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How your hand works

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Hand anatomy – bones of the wrist, palm, and fingers – understanding the structure supports diagnosis.

Updated Apr 2026
Isang guhit-kamay na ilustrasyon ng isang lektor sa anatomiya na tumuturo sa isang modelo ng balangkas.
Ang iyong kamay ay may 27 na maliit na buto, daan-daang tendon na dumadaan sa mga sistema ng pulley, at isang patong ng intrinsic na kalamnan na tumutugon sa pinong kontrol ng motor. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang mga buto

Ang iyong kamay ay isang kahanga-hangang makina, na dinisenyo para sa magaan na paghawak at makapangyarihang pagkupot. Pinapayagan itong mag-type, humawak ng tasa ng kape, at mag-wave bilang pagbati. Ang pag-unawa sa istruktura nito ay tumutulong sa iyo na maunawaan ang iyong diagnosis.

Ang eskeleto ng iyong kamay ay binubuo ng dalawampu't pitong buto. Ito ay nahahati sa tatlong grupo: ang pulso, ang palad, at ang mga daliri.

Sa iyong pulso, walong maliit na buto na tinatawag na carpals ang bumubuo ng dalawang hilera. Maaari mong maramdaman ang mga butong buntot sa gilid ng iyong pulso kapag ito ay ginigiyera patungo sa gilid. Ang mga carpals na ito ay gumagana tulad ng isang nababaluktot na tulay sa pagitan ng iyong forearms at kamay.

Ang iyong palad ay naglalaman ng limang mahahabang buto na tinatawag na metacarpals. Ito ang mga buto na makikita mo kapag bumubuo ka ng palad. Ang mga knuckles na makikita mo sa likod ng iyong kamay ay ang mga ulo ng mga metacarpals na ito.

Ang iyong mga daliri ay naglalaman ng sampung apat na buto na tinatawag na phalanges. Ang bawat daliri ay may tatlong phalanges: proximal, gitna, at distal. Ang iyong hinlalay ay natatangi dahil mayroon itong dalawang phalanges lamang. Maaari mong maramdaman ang mga butong ito sa haba ng iyong mga daliri.

Isipin ang iyong kamay bilang isang set ng mga bloke ng pagtatayo. Ang mga carpals ang pundasyon, ang mga metacarpals ang mga haligi, at ang mga phalanges ang mga takip. Nagtataas sila upang lumikha ng istruktura na magaling sa lakas at kakayahang gumalaw.

Ang mga kasu-kasuan at kung paano ito gumagalaw

Ang mga kasu-kasuan ay ang mga lugar kung saan nagtatagpo ang mga buto. Pinapayagan nito ang iyong kamay na gumalaw sa mga tiyak na paraan. Ang bawat uri ng kasu-kasuan ay may kakaibang saklaw ng paggalaw.

Ang kasu-kasuan sa pulso ay isang condyloid joint. Ibig sabihin, pinapayagan nito ang pagbaluktot pasulong at pabalik, pati na rin ang paggalaw pakanan at kaliwa. Hindi nito pinapayagan ang makabuluhang pag-ikot. Ang kakayahang ito ay nagbibigay-daan upang makapagsulat ka o makapaglaro ng piano.

Ang mga knuckles ay condyloid joints din. Pinapayagan nito ang pagbaluktot ng iyong mga daliri at pagkalat nito. Gayunpaman, hindi ito umiikot. Ang katatagan na ito ay mahalaga upang mahigpit na mahawakan ang mga bagay.

Ang mga kasu-kasuan sa iyong mga daliri ay hinge joints. Binubuksan at isinasara ito tulad ng isang pinto. Ang simpleng galaw na ito ay nagbibigay-daan upang makagawa ka ng kamay na nakakulong o tumuro ng daliri. Hindi mo ito maaaring baluktotin pakanan o kaliwa.

Ang base ng iyong hinlalay may saddle joint. Ang natatanging hugis na ito ay nagbibigay-daan upang gumalaw ang iyong hinlalay pumasa sa palad. Pinapayagan nito ang paghawak ng iyong mga dulo ng daliri gamit ang hinlalay. Ang paggalaw na ito, tinatawag na opposition, ang nagpapakita kung gaano ka- versatile ang mga kamay ng tao.

Ang mga kasu-kasuan sa pagitan ng mga buto ng pulso ay plane joints. Pinapayagan nito ang maliit na mga pag-slide. Ang mga banayad na paglipat na ito ay tumutulong sa iyong pulso na sumipsip ng shock at umangkop sa hindi pantay na mga ibabaw.

Isipin mo ang iyong kamay bilang isang puppet. Ang mga hinge joints ang mga tali na humihila upang isara ang mga daliri. Ang saddle joint ang pivot na nagbibigay-daan upang sumayaw ang hinlalay. Ang mga condyloid joints ang nagbibigay ng kakayahang magbigay-daan sa mga mahusay na motor na kasanayan.

Ang mga kalamnan, tendon, at ligamento

Ang mga kalamnan ang nagbibigay ng lakas para sa paggalaw. Sa iyong kamay, karamihan sa mga kalamnan ay matatagpuan sa iyong forearms. Ang mahahabang mga tendon nito ay umaabot pababa papunta sa iyong kamay.

Ang mga flexor tendons ay tumatakbo sa palmar na bahagi ng iyong pulso. Hinihila nito ang iyong mga daliri at hinlalae upang isara. Kapag humawak ka ng isang bola, ang mga tendon na ito ay nagtatrabaho nang mabuti.

Ang mga extensor tendons ay tumatakbo sa likod ng iyong kamay. Hinihila nito ang iyong mga daliri at hinlalae upang buksan. Makikita mo ang mga tendon na itong tumayo kapag itinataas mo ang iyong kamay habang nakabuka ang mga daliri.

Ang mga ligamento ay matigas na mga banda ng tissue na nag-uugnay ng butong sa buto. Pinatitibay nito ang iyong mga kasu-kasuan at pinipigilan ang sobrang paggalaw. Ang volar plate ay isang mahahalagang ligamento sa mga kasu-kasuan ng iyong mga daliri. Pinipigilan nito ang iyong mga daliri na hindi lumiko pabalik nang sobra.

Ang mga collateral ligamento sa mga gilid ng iyong mga kasu-kasuan ng daliri ay nagpapanatili ng katatagan nito sa panahon ng stress mula gilid patungong gilid. Kung wala ito, ang iyong mga daliri ay maglulugmok at magmumukhang mahina.

Isipin mo ang iyong mga tendon na parang mga lubid sa isang barko. Ang mga kalamnan ay ang mga crew na humihila sa mga lubid. Ang mga ligamento ay ang mga anchor na nagpapanatili ng katatagan ng mast. Magkasama, sila ang naglikha ng kontroladong, makapangyarihang paggalaw.

Mga nerbiyos

Ang mga nerbiyos ay nagdadala ng mga signal sa pagitan ng iyong utak at kamay. Sila ang nagkontrol sa galaw ng kalamnan at nagbibigay ng pakiramdam. Tatlong pangunahing nerbiyos ang naglilingkod sa iyong kamay.

Ang median nerve ay dumadaan sa gitna ng iyong pulso. Ito ay nagbibigay ng pakiramdam sa iyong hinlalaki, hintuturo, gitnang daliri, at kalahati ng iyong ring finger. Kontrolado nito rin ang ilang maliliit na kalamnan sa base ng iyong hinlalaki. Ang pagpiga dito ay nagdudulot ng carpal tunnel syndrome.

Ang ulnar nerve ay tumatakbo sa loob na bahagi ng iyong forearms. Ito ay nagbibigay ng pakiramdam sa iyong maliit na daliri at kalahati ng iyong ring finger. Kontrolado nito ang maraming maliliit na kalamnan sa iyong kamay. Ito ay nagpapahintulot ng pinong galaw ng mga daliri at lakas ng hawak.

Ang radial nerve ay tumatakbo sa labas na bahagi ng iyong forearms. Pangunahing kontrolado nito ang mga kalamnan na nagpapahaba ng iyong pulso at mga daliri. Nagbibigay din ito ng pakiramdam sa likod ng iyong kamay. Ang pinsala dito ay maaaring magdulot ng "wrist drop."

Isipin ang iyong mga nerbiyos bilang mga kable ng kuryente. Ang median nerve ang nagbibigay ng lakas sa hinlalaki at hintuturo. Ang ulnar nerve ang nagbibigay ng lakas sa pinky at ring finger. Ang radial nerve ang nagpapataas ng iyong kamay. Kung putulin ang isang kable, hindi na gumagana nang maayos ang bahagi ng iyong kamay.


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