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Olecranon Bursitis

Olecranon bursitis — causes, symptoms, and when to seek urgent medical attention for infection.

Updated Aug 2026
Isang guhit-kamay na ilustrasyon ng isang walang mukhang tao na nakapatong ang baluktot na siko sa isang mesa, na may pamamaga at malambot na bulsa sa dulo ng siko.
Olecranon bursitis: ang fluid-filled na cushion (bursa) sa ibabaw ng matalas na bahagi ng siko ay namamaga, na nagdudulot ng katangiang 'goose egg' na bulto na makikita dito. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ano ang nararamdaman mo

Maaaring mapansin mo ang kitang-kita na pamamaga sa dulo ng iyong siko. Ang pamamagang ito ay dulot ng bursa, isang maliit na bulsa na puno ng likido na nagpuprotekta sa iyong buto. Sa maraming kaso, walang sakit ang pamamagang ito. Gayunpaman, maaaring maranasan mo ang pagkakaroon ng tenderness kapag pinindot mo ito o kapag inilapag mo ang iyong siko sa matitigas na ibabaw.

Kung ang pamamaga ay dulot ng impeksyon, maaaring maranasan mo ang mas malaking sakit. Maaaring maging pula, mainit sa hawak, at pamaga ang lugar. Maaari ka ring makaranas ng lagnat. Ang mga senyales na ito ay nagpapahiwatig na ang iyong katawan ay lumalaban laban sa bacteria. Kung mayroon kang pamamaga na tumagal nang matagal nang hindi gumagaling, maaari itong dulot ng mas bihirang uri ng bacteria. Maaari itong mangyari kahit na malusog ang iyong immune system.

Maaaring mahirap para sa iyo ang mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang pag-abot sa likod mo upang isara ang bra o ang pagtupi ng isang kamiseta ay maaaring maging hindi komportable. Ang pagbaluktot ng iyong braso nang buo ay maaaring maging limitado o masakit. Ang pagtulog sa gilid kung saan matatagpuan ang pamamaga ay maaaring pindutin ang bursa at makagambala sa iyong pahinga.

Sa bihirang mga kaso, maaaring maranasan mo ang sakit nang walang malaking kitang-kita na pamamaga. Maaari itong dulot ng isang kondisyon kung saan nawawalan ng dugo ang tisyu ng buto. Ito ay bihirang mangyari sa mga matatanda ngunit maaaring magdulot ng malaking hindi komportableng pakiramdam.

Kung mayroon kang paulit-ulit na pamamaga, mahalagang tukuyin ang dahilan. Minsan, maaaring masira ang balat sa ibabaw ng siko, na lumilikha ng ulcer na mukhang impeksyon. Kailangan ito ng maingat na pagsusuri upang paghiwalayin ito mula sa karaniwang bursitis.

Naunawaan namin na ang pagharap sa pamamaga ng siko ay maaaring magdulot ng frustrasyon. Ang aming pamamaraan ay nakatuon sa pag-unawa sa iyong mga partikular na sintomas upang gabayan ang tamang paggamot. Kung ang dahilan ay simplang pagkasira o isang patuloy na impeksyon, layunin naming bawasan ang iyong sakit at ibalik ang iyong galaw.

Ano ang nangyayari talaga

Mayroon kang maliit na bagay na puno ng likido na tinatawag na olecranon bursa sa iyong siko. Nakaupo ito direkta sa ibabaw ng dulo ng iyong buto ng braso. Isipin mo ito bilang isang maliit na balon na may tubig o isang gasket. Ang tungkulin nito ay pahintulutan ang iyong balat na dumulas nang maayos sa buto kapag yumuyuko ka ng iyong braso.

Kapag nalantad ang bagay na ito, napupuno ito ng sobrang dami ng likido. Ito ang nagdudulot ng pamamaga na nakikita mo at nararamdaman mo. Hindi ita arthritis sa loob ng kasama mismo. Isyu ito sa pad na nasa labas. Lumilikha ng presyon ang pagtitipon ng likido. Ginagawa ng presyong ito na maramdaman na mahigpit, mainit, o masakit sa hawak ang lugar na ito.

Minsan, pumapasok ang mga bakterya sa espasyong ito. Ito ang nagdudulot ng impeksyon na kilala bilang septic bursitis. Tumutugon ang katawan sa pamamagitan ng paggawa ng mas maraming likido upang labanan ang mga mikrobyo. Nagdudulot ito ng malaking pamumula at init. Sa ibang kaso, walang impeksyon. Tinatawag itong nonseptic bursitis. Madalas itong dulot ng paulit-ulit na pagtutukod sa iyong mga siko o isang direktang pagbangga.

Sa ilang kronikong kaso, nagbabago ang tissue sa paligid ng bursa. Maaaring maramdaman mo ang isang matigas na hibla sa ilalim ng balat. Ito ay tissue ng peklat na bumubuo habang sinusubukan ng katawan na pagalingin ang lugar na ito. Maaaring gawing mas matigas at mas hindi flexible ang pamamaga ang mga hiblang ito.

Kung hindi nawawala ang pamamaga, maaari itong maging recurrent. Uuwi ang likulo. Ito ang dahilan kung bakit pinagmamasdan namin ang iba't ibang paraan upang pamahalaan ito. May mga taong nakakahanap ng ginhawa sa pamamagitan ng pahinga at compression. May iba naman na nangangailangan ng mas aktibong paggamot.

Nag-aalok kami ng mga opsyon tulad ng pag-drain ng likido o paggamit ng isang scope upang linisin ang nalantad na tissue. Ang endoscopic debridement ay isang simpleng, minimally invasive na proseso. Tumutulong ito sa pag-alis ng inflamed na tissue na nagdudulot ng problema. Para sa ilang tao, nag-aalok ang paraang ito ng mabilis na paggaling at mababang sakit.

Mahalagang pumili ng angkop na landas para sa iyong partikular na kaso. Madalas na nalulutas ang mga simpleng impeksyon sa pamamagitan ng antibiotics lamang. Maaaring hindi ka na kailangang magkaroon ng operasyon. Gayunpaman, kung patuloy na puno ng likido ang bursa, maaari naming imungkahi ang pag-alis nito nang buo. Tinatawag itong bursectomy.

Ang pag-unawa sa kung ano ang nangyayari ay tumutulong sa iyo na gumawa ng mga desisyong may kaalaman. Hindi ito tungkol sa pag-alis lamang ng likido. Tungkol ito sa pag-aayos ng ugat ng iritasyon. Tinitiyak nito ang pangmatagalang kaginhawaan at function para sa iyong siko.

Ano ang maaari naming gawin dito

Ang aming pamamaraan sa klinika ay sumasalamin sa paraan ng Dr Kieran Hirpara, isang upper-limb surgeon sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, sa pamamahala ng kondisyong ito. Dumating ang mga pasyente sa aming klinika sa pamamagitan ng referral mula sa isang GP o physiotherapist. Nagsisimula kami sa isang komprehensibong pagsusuri, kasama ang history, physical examination, at imaging kung kinakailangan, upang kumpirmahin ang diagnosis. Para sa karamihan ng mga kaso, nagsisimula kami sa non-operative care. Kasama nito ang pagbabago sa iyong pang-araw-araw na gawain upang maiwasan ang presyon sa siko, paggamit ng mga splint para sa suporta, at pakikilahok sa physiotherapy o hand therapy upang muling mabawi ang galaw. Isinasalang-ala rin namin ang mga injection upang bawasan ang pamamaga. Karaniwang iniiwan namin ang surgery para sa mga kaso kung saan hindi nagbibigay ng sapat na pagpapabuti ang mga konservatibong hakbang na ito, o kung mayroon kang isang acute structural issue na nangangailangan ng agarang atensyon.

Kung ang pamamaga ay dulot ng impeksyon (septic bursitis), madalas naming pinamamahalaan ito nang empirikal nang hindi inilalabas muna ang likido. Ipakita ng ebidensya na epektibo ito, at walang mga pasyente sa mga pinag-aralan na pangkat ang nangangailangan ng surgery. Kung hindi impektado ang pamamaga (aseptic bursitis), maaari naming gamitin ang mga injection. Ang kamakailang literatura ay nagpapahiwatig na ang mga intrabursal injection at ang surgery ay maaaring magkaroon ng mas maraming adverse effects kaysa sa noninvasive na pamamahala para sa unang paggamot ng mga nonseptic na kaso. Gayunpaman, para sa mga recurrent na kaso na hindi tumutugon sa basic na pag-aalaga, maaari naming alokin ang sclerotherapy gamit ang doxycycline o hydrothermal ablation na gumagamit ng init sa pagitan ng 50°C at 52°C. Ang mga minimally invasive na opsyon na ito ay ligtas at may kaunting komplikasyon kumpara sa bukas na surgery. Para sa sakit, maaari naming irekomenda ang mga anti-inflammatory na gamot. Ang tagal ng pagpapagaan ay nag-iiba depende sa indibidwal at sa partikular na ginamit na paggamot, kaya pinag-uusapan namin ang inaasahang timeline sa iyo sa panahon ng iyong konsultasyon.

Isinasalang-ala ang surgery kapag naabot na ng konservatibong pag-aalaga ang hangganan nito o kung patuloy na bumabalik ang bursitis. Maaari naming gawin ang endoscopic bursectomy, na nangangahulugang pag-alis ng pamamagang bursa sa pamamagitan ng maliliit na incisions. Ang paraang ito ay nag-aalok ng minimal na invasiveness, mas kaunting postoperative na sakit, at mabilis na paggaling. Sa mga pinag-aralan na populasyon, ang prosedurang ito ay nagresulta sa walang recurrence o wound-healing complications na nangangailangan ng pagbabalik sa operating room. Ang kabuuang revision rate pagkatapos ng bursectomy para sa olecranon bursitis ay 11.5%. Sa ilang mga kaso, maaari naming ayusin ang bursa gamit ang mga sutures imbes na alisin ito, na maaaring mag-alok ng parehong functional at cosmetic na benepisyo. Isinasalang-ala rin namin ang surgery kung mayroong traction spur sa buto o kung natuklasan ang mga hindi karaniwang impeksyon tulad ng mycobacterial disease. Pinag-uusapan namin ang lahat ng mga opsyon sa iyo upang matiyak na ang plano ay tugma sa iyong mga pangangailangan at istilo ng buhay.

Ano ang inaasahan

Ang iyong prognosis ay nakadepende sa malaking bahagi sa uri ng bursitis na iyong nararanasan. Para sa karamihan ng mga kaso ng non-septic bursitis, maaaring rekomendahan ng iyong surgeon ang non-invasive na pamamahala muna. Ang kamakailang ebidensya ay nagpapakita na ang mga injection o operasyon para sa unang paggamot ay minsan ay nagdudulot ng mas maraming adverse effects kaysa sa conservative na pag-aalaga. Kung ang iyong kondisyon ay walang komplikasyon at septic, ang empirical na pamamahala nang walang aspiration ay madalas na epektibo. Sa mga kasing ito, walang pasyente ang nangangailangan ng karagdagang operasyon.

Kung ikaw ay may recurrent o chronic na bursitis, maaaring manatili o bumalik ang mga sintomas. Maaaring kailanganin mo ang karagdagang mga proseso kung ang conservative na pag-aalaga ay mabigo. Halimbawa, sa isang grupo ng mga pasyente na may tradisyonal na aspiration, 8 sa 11 ang nangangailangan ng bursectomy. Ang bursectomy ay ang surgical na pag-alis ng inflamed na bursa. Ang revision rate pagkatapos ng operasyong ito ay 11.5%. Ibig sabihin, humigit-kumulang isa sa siyam na mga pasyente ay maaaring kailanganin ng karagdagang proseso.

Ang paggaling ay nararamdaman nang iba depende sa landas ng paggamot. Ang endoscopic na bursectomy ay nag-aalok ng simpleng operasyon na may minimal na invasiveness. Ang mga pasyente ay nagsalita ng mataas na kasiyahan at walang recurrences o wound-healing complications na nangangailangan ng pagbabalik sa operating room. Ang hydrothermal ablation ay isa pang ligtas na opsyon para sa mga recurrent na kaso. Ito ay gumagamit ng init na nasa pagitan ng 50°C at 52°C. Ang paraang ito ay may mas kaunting komplikasyon kaysa sa open na bursectomy at katumbas na epektibidad.

May ilang mga salik na nakakaapekto sa iyong kasiyahan. Ang mga pasyente na may olecranon cords ay mas hindi kasiya-siya pagkatapos ng surgical excision kumpara sa mga walang cords. Ang olecranon cords ay mga banda ng scar tissue. Kung ikaw ay mayroon ito, ang iyong surgeon ay talakayin ang risk na ito sa iyo.

Sa bihirang mga kaso, ang bursitis ay maaaring dulot ng mga hindi karaniwang impeksyon tulad ng nontuberculous mycobacteria o prototheca. Ang mga kondisyong ito ay madalas na may protracted na kurso. Kung ang iyong pamamaga ay hindi humupa, ang iyong surgeon ay aalamin ang mga sanhi na ito. Ang pagkakaiba sa pagitan ng septic at aseptic na bursitis ay maaaring mahiraw dahil sa overlapping na mga sintomas.

Sa kabuuan, ang maraming mga pasyente ay magagaling sa maingat na pamamahala. Ang iyong surgeon ay iuukol ang plano sa iyong partikular na sitwasyon. Maging tapat sa iyong mga sintomas upang makapili kami ng pinakaligtas na landas para sa iyo.

Kailan pumunta sa doktor

Kumonsulta sa iyong doktor kung may pamamaga sa siko na hindi gumagaling kahit pahinga. Magpakonsulta agad kung makikita mo ang pamumula, init, o lagnat, dahil maaaring ito ay senyales ng impeksyon. Mahirap kilotin ang pagkakaiba ng pamamaga na may impeksyon at walang impeksyon. Humingi ng pagsusuri ng espesyalista kung tumatagal ang sakit ng ilang linggo. Ang paulit-ulit na pamamaga ay nangangailangan ng pagsusuri upang mapatunayan na wala sa mga bihirang dahilan. Huwag balewalain ang biglaang paglala, kahinaan, o pagkakasara. Maaaring magpahiwatig ang mga sintomas na ito ng mas malalim na isyu tulad ng pagbabago sa buto. Ang maagang pagsusuri ay tumutulong upang maiwasan ang mga komplikasyon mula sa mga invasive na paggamot. Gabay ng iyong surgeon ang iyong direksyon patungo sa pinakaligtas at pinakamainvasive na opsyon muna.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [1].
  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration is effective, with no patients requiring bursectomy [7].
  • Deferring aspiration in uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis is a reasonable treatment option [12].
  • In a comparison of empirical management versus traditional aspiration for uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis, 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [7].
  • Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status [5].
  • Intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management [6].
  • Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50°C and 52°C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and comparable efficacy [14].
  • Endoscopic olecranon bursectomy for recalcitrant olecranon bursitis resulted in no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room [2].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis is 11.5% [10].
  • Bursal suture repair is a viable alternative to bursectomy in selected patients with chronic traumatic olecranon bursitis, combining functional and cosmetic benefits [3].
  • Olecranon extrabursal endoscopic bursectomy provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon [4].
  • Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for recalcitrant aseptic olecranon bursitis offers simple operation, minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy [17].
  • Patients with olecranon cords were less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without cords [16].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Olecranon bursae can contain cords [16].
  • MR imaging is probably the method of choice for determining the development of olecranon bursae and their fluid content [19].
  • Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because physical and laboratory data overlap [11].
  • Traumatic lesions of the olecranon bursa are common injuries associated with a high risk of complications [8].
  • Providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for full-thickness triceps tears in patients with specific risk factors and comprehensive musculoskeletal examination to ensure accurate diagnosis, as these tears can be misdiagnosed as olecranon bursitis [23].

Classification

  • Extrabursal endoscopic bursectomy provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon [4].
  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration was effective, with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [7].
  • Prospective studies are needed to guide optimal treatment for olecranon bursitis [9].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5% [10].
  • Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because the physical and laboratory data overlap [11].
  • The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and, occasionally, bursal fluid aspiration [15].
  • Pyoderma gangrenosum must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis [18].

Investigations

  • Protothecal olecranon bursitis is a distinct entity that may require excision for cure [13].
  • MR imaging is probably the method of choice for determining both the development of the bursae and their fluid content [19].

Treatment

Non-Operative Management

  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy [7].

Operative Management

  • Endoscopic olecranon bursectomy provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon [4].
  • Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for recalcitrant aseptic olecranon bursitis offers advantages including simple operation, minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy [17].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa in cases of protothecal infection [13].

Special Considerations

  • More prospective studies are needed to guide optimal treatment for olecranon bursitis [9].

Complications

  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was effective with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [7].
  • Traumatic lesions of the olecranon bursa or prepatellar bursa are common injuries associated with a high risk of complications [8].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success [13].
  • Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and a comparable efficacy [14].

Recovery

  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration is effective, with no patients in the empirical group requiring bursectomy [7].
  • Eight of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group for uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis required bursectomy [7].
  • Patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy for recalcitrant olecranon bursitis experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room [2].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa in cases of protothecal infection, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success [13].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] Based primarily on level IV evidence, nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management. [1] (10.1007/s00402-014-2088-3)
  • [L4] In this population, patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room. [2] (10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100832)
  • [L5] Bursal suture repair is a viable alternative to bursectomy in selected patients with chronic traumatic olecranon bursitis, combining functional and cosmetic benefits. [3] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100597)
  • [L4] This approach provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon. [4] (10.1097/bth.0b013e31829c0535)
  • [L4] Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status. [5] (10.1016/j.jse.2008.07.009)
  • [L4] This may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.006)
  • [L4] Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.06.012)
  • [Paper] Traumatic lesions of the olecranon bursa or prepatellar bursa are common injuries associated with a high risk of complications. [8] (10.1007/s00402-017-2690-2)
  • [L5] More prospective studies are needed to guide optimal treatment. [9] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.006)
  • [L3] The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5%. [10] (10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033)
  • [L5] Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because the physical and laboratory data overlap. [11] (10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.032)
  • [L4] Deferring aspiration in uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis is a reasonable treatment option. [12] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.06.059)
  • [Case_report] Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success. [13] (10.2106/00004623-198062050-00024)
  • [L4] Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and a comparable efficacy. [14] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.021)
  • [L4] The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and, occasionally, bursal fluid aspiration. [15] (10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002)
  • [L4] Patients with olecranon cords were less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without cords. [16] (10.1016/j.jse.2015.04.016)
  • [L4] Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for the treatment of aseptic olecranon bursitis has several advantages: simple operation, minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy. [17] (10.1186/s13018-024-05090-3)
  • [Case_report] PG must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis. [18] (10.1016/j.jse.2014.06.032)
  • [L4] MR imaging is probably the method of choice for determining both the development of the bursae and their fluid content. [19] (10.1007/s002560050117)
  • [Case_report] Providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for triceps tears in patients with specific risk factors and comprehensive musculoskeletal examination to ensure accurate and timely diagnosis. [23] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.02.002)

References

[1] Treatment of olecranon bursitis: a systematic review. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-014-2088-3

[2] No Wound Healing Complications or Recurrences Were Seen and a High Level of Satisfaction Was Reported in Patients Who Underwent Endoscopic Olecranon Bursectomy for Recalcitrant Olecranon Bursitis. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100832

[3] Olecranon bursal repair for chronic traumatic bursitis: a surgical technique. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100597

[4] Olecranon Extrabursal Endoscopic Bursectomy. Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery. 2013. DOI: 10.1097/bth.0b013e31829c0535

[5] Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis: Case reports and literature review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2008.07.009

[6] Intrabursal Doxycycline Sclerotherapy for Recurrent Olecranon Bursitis of the Elbow: A Case Control Study. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.006

[7] Empirical Treatment of Uncomplicated Septic Olecranon Bursitis Without Aspiration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.06.012

[8] Treatment and outcome with traumatic lesions of the olecranon and prepatellar bursa: a literature review apropos a retrospective analysis including 552 cases. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-017-2690-2

[9] Clinical Management of Olecranon Bursitis: A Review. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.006

[10] Factors associated with revision surgery for olecranon bursitis after bursectomy. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033

[11] Olecranon bursitis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.032

[12] Empiric Treatment of Uncomplicated Septic Olecranon Bursitis Without Aspiration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.06.059

[13] Protothecal olecranon bursitis. A case report and review of the literature.. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1980. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-198062050-00024

[14] Hydrothermal ablation in recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis: a prospective study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.021

[15] Diagnosis and management of olecranon bursitis. The Surgeon. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002

[16] The existence of cords in olecranon bursae. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.04.016

[17] Clinical efficacy of endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture in the treatment of recalcitrant aseptic olecranon bursitis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-05090-3

[18] Case report: misdiagnosed olecranon bursitis: pyoderma gangrenosum. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2014.06.032

[19] The US,CT and MR findings of cubital bursitis: a report of five cases. Skeletal Radiology. 1996. DOI: 10.1007/s002560050117

[23] Full-thickness triceps tears misdiagnosed as olecranon bursitis: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.02.002

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