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Osteochondritis Dissecans ng Capitellum

A lateral elbow joint-surface problem in young throwers and gymnasts — how it is found, when it heals with rest, and when surgery is needed.

Isang batang baseball pitcher na nakahawak sa labas na bahagi ng siko dahil sa sakit.
Ang osteochondritis dissecans ng capitellum ay nakakaapekto sa panlabas na bahagi ng siko sa mga batang thrower at gymnast, mula sa paulit-ulit na loading ng joint surface. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang iyong nararamdaman

Karaniwan itong lumalabas bilang isang mapurol at kumikirot na sakit sa panlabas na bahagi ng siko, na madalas ay mahirap ituro nang eksakto. May tendensiya itong lumala kasabay ng aktibidad, lalo na ang paghahagis, gymnastics, o anumang bagay na nagbibigay ng load sa braso, at nababawasan kapag nagpapahinga. Maraming batang atleta ang nakapapansin na hindi na nila lubos na maiunat ang siko; ang pagkawala ng huling ilang digri ng extension ay karaniwan at madalas na lumilitaw bago pa maging isang tunay na problema ang sakit.

Kung ang isang bahagi ng joint surface ay nagsimulang lumuwag, ang siko ay maaaring magsimulang sumabit, kumlik, o mag-lock, at maaaring mamaga pagkatapos ng aktibidad. Ang isang tunay na locking episode (kung saan ang siko ay nababara at hindi gumagalaw nang sandali) ay karaniwang nangangahulugan na may isang maliit na fragment ng cartilage at buto ang kumalas at lumulutang sa loob ng joint. Ang kondisyong ito ay madalas na nakakaapekto sa mga teenager na naghahagis (baseball, cricket) o nag-gymnastics, kung saan ang panlabas na siko ay nakakaranas ng paulit-ulit na pounding.

Ano ang aktwal na nangyayari

Ang panlabas na kalahati ng siko ay isang bilugang bukol ng buto na tinatawag na capitellum, na nababalutan ng makinis na cartilage. Sa paulit-ulit na mabigat na pagkakarga sa isang lumalaking siko, ang isang maliit na bahagi ng buto sa ilalim lamang ng cartilage na iyon ay maaaring mawalan ng suplay ng dugo at magsimulang lumambot. Ito ay osteochondritis dissecans, o OCD. Ang nakapatong na cartilage ay maaaring manatiling buo at gumaling, o ang bahagi ay maaaring magbitak, umangat, at kalaunan ay humiwalay bilang isang loose body.

Mag-ingat na huwag itong ipagkamali sa isang mas mild at kusang gumagaling na kondisyon sa pagkabata na tinatawag na Panner's disease, na nakakaapekto sa mas batang mga bata (karaniwang under 10), nawawala nang kusa sa pamamagitan ng pahinga, at hindi nag-iiwan ng permanenteng pinsala. Ang tunay na OCD ay nangyayari sa mas matatandang bata at mga adolescent at maaaring magdulot ng permanenteng pinsala sa joint kung may fragment na humiwalay.

Napakahalaga ng kalagayan ng cartilage. Ang isang stable na lesion (cartilage ay nakakabit pa nang mahigpit, bukas pa ang growth plates) ay may tunay na pagkakataong gumaling sa pamamagitan ng pahinga lamang. Ang isang unstable na lesion (may bitak, nakaangat, o hiwalay na) ay karaniwang hindi gagaling nang kusa at kadalasang nangangailangan ng operasyon.

Ano ang maaari naming gawin tungkol dito

Pinamumunuan ni Dr Kieran Hirpara ang aming upper-limb service sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, kung saan ginagabayan namin ang mga pasyente mula sa kanilang paunang referral mula sa GP sa pamamagitan ng malinaw na pagtatasa ng kanilang history, pagsusuri, at imaging. Para sa mga matagal nang problema sa siko, karaniwan kaming nagsisimula sa non-operative care at tutuloy lamang sa operasyon kung ang pahinga at rehabilitasyon ay hindi nagbibigay ng sapat na ginhawa.

Ang una at pinakamahalagang hakbang para sa isang stable lesion ay ang simpleng pagtigil sa aktibidad na nagpapalala nito (walang paghahagis, walang pagbubuhat ng mabigat gamit ang braso) sa loob ng ilang buwan, na may unti-unting pagbabalik kapag ang buto ay naghilom na sa mga scan. Sa mga mas batang atleta na bukas pa ang mga growth plate, marami sa mga lesion na ito ang ganap na gumagaling sa ganitong paraan. Ang pahinga ay hindi "walang ginagawa"; ito ang gamutan.

Kapag ang lesion ay unstable, nakabuo na ng loose body, o hindi gumagaling sa pahinga, karaniwang inirerekomenda ang operasyon. Ito ay halos palaging ginagawa sa pamamagitan ng keyhole (arthroscopic) surgery at ang pagpili ay depende sa lesion:

  • Paglilinis at pagpapasigla ng paghilom: pagtanggal ng damaged fragment at paggawa ng maliliit na butas sa nakalantad na buto (microfracture) upang mabuo ang isang healing layer ng bagong tissue. Mabisa ito para sa mas maliliit na lesion.
  • Pagbabalik at pag-fix ng fragment: kung ang maluwag na piraso ay malaki at may mabuting kalidad, maaari itong i-pin o i-screw pabalik sa kinalalagyan nito.
  • Resurfacing ng defect: para sa malalaking lesion, lalo na ang mga nasa gilid ng joint, ang mga healthy cartilage-and-bone plug ay maaaring i-transplant upang muling mabuo ang surface (isang graft procedure).

Ang iyong surgeon ang magpapasya sa pagitan ng mga ito base sa laki ng lesion, lokasyon at kung ang cartilage ay maaari pang isalba, na karaniwang ginagabayan ng isang MRI scan.

Ano ang dapat asahan

Ang outlook ay karaniwang mabuti, lalo na kapag ang problema ay naagapan nang maaga at ang lesion ay stable pa. Maraming batang pasyente na may stable na mga lesion ang gumagaling sa pamamagitan ng pahinga at nakakabalik sa kanilang sport. Pagkatapos ng operasyon para sa mga unstable na lesion, karamihan sa mga pasyente ay nakakakuha ng mabuting relief sa sakit at kapaki-pakinabang na pagbabalik ng paggalaw, at ang karamihan sa mga atleta ay nakakabalik sa sport, bagaman maaaring tumagal ito ng ilang buwan at mangailangan ng isang structured rehabilitation programme.

Ilang tapat na babala. Ang mga mas malalaking lesion, yaong mga umaabot sa outer edge ng joint, at mga siko kung saan ang mga growth plate ay sarado na ay may tendensiyang hindi gaanong bumuti at mas malamang na mangailangan ng operasyon. Maaaring manatili ang ilang pagkawala ng full extension, at sa katagalan, ang isang significant na lesion ay maaaring bahagyang magpataas ng panganib ng elbow arthritis sa hinaharap, na siyang dahilan kung bakit napakahalaga ng maagang pagkilala at pagprotekta sa joint.

Kailan dapat magpatingin

  • Patuloy na pananakit ng outer-elbow sa isang batang thrower o gymnast na hindi nawawala pagkatapos ng isang linggo o dalawang linggong pahinga; ipasuri ito bago magpatuloy.
  • Pagkawala ng full elbow extension: ang hindi pagkakayanang ituwid nang lubos ang siko ay isang maagang babala na dapat suriin.
  • Catching, clicking, o pag-lock ng siko: nagpapahiwatig ito na maaaring may lumuwag na fragment at nangangailangan ng imaging.
  • Pamamaga pagkatapos ng aktibidad na pabalik-balik.
  • Ang alinman sa mga ito sa isang skeletally immature na atleta ay nangangailangan ng agarang atensyon, dahil ang mga lesion na natutukoy habang bukas pa ang mga growth plate ay may pinakamataas na pagkakataong gumaling nang walang operasyon.

Higit pang kalaliman

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

Ang seksyong ito ay higit pa sa kailangan mo para sa iyong sariling mga desisyon sa paggamot. Ang capitellar osteochondritis dissecans ay karapat-dapat sa karagdagang pagbabasa dahil ito ay kalimitang isang tahimik na sakit ng lumalaking siko: sa oras na magdulot ito ng sapat na sakit upang dalhin ang isang batang thrower sa klinika, ang lesion ay madalas na nakalampas na sa punto kung saan gumagana pa ang pinakasimpleng paggamot.

Mas karaniwan ito kaysa sa ipinahihiwatig ng mga sintomas

Iba ang kuwentong ibinibigay ng screening kumpara sa pagpunta sa klinika. Sa mga 2,433 na adolescent baseball players, ang prevalence ng capitellar osteochondritis dissecans kabilang ang mga latent cases ay 3.4%. Ang mga apektadong manlalaro ay nagsimulang maglaro sa mas batang edad, mas matagal na naglaro, at mas madalas na nakaranas ng pananakit ng siko [1].

Ang "kabilang ang mga latent cases" ay ang mahalagang qualifier. Isang makabuluhang bahagi ng mga lesion na ito ang natuklasan sa pamamagitan ng pagsusuri sa halip na dahil nagreklamo ang manlalaro, na nangangahulugang ang pananakit ay isang huli at hindi maaasahang signal sa isang grupo ng mga atleta na, sa anumang kaso, ay hindi hilig na iulat ito.

Binabago ng pagkaantala ang maaaring gawin

Ang kahihinatnan ay direktang makikita sa mga opsyon sa paggamot. Sa 258 na mga adolescent, naobserbahan ang mga advanced lesion sa mga pasyenteng may mas mahabang tagal ng sintomas, bagaman kapag ang isang lesion ay nangailangan na ng operasyon, ang mga detalye ng paggamot sa halip na ang tagal ang may pinakamahusay na korelasyon sa pagbabalik sa sports [2].

Dalawang radiographic finding ang naghuhula na mabibigo ang non-operative management: paglaki ng radial head at advanced skeletal age sa panig na ginagamit sa paghagis kumpara sa panig na hindi ginagamit sa paghagis, na kapwa nauugnay sa advanced-stage disease sa 245 na mga pasyente [3]. Pareho nitong inilalarawan ang isang siko na nag-remodel na sa ilalim ng load, na isang structural statement sa halip na symptomatic.

Ito ang argumento para sa imaging ng isang batang thrower na may persistent elbow pain sa halip na ituring ito bilang isang soft-tissue problem, at para seryosohin ang side-to-side difference.

Para sa isang stable na lesion, sapat na ang mas maliit na operasyon

Kung saan ang fragment ay stable at maliit ang defect, ang debate ay sa pagitan ng simpleng paglilinis ng defect at karagdagang pag-drill sa buto sa ilalim nito upang hikayatin ang isang fibrocartilage repair. Sa 327 na pasyente, kapwa ang debridement at microfracture ay nagdulot ng malaking pagbuti sa sakit, range of motion, outcome scores at pagbabalik sa sport, at dahil ang magkakatulad na mid-term outcomes ay nakamit sa pamamagitan ng debridement lamang, ang debridement ay isang makatwirang approach para sa mga relatibong maliit na defect [4].

Para sa malaki o hindi stable na lesion, nagbabago ang kalkulasyon

Kung saan ang fragment ay humiwalay o malaki ang defect, ang surface ay kailangang palitan sa halip na linisin lamang, karaniwan sa pamamagitan ng paglilipat ng plug ng cartilage at buto. Gumagana ito, na may mahalagang paglilinaw.

Sa pagsasama-sama ng 492 na pasyente, ang pagbabalik sa sport pagkatapos ng operative management ay mataas sa pangkalahatan, at ang mga pasyente ay mas malamang na bumalik sa kanilang pinakamataas na pre-operative level pagkatapos ng osteochondral autograft transfer kaysa pagkatapos ng debridement o fixation [5]. Ngunit ang isang 2024 review ng 470 na pasyente pagkatapos ng autograft transfer, habang kinukumpirma ang mataas na return-to-sport rates, ay natuklasang ang mga atleta ay dapat payuhan tungkol sa pagbabalik sa mas mababang level ng performance o pangangailangang magpalit ng posisyon, at na ang lateral lesion location ay maaaring negatibong makaapekto sa mga outcome [6].

Parehong totoo ang dalawang pahayag nang sabay, at ang pagkakaiba ay mahalaga para sa isang batang atleta: ang pagbabalik sa sport ay malamang; ang pagbabalik sa parehong papel dito ay hindi garantisado. Ang laki at posisyon ng lesion, hindi ang pagpili sa pagitan ng mga makatwirang operasyon, ang may pinakamalaking epekto sa prognosis.

Mga Sanggunian

[1] Kida Y, Morihara T, Kotoura Y, Hojo T, Tachiiri H, Sukenari T, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum among adolescent baseball players. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(8):1963-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514536843

[2] Cheng C, Milewski MD, Nepple JJ, Reuman HS, Nissen CW. Predictive role of symptom duration before the initial clinical presentation of adolescents with capitellar osteochondritis dissecans on preoperative and postoperative measures: a systematic review. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019;7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118825059

[3] Funakoshi T, Furushima K, Miyamoto A, Kusano H, Horiuchi Y, Itoh Y. Predictors of unsuccessful nonoperative management of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(11):2691-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519863349

[4] McLaughlin RJ, Leland DP, Bernard CD, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Morrey ME, O'Driscoll SW, et al. Both debridement and microfracture produce excellent results for osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the capitellum: a systematic review. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021;3(2):e593-e603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2020.10.002

[5] Westermann RW, Hancock KJ, Buckwalter JA, Kopp B, Glass N, Wolf BR. Return to sport after operative management of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116654651

[6] Lane G, Smith MV, Goldfarb CA, Coronado RA, Bowman EN. Outcomes and return to sport after osteochondral autograft transplantation for osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum: a systematic review. JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2024;4(3):563-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.02.011


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