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Sindrom ng Radial Tunnel

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Radial tunnel syndrome — causes forearm pain, weakness straightening fingers, and is distinct from tennis elbow.

Updated Aug 2026
Illustrasyon ng isang tao na kumakapit sa itaas na panlabas na bahagi ng braso dahil sa sakit.
Ang radial tunnel syndrome ay nagdudulot ng masakit na pananakit sa itaas na bahagi ng likod ng braso, kaagad sa ilalim ng siko. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang nararamdaman mo

Maaaring mapansin mo ang malalim at nakakairita na sakit sa panlabas na bahagi ng iyong siko. Karaniwang umaabot ang hindi komportableng pakiramdam na ito pababa sa itaas na bahagi ng iyong forearms patungo sa pulso at kamay. Hindi tulad ng iba pang isyu sa nerbiyos, karaniwang hindi mo nararamdaman ang kahinaan sa iyong kamay sa yugtong ito. Sa halip, ang pangunahing sintomas ay patuloy na sakit na mahirap ituring sa isang tiyak na punto.

Karaniwang lumalala ang sakit kapag inuunat mo ang iyong pulso o mga daliri laban sa resistensya. Maaari mong maranasan ang pagtaas nito kapag humahawak sa mga bagay, pag-ikot ng hawakan ng pinto, o pag-angat ng mga bagay na may palad na nakaharap pababa. Ang mga gawain na nangangailangan ng paulit-ulit na paggalaw ng braso, tulad ng pag-type o pag-aalaga sa hardin, ay maaaring magdulot ng mga paglala. Maaari ring mas malinaw na maranasan ang sakit sa gabi, na nagiging sanhi ng hirap sa paghanap ng komportableng posisyon sa pagtulog.

Maaaring maging hamon ang mga pang-araw-araw na gawain habang lumalala ang hindi komportableng pakiramdam. Ang mga simpleng kilos tulad ng pag-abot sa likod ng iyong likod upang isara ang bra o pagtupi ng isang kamiseta ay maaaring magdulot ng matalim na pananakit o mahinang sakit. Maaari mong mapansin na iwasan mo ang mga partikular na galaw upang protektahan ang iyong braso, na maaaring magdulot ng pagkatigas sa loob ng panahon. Habang ang pahinga ay madalas na nagbibigay ng ilang ginhawa, maaaring manatili ang sakit at makagambala sa iyong pang-araw-araw na gawain.

Kung ang mga konserbatibong hakbang ay hindi makapagpapagaan ng iyong mga sintomas, maaari naming talakayin ang karagdagang mga pagpipilian. Ang aming pamamaraan ay nakatuon sa pagtukoy sa pinagmulan ng iritasyon upang gabayan ang iyong paggaling. Layunin naming tulungan kang mabawi ang ginhawa at kakayahan sa pamamagitan ng isang plano na inangkop sa iyong mga partikular na pangangailangan.

Ano ang nangyayari talaga

Ang Radial Tunnel Syndrome ay nangyayari kapag ang radial nerve ay napipigilan habang dumadaan ito sa iyong braso. Ang nerbiyong ito ay dumadaan sa isang makitid na daanan sa iyong forearms, na kilala bilang radial tunnel. Isipin mo ang tunnel na ito na parang isang mahigpit na manggas. Kapag ang mga tissue sa paligid nito ay namamaga o nagiging mahigpit, ito ay pumipiga sa nerbiyong iyon. Ang presyur na ito ay humahadlang sa pagpapadala ng malinaw na mga signal ng nerbiyong iyon sa iyong mga kalamnan.

Ang radial nerve ang kontrolado ang mga kalamnan na nagpapataas ng iyong pulso at mga daliri. Nagbibigay din ito ng pakiramdam sa likod ng iyong kamay. Kapag ang nerbiyong iyon ay napipiga, maaaring maranasan mo ang malalim na sakit sa panlabas na bahagi ng iyong siko at forearm. Karaniwang lumalala ang sakit na ito kapag sinusubukan mong tuusin ang iyong pulso laban sa resistensya. Maaari mo ring mapansin ang kahinaan sa iyong hawak o hirap sa pagtaas ng mga bagay. Ang mga sintomas na ito ay nangyayari dahil ang nerbiyong iyon ay nahihirapan makipag-ugnayan sa iyong mga kalamnan sa ilalim ng presyur.

Titingnan ng iyong doktor ang tiyak na punto kung saan nangyayari ang pagpigil na ito. Walang iisang paraan sa operasyon na makakapagpakita at magpapalaya sa lahat ng posibleng punto ng pagpigil sa radial tunnel. Dahil dito, mahalaga ang maingat na pagsusuri. Kung hindi tumutulong ang mga konservatibong paggamot, maaaring irekomenda ang operasyon upang palayain ang nerbiyong iyon. Ang layunin ay lumikha ng mas maraming espasyo upang muling malayang makagalaw ang nerbiyong iyon.

Sa ilang kaso, ang isyu ay may kaugnayan sa ibang mga problema sa siko. Halimbawa, ang katigasan ng siko ay minsan ay may ugat sa iritasyon ng nerbiyong iyon. Kung ikaw ay gagawa ng operasyon para sa katigasan ng siko, titingnan ng iyong doktor ang anumang involvement ng nerbiyong iyon. Maaaring isaalang-alang ang preventive nerve release kahit normal ang iyong nerbiyong function bago ang operasyon. Tumatulong ito upang maiwasan ang mga kinabukasang komplikasyon at siguraduhin ang pinakamainam na paggaling para sa galaw at lakas ng iyong braso.

Mga maitutulong namin dito

Ang ginagamit na pamamaraan ni Dr. Kieran Hirpara, isang surgeon sa upper limb sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, ay sumasalamin sa paraan ng paggamot sa kondisyong ito sa aming klinika. Karaniwan, nagsisimula kami sa hindi operatibong paggamot. Ang unang hakbang na ito ay nakatuon sa pahinga at pagbabago ng mga gawain upang bawasan ang stress sa forearms. Layunin ng physiotherapy na palakasin at paluwagin ang lakas at flexibility ng braso at pulso. Karaniwan kaming nagre-rekomenda na subukan nang maayos ang konservatibong paggamot bago isaalang-alang ang ibang mga opsyon.

Ang medikal na pamamahala ay tumutulong sa pagkontrol ng sakit at pamamaga habang nagpapagaling ka. Maaaring imungkahi ng iyong surgeon ang mga anti-inflammatory na gamot upang bawasan ang pamamaga sa paligid ng nerve. Sa ilang kaso, pinag-uusapan namin ang mga injection. Ang mga injection ng cortisone ay maaaring pampahina ng pamamaga, bagaman pansamantala ang epekto. Ang mga injection ng hyaluronic acid o platelet-rich plasma (PRP) ay iba pang mga opsyon na maaaring pag-usapan ng iyong surgeon upang suportahan ang kalusugan ng tissue. Layunin ng mga tratamientong ito na bawasan ang mga sintomas at mapabuti ang function nang hindi nangangailangan ng operasyon.

Isinasaalang-alang ang operasyon kapag hindi sapat ang pag-unlad mula sa hindi operatibong paggamot. Inirerekomenda rin namin ang operasyon agad para sa mga structural o acute na problema, tulad ng pinsala sa nerve dahil sa fracture, nang walang nakaraang hindi operatibong subok. Ang surgical decompression ay kinabibilangan ng pagpapalaya ng pressure sa radial nerve. Ito ay isang viable na opsyon para sa mga kaso na hindi tumutugon sa konservatibong paggamot. Sa mga partikular na sitwasyon, tulad ng pinsala sa nerve dahil sa cement sa panahon ng elbow replacement, ang agad na pag-alis ng cement at pagpapalaya ng nerve ay maaaring makatulong sa pagpapagaling. Para sa matagal nang pinsala sa nerve kung saan hindi na maiaayos ang nerve, maaaring gamitin ang tendon transfers upang ibalik ang function ng kamay. Pinag-uusapan namin ang mga opsyong ito sa iyo upang matiyak na ang plano ay angkop sa iyong mga pangangailangan.

Ano ang inaasahan

Para sa karamihan, ang radial tunnel syndrome ay gumagaling nang walang kailangang operasyon. Ang spontaneous recovery ay nangyayari sa 70%–88% ng mga pinsala sa radial nerve. Ibig sabihin, malamang na mag-aayos ang iyong mga sintomas nang sarili sa paglipas ng panahon. Ang unang hakbang ay ang pamamahala nang hindi kailangan ng operasyon (nonsurgical management). Gabay ng iyong surgeon ang iyong mga conservative treatments upang matulungan ang iyong nerve na gumaling.

Kung hindi magpapabuti ang iyong mga sintomas sa pamamagitan ng conservative care, maaaring maging opsyon ang operasyon. Ang surgical decompression ay naglalayong bawasan ang pressure sa radial nerve. Karaniwang ginagamit lamang ito sa mga kaso na patuloy na masakit kahit na may ibang treatments. Ang prognosis pagkatapos ng operasyon ay nakadepende sa ilang mga salik, kabilang ang tagal ng iyong mga sintomas at ang tiyak na dahilan ng compression sa nerve.

Ang recovery ay isang unti-unting proseso. Kung kailangan ng operasyon, layunin ng iyong surgeon na bawasan ang pressure sa nerve. Maaaring mapansin mo ang mga pagbabago sa sensation o lakas sa loob ng ilang linggo hanggang buwan. Sa ilang mga kaso, tulad ng mga pinsala na may kinalaman sa fractures, ang maagang surgical exploration sa loob ng 3 linggo mula sa pinsala ay maaaring mapabuti ang pagkakataon na mabawi ang function ng nerve. Gayunpaman, kahit na may intervention, hindi garantisadong makakabangon nang buo ang lahat.

Mahalagang magkaroon ng realistic na mga inaasahan. Habang ang maraming pasyente ay nakakaranas ng malaking pagpapabuti, may ilang mga taong patuloy na may mga residual na sintomas. Ang layunin ng treatment ay bawasan ang sakit at ibalik ang function sa pinakamataas na antas na posible. Tatalakayin ng iyong surgeon ang iyong tiyak na prognosis batay sa iyong indibidwal na kondisyon at tugon sa mga unang treatments.

Kung ang pinsala sa nerve ay malala o matagal nang nangyayari, maaaring isaalang-alang ang karagdagang mga procedures tulad ng tendon transfers. Ang mga operasyong ito ay tumutulong na ibalik ang function sa pamamagitan ng pagrereroute ng mga tendon. Ito ay karaniwang huling resort para sa mga irreparable na nerve lesions. Gayunpaman, ang karamihan sa mga pasyente ay nakakahanap ng ginhawa sa pamamagitan ng mga non-surgical na paraan o standard na decompression.

Narito kami upang suportahan ka sa bawat yugto ng paglalakbay na ito. Masusubaybayan namin nang mahigpit ang iyong progreso at ia-adjust ang iyong care plan kung kinakailangan. Ang aming layunin ay tulungan kang bumalik sa iyong mga pang-araw-araw na gawain na may minimong discomfort. Huwag mag-atubiling magtanong kung hindi ka sigurado kung ano ang inaasahan sa susunod.

Kailan pumunta sa doktor

Pumunta sa iyong GP (General Practitioner) kung mayroon kang patuloy na sakit sa labas na bahagi ng siko o sa forearms na hindi gumagaling kahit magpahinga. Humingi ng pagsusuri ng espesyalista kung mapansin mo ang kahinaan sa iyong pulso o mga daliri, o kung nakakaapekto ang mga sintomas sa iyong pagtulog o trabaho. Bigyang-pansin agad ang biglaang paglala ng sakit o pamamanhid. Bagama’t maraming sugat sa radial nerve ang gumagaling nang spontaneous sa loob ng 3 hanggang 5 buwan, mahalaga ang maagang pagsusuri. Ang surgical exploration sa loob ng 3 linggo pagkatapos ng sugat ay may kaakibat na mas mataas na pagkakataon ng pagbawi ng function ng radial nerve kumpara sa paghihintay. Ang nonsurgical na pamamahala ang unang hakbang na paggamot para sa radial tunnel syndrome, ngunit ang tamang pagtatasa ay tinitiyak na makakakuha ka ng angkop na alaga.

Reviewed by Dr Kieran Hirpara · 7 August 2026.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Radial tunnel syndrome is an illness construct based on a speculative pathophysiology with no verifiable pathophysiology or accepted reference standard for diagnosis [2].
  • The traditional clinical issue surrounding radial tunnel syndrome has been properly identifying it [1].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome is distinct from posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, though both are reviewed in the context of radial nerve pathology [8].
  • The Rule-of-Nine test effectively specifies the site of tenderness for the diagnosis of radial tunnel syndrome [4].
  • Nonsurgical management is considered first-line treatment for radial tunnel syndrome [3].
  • Surgical decompression remains a viable option for refractory cases of radial tunnel syndrome despite ongoing controversy regarding diagnosis and outcomes [3].
  • There is a tendency that surgical decompression of the radial tunnel might be effective in patients with radial tunnel syndrome [14].
  • Pain in patients with radial tunnel syndrome may be treated successfully by surgical decompression of the superficial branch of the radial nerve [11].
  • Corticosteroid injection demonstrated improvement in standardized outcomes measures of pain and function at one year in 75% of patients presenting with symptoms of radial tunnel syndrome [5].
  • Surgical decompression of the median nerve or the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) in the forearm is rarely indicated, and a prolonged nonsurgical approach is warranted in most cases [19].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • It is important to understand the anatomic course and distribution of the radial nerve to make an accurate diagnosis [9].
  • The posterior interosseous nerve crosses the radial head midline and increases its distance from bony structures with supination of the forearm [26].
  • Supination increases the linear distance between the posterior interosseous nerve and the radial head, which should be considered to increase safe working volume during intra-articular procedures on the anterolateral aspect of the elbow [26].
  • The distance of the posterior interosseous nerve from the radial head appears to increase with forearm supination, potentially increasing safe working space [31].
  • Predictive accuracy for posterior interosseous nerve localization in the proximal forearm is highest when the arm is in a supinated position [32].
  • The posterior interosseous nerve moves farther from the radial head during elbow extension than flexion [35].
  • The posterior interosseous nerve moves farther from the radial head during forearm pronation than supination [35].
  • Distal migration of the posterior interosseous nerve is minimal (3.5 mm) across various elbow and forearm positions [35].
  • Wrist proprioception appears to be a multifactorial phenomenon [34].
  • There is controversy surrounding radial tunnel syndrome, dynamic compression theories, and the difficulty in differentiating it from tennis elbow [37].

Classification

  • Radial tunnel syndrome is traditionally defined as a pain syndrome caused by compression of the posterior interosseous nerve at the proximal forearm [7].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome and posterior interosseous nerve compression are distinct entities with different clinical presentations but share identical potential sites of nerve interference [12].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome and posterior interosseous nerve compression are proposed to be mild (radial tunnel syndrome) and severe (posterior interosseous nerve compression) forms of one disease to simplify nomenclature [12].
  • MR imaging features provide credence to the concept that radial tunnel syndrome is a distinct clinical entity related to compression of the posterior interosseous nerve [10].
  • The issue surrounding radial tunnel syndrome traditionally has been properly identifying it clinically [1].
  • It is important to understand the anatomic course and distribution of the radial nerve in order to make an accurate diagnosis [9].
  • Nomenclature advocates for consistent use of terminology distinguishing the deep branch of the radial nerve and the posterior interosseous nerve [17].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome are recommended to be viewed as a single condition presenting along a spectrum of nerve entrapment [17].

Clinical Presentation

  • Radial tunnel syndrome is traditionally characterized by difficulty in proper clinical identification [1].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome is an illness construct based on speculative pathophysiology with no verifiable pathophysiology or accepted reference standard for diagnosis [2].
  • There is ongoing controversy regarding the diagnosis and outcomes of radial tunnel syndrome [3].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome is a pain syndrome caused by compression of the posterior interosseous nerve at the proximal forearm [7].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome and posterior interosseous nerve compression are distinct entities with different clinical presentations [12].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome and posterior interosseous nerve compression share identical potential sites of nerve interference [12].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome is a distinct clinical entity related to compression of the posterior interosseous nerve [10].
  • Understanding the anatomic course and distribution of the radial nerve is important for making an accurate diagnosis [9].
  • Radial tunnel syndrome and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome may be viewed as a single condition presenting along a spectrum of nerve entrapment [17].

Investigations

  • Radial tunnel syndrome is traditionally identified through clinical evaluation [1].
  • MR imaging provides credence to the concept that radial tunnel syndrome is a distinct clinical entity related to compression of the posterior interosseous nerve [10].
  • Dynamic ultrasonographic assessment of changes in the anteroposterior diameter and cross-sectional area is an effective diagnostic tool for identifying radial tunnel syndrome [18].
  • Neuroimaging should be considered as a complementary diagnostic method in posterior interosseous neuropathy syndrome [33].

Treatment

Non-Operative Management

  • Nonsurgical management is the first-line treatment for radial tunnel syndrome [3].
  • A prolonged nonsurgical approach is warranted in most cases of nerve compression syndromes in the forearm, such as ulnar tunnel syndrome, radial tunnel syndrome, anterior interosseous nerve syndrome, and pronator syndrome [19].
  • Nonoperative management with corticosteroid injection can be used as a therapeutic measure with potential long-term benefits in the treatment of radial tunnel syndrome [27].
  • Prospective evaluation of a single corticosteroid injection demonstrated improvement in standardized outcomes measures of pain and function at one year in 75% of patients presenting with symptoms of radial tunnel syndrome [5].

Operative Management

  • Surgery is advocated for high radial nerve entrapment neuropathy cases resistant to conservative treatment, emphasizing the importance of dissecting the entire length of the fibrous tunnel [6].
  • No single surgical approach was adequate for complete visualization and release of all compression points of the radial tunnel [13].

Complications

  • Isolated posterior interosseous nerve neurectomy (PINN) has shown excellent clinical outcomes, with few patients experiencing recurrent pain at long-term follow-up [21].

Recovery

  • Surgical decompression is a viable option for refractory cases of radial tunnel syndrome [3].
  • In a case of posterior interosseous-nerve syndrome secondary to rheumatoid synovitis with entrapment duration of more than two years, a tendon transfer was used as treatment [38].
  • Surgical excision can lead to rapid recovery of nerve sensation in cases of radial nerve compression by ganglion cysts [39].

Key Evidence

  • [L5] The issue surrounding radial tunnel syndrome traditionally has been properly identifying it clinically. [1] (10.1097/01.bth.0000231580.32406.71)
  • [L5] Radial tunnel syndrome is an illness construct based on a speculative pathophysiology with no verifiable pathophysiology or accepted reference standard for diagnosis. [2] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.03.020)
  • [L4] The article reviews the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of radial tunnel syndrome, noting that while nonsurgical management is first-line, surgical decompression remains a viable option for refractory cases despite ongoing controversy regarding diagnosis and outcomes. [3] (10.5435/jaaos-d-23-00314)
  • [L4] The Rule-of-Nine test effectively specifies the site of tenderness for the diagnosis of radial tunnel syndrome. [4] (10.1177/230949900401200115)
  • [L4] Prospective evaluation of corticosteroid injection demonstrated improvement in standardized outcomes measures of pain and function at one year in 75% of patients presenting with symptoms of radial tunnel syndrome. [5] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.06.095)
  • [Case_report] The authors advocate for surgery in high radial nerve entrapment neuropathy cases resistant to conservative treatment, emphasizing the importance of dissecting the entire length of the fibrous tunnel. [6] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.02.060)
  • [L5] Radial tunnel syndrome is a pain syndrome caused by compression of the posterior interosseous nerve at the proximal forearm. [7] (10.1016/j.ocl.2012.07.022)
  • [Paper] This article is a review of the history, anatomy, and clinical presentation of radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome (PINS). [8] (10.1016/s0749-0712(21)00357-7)
  • [L5] It is important to understand the anatomic course and distribution of the radial nerve in order to make an accurate diagnosis. [9] (10.1007/s11420-011-9238-8)
  • [L4] The study provides credence to the somewhat disputed concept that radial tunnel syndrome is a distinct clinical entity related to compression of the posterior interosseous nerve. [10] (10.1148/radiol.2401050028)
  • [L4] This study indicates that pain in patients with radial tunnel syndrome may be treated successfully by surgical decompression of the superficial branch of the radial nerve. [11] (10.1177/1753193408099832)
  • [L5] Radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) and posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) compression are distinct entities with different clinical presentations but share identical potential sites of nerve interference; the author proposes unifying them as mild (RTS) and severe (PIN compression) forms of one disease to simplify nomenclature. [12] (10.1177/1753193420953990)
  • [L5] No single approach was adequate for complete visualization and release of all compression points of the radial tunnel. [13] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.03.009)
  • [L4] There is a tendency that surgical decompression of the radial tunnel might be effective in patients with RTS. [14] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.10.001)
  • [L5] The authors advocate for consistent use of the terminology distinguishing the deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN) and the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN), and recommend viewing radial tunnel syndrome and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome as a single condition presenting along a spectrum of nerve entrapment. [17] (10.1177/17531934241254706)
  • [L4] Dynamic ultrasonographic assessment of changes in the AP diameter and CSA is an effective diagnostic tool for identifying radial tunnel syndrome. [18] (10.1177/17531934261443138)
  • [L5] Surgical decompression of the median nerve or the AIN in the forearm is rarely indicated; a prolonged nonsurgical approach is warranted in most cases. [19] (10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00010)
  • [L4] Isolated PINN have shown excellent clinical outcomes, with few patients experiencing recurrent pain at long-term follow-up. [21] (10.1177/1558944717692093)
  • [L5] Supination increases the linear distance between the PIN and radial head and should be considered to increase the safe working volume whenever intra-articular procedures are performed on the anterolateral aspect of the elbow. [26] (10.1016/j.jse.2018.08.019)
  • [L4] Nonoperative management with corticosteroid injection can be used as a therapeutic measure with potential long-term benefits in the treatment of RTS. [27] (10.1177/1558944718787282)
  • [L5] Furthermore, its distance from the radial head appears to increase with forearm supination, which could increase the safe working space. [31] (10.1055/s-0037-1605388)
  • [L5] Predictive accuracy was highest when the arm was in a supinated position. [32] (10.1016/j.arthro.2013.03.056)
  • [L4] Neuroimaging should be considered as a complementary diagnostic method in PINS. [33] (10.1212/wnl.0000000000003287)
  • [L1] Wrist proprioception appears to be a multifactorial phenomenon. [34] (10.1016/j.jht.2015.03.003)
  • [L3] The posterior interosseous nerve moved farther from the radial head during elbow extension than flexion and during forearm pronation than supination, but distal migration was minimal (3.5 mm). [35] (10.5397/cise.2024.00213)
  • [L5] The paper is a letter to the editor discussing the controversy surrounding radial tunnel syndrome, dynamic compression theories, and the difficulty in differentiating it from tennis elbow, noting that a combined operative procedure for both conditions will be reported in the future. [37] (10.2106/00004623-199274020-00024)
  • [L4] In the third patient, in whom the duration of entrapment was more than two years, a tendon transfer was used as treatment. [38] (10.2106/00004623-197355040-00009)
  • [L4] Surgical excision can lead to rapid recovery of nerve sensation in cases of radial nerve compression by ganglion cysts. [39] (10.1007/s11552-007-9083-x)

References

[1] A Unified Approach to Radial Tunnel Syndrome and Lateral Tendinosis. Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery. 2006. DOI: 10.1097/01.bth.0000231580.32406.71

[2] Radial Tunnel Syndrome. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.03.020

[3] Radial Tunnel Syndrome: Review and Best Evidence. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2023. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-23-00314

[4] A New Clinical Test for Radial Tunnel Syndrome—The Rule-of-Nine Test: A Cadaveric Study. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. 2001. DOI: 10.1177/230949900401200115

[5] Prospective Evaluation of Single Corticosteroid Injection in Radial Tunnel Syndrome. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.06.095

[6] High radial nerve entrapment neuropathy: an anatomical cadaver study and case report. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.02.060

[7] Radial Tunnel Syndrome. Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2012.07.022

[8] RADIAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. Hand Clinics. 1996. DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0712(21)00357-7

[9] Posterior Interosseous Neuropathy: Electrodiagnostic Evaluation. HSS Journal®: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery. 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s11420-011-9238-8

[10] MR Imaging Features of Radial Tunnel Syndrome: Initial Experience. Radiology. 2006. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2401050028

[11] Radial Tunnel Syndrome: Emphasis on the Superficial Branch of the Radial Nerve. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2009. DOI: 10.1177/1753193408099832

[12] Radial tunnel syndrome: definition, distinction and treatments. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1753193420953990

[13] Anatomical Study of the Surgical Approaches to the Radial Tunnel. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.03.009

[14] Interventions for Treating the Radial Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.10.001

[17] Nomenclature of the radial nerve: distinguishing between the deep branch of the radial nerve and the posterior interosseous nerve. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2024. DOI: 10.1177/17531934241254706

[18] Role of high-resolution dynamic ultrasonography in the evaluation of posterior interosseous nerve compression at radial tunnel: a prospective case-control study. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2026. DOI: 10.1177/17531934261443138

[19] Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome, Radial Tunnel Syndrome, Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome, and Pronator Syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2017. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00010

[21] Outcomes Following Isolated Posterior Interosseous Nerve Neurectomy: A Systematic Review. HAND. 2017. DOI: 10.1177/1558944717692093

[26] The posterior interosseous nerve crosses the radial head midline and increases its distance from bony structures with supination of the forearm. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.08.019

[27] Prospective Evaluation of a Single Corticosteroid Injection in Radial Tunnel Syndrome. HAND. 2018. DOI: 10.1177/1558944718787282

[31] Distance of the Posterior Interosseous Nerve from the Radial Head during Elbow Arthroscopy: An Anatomical Study. Joints. 2017. DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1605388

[32] Posterior Interosseous Nerve Localization in the Proximal Forearm: A Cadaveric Study Establishing a Non‐invasive, Patient‐normalized Parameter (SS‐49). Arthroscopy. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2013.03.056

[33] Posterior interosseous neuropathy. Neurology. 2016. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003287

[34] Multiplanar wrist joint proprioception: The effect of anesthetic blockade of the posterior interosseous nerve or skin envelope surrounding the joint. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2015.03.003

[35] In vivo dynamic migration of the posterior interosseous nerve across various elbow and forearm positions. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow. 2024. DOI: 10.5397/cise.2024.00213

[37] Radial tunnel syndrome. An investigation of compression neuropathy as a possible cause.. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1992. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199274020-00024

[38] Posterior Interosseous-Nerve Syndrome Secondary to Rheumatoid Synovitis. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1973. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-197355040-00009

[39] Compression Neuropathy of the Radial Nerve Due to Ganglion Cysts. HAND. 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s11552-007-9083-x

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