioterapia. Iniciar cedo a carga de peso e os movimentos ajuda o tornozelo a funcionar melhor nas primeiras semanas, embora isso não garanta um retorno mais rápido ao trabalho. O tempo necessário para retornar às atividades varia muito entre os indivíduos; portanto, evite comparar-se com os outros.

Se uma lesão instável não for tratada, os problemas tendem a persistir. Os ossos podem se afastar, a articulação sofre desgaste irregular, e a instabilidade crônica gera dor contínua e enfraquecimento do tornozelo. Aguardar mais de seis meses para a cirurgia está associado a pior desempenho funcional posterior; por isso, a avaliação precoce é fundamental. Às vezes, os ligamentos cicatrizam de forma frouxa mesmo após o tratamento; uma articulação instável ou frouxa está ligada a resultados menos favoráveis.

Algumas lesões também envolvem danos dentro da própria articulação do tornozelo. Isso ocorre em até metade das lesões instáveis, e requer tratamento adicional em cerca de um quinto dos casos. O cirurgião avaliará essa possibilidade ao planejar seu tratamento.

Quando procurar ajuda médica

Procure avaliação do tornozelo sem demora se não conseguir colocar nenhum peso sobre ele, se o inchaço surgir rapidamente e for intenso, ou se houver hematomas extensos na parte interna ou superior da perna. Esses são os primeiros sinais de que a lesão vai além de uma simples entorse. Solicite avaliação por um especialista se a dor persistir mesmo após repouso, se o tornozelo parecer instável ou “ceder” ao movimento, ou se o inchaço e a rigidez permanecerem muito tempo após a lesão. Essa lesão é fácil de ser negligenciada e, às vezes, inicialmente é confundida com uma entorse comum. Deixar a situação sem tratamento por muito tempo — esperar mais de seis meses antes da cirurgia — está associado a pior desempenho funcional posteriormente. Se já lhe disseram que se trata de uma entorse, mas o tornozelo não melhora, vale a pena perguntar se a sindesmose foi examinada.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Ligamentous Anatomy

  • The ankle syndesmosis is composed of the anterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament, the posteroinferior tibiofibular ligament, and the interosseous membrane [2].
  • A separate anterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament fascicle, known as the Bassett ligament, may be present and contribute to syndesmotic impingement [2].
  • Approximately 20% of the syndesmotic ligament is intra-articular [2].
  • The interosseous membrane is important in weight transmission through the fibula [3].

Pathomechanics

  • Syndesmotic injuries result from a combination of dorsiflexion and external rotation forces [1].
  • Syndesmotic rupture can occur as a result of a torsional movement of the talus that forces the tibia and fibula apart [3].
  • Syndesmotic rupture can occur as a result of a severe abduction force [3].
  • Severe syndesmotic injuries are associated with deltoid ligament disruption and fibula fracture [1].
  • Syndesmotic instability results in lateral and rotatory displacement of the talus [1].

Radiographic Anatomy & Measurements

  • Normal tibiofibular clear space is less than 6 mm on either the AP or mortise ankle view [1].
  • Normal tibiofibular overlap is greater than 6 mm on the AP view and greater than 1 mm on the mortise view [1].
  • A tibiofibular clear space of greater than 5 mm on the AP view has been suggested to correlate with syndesmotic rupture [3].
  • A tibiofibular overlap of less than 5 mm on the AP view or less than 1 mm on the mortise view has been suggested to correlate with syndesmotic rupture [3].
  • The mean tibiofibular clear space in the normal population is 3.8 mm in females and 4.6 mm in males [3].
  • Some normal individuals have a shallow incisura resulting in no radiographic tibiofibular overlap [3].
  • CT studies show wide variation in the shape of the syndesmosis, including deep concave incisurae and limited curves [3].

Pathophysiological Consequences

  • Injury to the ankle syndesmosis can result in persistent pain and dysfunction secondary to syndesmotic impingement [2].
  • Syndesmotic impingement most often involves the anterior tibiofibular ligament, with resulting synovitis and scarring [2].
  • Untreated syndesmotic diastasis may result in persisting instability, pain, and progressive osteoarthritis [3].
  • Patients with radiographic evidence of syndesmosis widening demonstrated a poorer overall outcome at 5 years in a study of ankle fracture outcomes [3].

Clinical Presentation

History and Physical Examination

  • Acute syndesmotic injuries are typically associated with a twisting mechanism [1].
  • Patients with syndesmotic instability usually cannot bear weight [1].
  • Physical examination findings include tenderness near the syndesmosis and the deltoid ligament [1].
  • Pain is elicited by external rotation of the ankle [1].
  • A positive squeeze test is defined as pain at the syndesmosis when compressing the tibia and fibula at midcalf [1].
  • Swelling and ecchymosis are present in acute syndesmotic injuries [1].
  • Patients with syndesmotic impingement exhibit localized tenderness along the anterior syndesmosis [2].
  • Dorsiflexion and external rotation of the ankle increase symptoms in patients with syndesmotic impingement [2].
  • Tenderness during the squeeze test may be present in patients with syndesmotic impingement [2].

Imaging

  • The AP view of plain radiography shows decreased tibiofibular overlap in syndesmotic injury [1].
  • The mortise view of plain radiography shows increased tibiofibular clear space in syndesmotic injury [1].
  • Tibial radiographs should be obtained to rule out a proximal fibula fracture (Maisonneuve fracture) [1].
  • In subtle cases, the diagnosis is confirmed by weight-bearing radiographs and stress radiographs in eversion and external rotation, with comparison to the opposite side [1].
  • CT may help evaluate the syndesmotic space, especially in chronic cases [1].
  • MRI may show subtle syndesmotic ligament injury [1].

Investigations

Clinical Evaluation

  • Tenderness near the syndesmosis and deltoid ligament is a clinical sign of syndesmotic injury [1].
  • Pain with external rotation is a clinical sign of syndesmotic injury [1].

Plain Radiography

  • A tibiofibular clear space greater than 5 mm on the AP view has been suggested to correlate with syndesmotic rupture [3].
  • A tibiofibular overlap less than 5 mm on the AP view has been suggested to correlate with syndesmotic rupture [3].
  • A tibiofibular overlap less than 1 mm on the mortise view has been suggested to correlate with syndesmotic rupture [3].
  • The tibiofibular clear space is the most reliable parameter among plain radiographic measurements for syndesmotic rupture [3].
  • Cadaveric models have shown that no predictable increase in measurements on plain radiography can be found on sectioning of the syndesmotic ligaments [3].
  • An increase in the tibiofibular clear space in comparison to the contralateral ankle may be more accurate than absolute values [3].

Advanced Imaging

  • Axial imaging has been shown to demonstrate disruptions not evident on plain radiographs [3].
  • CT studies have shown wide variation in the shape of the syndesmosis, including a deep concave incisura in some and a limited curve in others [3].
  • MRI provides a more accurate assessment of syndesmotic injury than plain radiography [3].
  • MRI assessment of syndesmotic injury correlates well with direct arthroscopic assessment [3].
  • MR arthrography may add further accuracy to the assessment of syndesmotic injury [3].
  • The integrity of syndesmotic ligaments is rarely visualized on MRI and is surmised from radiographic diastasis [3].

Treatment

  • Anatomic ligament repairs are a described surgical technique for syndesmotic injuries [4].
  • An evidence-based approach to the treatment of acute traumatic syndesmosis (high ankle) sprains has been outlined [4].
  • Syndesmotic fixation and management is a current practice among orthopedic surgeons for ankle fractures [4].
  • Deltoid ligament repair is an alternative to syndesmotic fixation in bimalleolar equivalent ankle fractures [4].
  • Repair of acute superficial deltoid complex avulsion is performed during ankle fracture fixation in National Football League players [4].
  • Magnetic resonance imaging has been compared to physical examination for the diagnosis of syndesmotic injury after lateral ankle sprain [4].

References

[1] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Acute and Chronic Injuries of the Ankle > IV. Syndesmotic Instability.

[2] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Arthroscopy of the Ankle > IV. Syndesmotic Impingement.

[3] Rockwood And Green S Fractures In Adults. 59: Patellar Fractures and Dislocations and Extensor Mechanism Injuries > Syndesmotic Injuries.

[4] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. REPAIR OF ACUTE RUPTURE OF LATERAL LIGAMENTS > ACUTE ANKLE LIGAMENT INJURIES, CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY.

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