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Anterior Bankart Repair

Rehabilitation protocol after arthroscopic anterior Bankart (labral) repair for anterior shoulder instability — apprehension-position precautions and staged return to sport.

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Rehabilitasyon pagkatapos ng arthroscopic na pagkumpuni ng Bankart. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang protocol na ito ay gabay sa iyong paggaling pagkatapos ng arthroscopic anterior Bankart repair kay Dr. Kieran Hirpara sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Kasama nito ang simpleng paliwanag sa bawat yugto kasama ng isang estrukturadong programa na maaari mong ibahagi sa iyong pisyoterapeuta; dalhin ang pahinang ito o ang PDF nito sa iyong unang appointment upang manatiling koordinado ang iyong rehabilitasyon. Maaaring baguhin ng iyong pisyoterapeuta ang plano depende sa pag-unlad ng iyong paggaling.

Kung mayroon kang anumang alalahanin tungkol sa iyong sugat pagkatapos ng operasyon, makipag-ugnayan sa opisina. Karaniwang makakatulong na kumuha ng litrato ng sugat at ipadala ito sa pamamagitan ng email para sa pagsusuri.

Ano ang inaasahan

Ang Bankart repair ay nag-aayos ng napunit na gilid ng kartilago (ang labrum) at ang naunat na kapsula pabalik sa harap ng socket, pagkatapos na lumusob ang balikat o bahagyang lumusob patungo sa harap. Ang repair na ito ay nasa malambot na tisyu, at katulad ng paggaling ng tendon, kailangan nito ng oras upang mahigpit na dumikit muli sa buto: humigit-kumulang labindalawang linggo bago ito maging sapat na matibay. Ang buong programang ito ay nakabuo upang protektahan ang paggaling na ito.

Ang pinakamahalagang alituntunin ay protektahan ang harap ng balikat nang maaga sa pamamagitan ng pag-limita kung gaano karami ang pag-ikot ng braso palabas. Ang pag-ikot ng braso palabas (lalo na kapag ang braso ay itinataas patungo sa gilid) ay direktang humihila sa repair sa harap. Kaya't ang outward rotation ay pinapanatiling maliit sa simula at binubuksan lamang sa maingat na hakbang, na nakakamit ang buong saklaw sa paligid ng labindalawang linggo.

Ang paggaling ay may mga yugto at hindi pinapabilisan. Ang galaw ay muling babalik muna, pagkatapos ay lakas, at pagkatapos ay ang mga pangangailangan ng sports at mas mabigat na trabaho. Ang mga malambot na tisyu labral repairs ay mas mabagal ang paggaling kumpara sa bony Latarjet operation, kaya't ang timeline dito ay mayroong disiplina: karamihan sa mga tao ay bumabalik sa contact o overhead sport sa apat hanggang anim na buwan, pagkatapos silang matugunan ang mga target, hindi sa isang nakapirming petsa.

Ang pagkakagawa ng operasyon

Ang iyong Bankart repair ay ginagawa sa pamamagitan ng arthroscopy (keyhole). Sa pamamagitan ng maliliit na hiwa, ang na-ripar na labrum at kapsula sa harap ng balikat ay muling inilalagay sa gilid ng socket gamit ang maliliit na anchor at tahi, na nagbabalik ng bumper at tension na nagpapanatili ng bola sa gitna ng socket. Ang layunin ng rehabilitasyon ay protektahan ang muling pagkakadikit habang ito ay gumagaling, at unti-unting muling itayo ang buong galaw, lakas, at kumpiyansa sa balikat.

Pagsuot ng iyong sling

Magdudulot ka ng simpleng shoulder sling, hindi espesyal na brace. Ginagamit ni Dr. Hirpara ang simpleng sling na naka-neutral rotation (ang forearm ay nakapahinga sa tiyan); hindi kailangan ng abduction pillow, wedge, o "gunslinger" brace. Ang iyong proteksyon ay nanggagaling sa sling at sa pag-iwas sa paglalagay ng braso sa posisyong may panganib, hindi sa hugis ng brace.

  • Suotin ang sling sa loob ng 6 linggo para sa suporta sa araw, lalo na kapag nasa labas ng bahay o kasama ang iba.
  • Hindi ka matutulog sa sling. Ito ay para lamang sa suporta sa araw; matulog nang walang sling, at hayaang komportable at suportado ang iyong braso sa isang unan. Habang natutulog, panatilihin ang iyong braso sa harap at nakadikit sa katawan: huwag hayaang mahulog ito sa gilid at lumiko palabas (ang posisyong inilalarawan sa ibaba).
  • Bawasan ito para sa pagpapaligo at sa iyong mga ehersisyo (pagkatapos ipakita kung paano). Kapag inalis ang sling, panatilihin ang iyong braso na nakarelaks, sa harap, at nasa gilid ng katawan.
  • Gumamit ng yelo kung pamamaga o masakit ang balikat, lalo na pagkatapos ng ehersisyo.

Bantayan ang iyong postura habang gumagamit ng sling: panatilihin ang mga tainga, balikat, at balakang na naka-align at iwasan ang pag-ukong.

Mga pangunahing paalala — huwag gawin

  • Huwag LAGYAN ang iyong braso sa "hand-up" o throwing position (taas na braso na nakaharap sa gilid at nakaluwag palabas, parang nagbabangon o handang magtapon). Ito ang posisyon kung saan madalas lumalabas ang balikat, at direktang humihigpit sa harap na pagkukumpuni. Isang simpleng gabay na ginagamit ng ilang tao ay "palaging panatilihin ang iyong siko kung saan mo makikita": panatilihin ang mga braso sa harap mo.
  • Huwag LAGYAN ang aktibong pag-ikot ng braso palabas sa higit sa mga limitasyong nasa ibaba sa mga unang linggo. Ang pag-ikot palabas ay binubuksan nang yugto-yugto: lamang kaunting halaga (humigit-kumulang 20°, malayo sa tuwid na posisyon) sa mga unang linggo, at dahan-dahang umuunlad hanggang sa buong saklaw sa mga 12 linggo.
  • Huwag LAGYAN ang aktibong paggalaw ng balikat gamit ang sarili nitong lakas hanggang sa mga 6 linggo: hayaan ang iyong magandang braso o isang baston na gagawa ng trabaho bago pa man dumating ang panahong iyon.
  • Huwag LAGYAN ang pag-abot sa likod ng iyong likod, pagdudurog ng bra, o paglalagay ng kamay sa bulsa sa likod nang maaga.
  • Huwag LAGYAN ang pagbitbit, pagtulak, paghila, o pagdadala ng bigat sa pamamagitan ng operadong braso sa loob ng 6 linggo.
  • Huwag LAGYAN ang push-ups, bench press, bigat na may malawak na hawak o chest-fly, military (overhead) press, o pull-downs sa likod ng leeg hanggang sa huling bahagi ng programa; ang mga ito ay lahat ay nagbibigay ng bigat o humihigpit sa harap ng balikat.
  • Huwag LAGYAN ang pagsisikap o paghigpit sa posisyon na tila parang ang balikat ay maaaring lumabas; ang sakit o pakiramdam ng takot ay isang senyales na itigil.
  • Huwag LAGYAN ang pagmamaneho habang kinakailangan ang sling (6 linggo).

Yugto I: Proteksyon (linggo 0–6)

Ang unang anim na linggo ay tungkol sa isang bagay lamang: pagprotekta sa pagkakaayos sa harap ng balikat habang ito ay nagsisimulang gumaling at dumikit sa buto. Mananatili ka sa simpleng sling para sa suporta sa araw-araw, matutulog nang walang sling (ngunit panatilihing nasa harap ang braso, hindi kailanman pa-rotate palabas), pamahalaan ang pamamaga gamit ang yelo, at gawin ang mga banayad na ehersisyo na nagpapanatili sa paggalaw ng iyong kamay, pulso, at siko hindi nagbibigay-beban o nagtutugma sa pagkakaayos. Wala pa ring aktibong paggalaw ng balikat gamit ang sarili mong lakas; ang iyong magandang braso o isang baston ang gagawa ng trabaho para sa iyo, at mananatili kang ganap na nakahinga.

  • Sling: simpleng sling sa neutral na rotasyon para sa suporta sa araw-araw; matutulog WALANG sling ngunit panatilihing nasa harap at nakadikit ang braso; alisin para sa mga ehersisyo at paglilinis.
  • Pinapayagang paggalaw: tulong-tulong at pasibong paggalaw lamang (walang ginagawa sa sariling lakas ng balikat). Mula sa mga linggo 2, banayad na tulong-tulong na pagtaas papunta sa mga 90° (kalahati ng taas), at tulong-tulong na outward rotation lamang sa maliit na halaga (mga 20°, hindi umaabot sa tuwirang harap na posisyon). Panatilihing nasa harap ng katawan ang braso sa buong oras; huwag kailanman palawakin sa gilid at pa-rotate palabas.
  • Mga ehersisyo: pendulum swings; banayad na paggalaw ng kamay, pulso, at siko; pagpi-piga ng bola; pagtatakda ng balikat; mula sa mga linggo 3, banayad na paghawak ng muscle-setting na walang sakit (pagpindot ng braso nang napakagaan sa pader o sa iyong ibang kamay at paghawak, hindi pa-rotate ang braso, walang pagliko papasok o palabas pa) ayon sa direksyon ng iyong pisikal na terapeuta; at, mula sa mga linggo 2 kung ito ay ipinapataw ng iyong pisikal na terapeuta, maliit na saklaw ng tulong-tulong na outward rotation nang mahigpit sa itinakdang limitasyon.

Handa para sa susunod na yugto kapag: ang iyong sakit ay nakaayos at kontrolado ng simplang gamot pang-alis ng sakit (mga 3/10 o mas mababa); natapos mo ang anim na linggo ng proteksyon ng sling; gumaling na ang iyong sugat na walang senyales ng problema; kayang tolerahan mo ang mga banayad na tulong-tulong na paggalaw sa loob ng kanilang mga limitasyon nang walang anumang pakiramdam na ang balikat ay maaaring lumusot; at walang senyales na ang pagkakaayos ay sobrang na-stress.

Yugong II: Pagpapatibay ng galaw at pag-ikot (linggo 6–12)

Ang sling ay naka-off na at ang pokus ay pagpapatibay ng galaw, hindi lakas. Magsisimula ka sa assisted movement at unti-unting magagalaw ang iyong braso gamit ang sarili mong lakas, at mahalagang unti-unting bubuksan ang outward rotation: mula sa humigit-kumulang 30–45° sa unang bahagi ng yugong ito hanggang sa buong saklaw sa paligid ng ikalabindalawang linggo. Ginagawa ito nang hakbang-hakbang, hindi pinipilit, dahil ang repair sa harap ay patuloy pa ring nagmamature. Idinadagdag ang magaan na pagsasanay sa pag-activate ng kalamnan (isometric) habang umuunlad ang galaw.

  • Sling: naka-off.
  • Pinapayagang galaw: assisted movement na umuunlad patungo sa paggalaw gamit ang sarili mong lakas. Ang forward lift ay umuunlad patungo sa buong overhead. Ang outward rotation ay inuuna nang hakbang-hakbang: humigit-kumulang 30–45° sa unang bahagi ng yugong ito, pagkatapos ay bubuksan patungo sa buong saklaw sa paligid ng ikalabindalawang linggo. Ang pag-abot sa likod ng likod ay muling ipinakilala nang dahan-dahan at sa huling bahagi ng yugong ito.
  • Mga ehersisyo: assisted forward lift habang nakahiga; seated table slide; magaan na isometric (pindutin at hawakan) na external rotation, internal rotation, at arm-out-to-the-side drills; cross-body stretch para sa likod ng balikat.

Handa na para sa susunod na yugong: kapag kayang itaas ang iyong braso pasulong gamit ang sarili mong lakas hanggang halos buong taas na may mahusay na kontrol (walang pag-angat o pag-ikot ng scapula); ang iyong outward rotation ay umuunlad na sa buong saklaw o halos buong saklaw at komportable; tinatanggap ang magaan na isometrics nang walang pagtaas ng sakit pagkatapos; at wala kang nararamdamang parang maglilipad ang balikat habang gumagawa ng mga pang-araw-araw na galaw.

Yugong III: Pagpapalakas (linggo 12–16)

Sa loob ng labindalawang linggo, ang pagkumpuni ay sapat na matibay upang magsimula ng tamang pagpapalakas, at ang pokus ay lumilipat mula sa pagbawi ng galaw patungo sa pagpapatibay ng lakas, tibay, at kontrol. Ang mga ehersisyo na may resistensya gamit ang magaan na mga rubber band at magaan na mga timbang ay nagsisimula na ngayon: mataas na bilang ng paulit-ulit, mababang bigat. Pinapalakas ang mga kalamnan ng rotator cuff na nagpapanatili ng balikat sa tamang posisyon sa lahat ng direksyon, habang ang outward rotation ay dahan-dahang binubuo dahil ito ang direksyon kung saan pinakamapagpakumbaba ang pagkumpuni. Palaging panatilihing kontrolado at walang sakit ang mga galaw.

  • Sling: wala; inaasahang buong galaw.
  • Mga ehersisyo: sidelying outward rotation (lumalipat sa magaan na timbang); sidelying inward rotation na may magaan na timbang; external rotation na may magaan na rubber band, siko sa gilid ng katawan; internal rotation na may baston; sleeper stretch para sa likod ng balikat. Maaari ding dagdagan ng iyong pisyoterapeuta ang rhythmic stabilisation (mahinahang mga drill na humihinto at nagtatabi kung saan dahan-dahan niyang itutulak ang iyong braso at ikaw ay aalitan) upang muling ituro ang kontrol ng balikat. Ito ay hands-on na trabaho na walang diagram.

Handa na para sa susunod na yugong kapag: mayroon kang buong, walang-sakit na galaw sa sarili mong kapangyarihan na may kontrol sa scapula; walang sakit o pamamaga pagkatapos ng mga sesyon ng pagpapalakas; ang lakas ng rotation ay tuloy-tuloy na lumalakas patungo sa kabilang panig; at walang kaunting takot o kawalan ng katatagan sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain na may bigat.

Yugto IV: Pagbabalik sa isports at trabaho (4–6 na buwan)

Ang yugtong ito ay ang tulay mula sa isang matibay at kontroladong balikat pabalik sa mga pangangailangan ng isports at mas mabigat na trabaho. Pinapanatili mo ang saklaw ng galaw na iyong nakamit at binubuo ang lakas, kapangyarihan, at tibay upang gamitin ito nang may kumpiyansa. Ang pagbabalik ay isinasagawa nang yugto-yugto, hindi biglaan; para sa mga isports na nangangailangan ng pagtaas ng kamay sa itaas at kontak, ang isang programa na may interval na unti-unting nagpapataas ng dami at intensidad hakbang-hakbang ang pinakaligtas na paraan upang bumalik.

  • Sling: wala.
  • Mga ehersisyo: progressive na pagpapalakas ng cuff at scapula (mga row gamit ang resistance band, mga pull ng scapula); diagonal na mga pattern ng band na nagtuturo sa balikat sa pamamagitan ng natural na mga linya ng pag-abot, na may idinadagdag na overhead at rotated pattern lamang kapag ang outward rotation ay kumpleto at komportable; pagkatapos ay kondisyon na espesipiko sa isports at trabaho at kontroladong mga drill na may mas mataas na bilis kung angkop.

Handa na para bumalik kapag: ang iyong lakas ay hindi bababa sa 85% ng kabilang bahagi at ang balanse sa pagitan ng lakas ng iyong outward- at inward-rotation ay maganda; mayroon kang kumpletong, walang sakit na galaw na walang pakiramdam ng kawalan ng katatagan sa ilalim ng load; at nakapasa ka sa mga test na espesipiko sa gawain para sa iyong isports o trabaho. Ang pagbabalik sa mga isports na may kontak o overhead ay karaniwang nasa paligid ng 4–6 na buwan, batay sa pagtupad sa mga kriteryong ito at sa pagpayag ni Dr. Hirpara at ng iyong physiotherapist, hindi lamang sa kalendaryo.

Pagbabalik sa isports at trabaho

Ang pagbabalik sa isports at trabaho ay batay sa mga kriteryo: walang sakit, may buong saklaw ng galaw, balanseng lakas, at walang pakiramdam na maaaring lumusob ang balikat, at may pahintulot mula kay Dr. Hirpara at sa iyong pisyikal na terapeuta, hindi lamang nakadepende sa kalendaryo.

  • Magaan, sedentaryong trabaho: sa loob ng ilang linggo, habang protektado ang braso.
  • Pagpapalakas: magaan na resistensya mula sa humigit-kumulang 12 linggo.
  • Pagtapon at isports na may overhead na galaw: hindi bago ang 4 na buwan, at lamang pagkatapos ng unti-unting pagtaas ng aktibidad.
  • Isports na may kontak at banggaan: karaniwang 4–6 na buwan, batay sa mga kriteryo.

Ang pag-ayos ng malambot na tisyong Bankart ay mas mabagal ang paggaling kumpara sa bonyong operasyon na Latarjet, kaya ang pagbabalik ay karaniwang medyo huli; ang pagiging matiyaga dito ay nagpoprotekta sa pag-ayos at binabawasan ang pagkakataon na muling lumusob ang balikat.

Pagkatapos ng iyong protocol

Ang protocol na ito ay nagtatrabaho kasama ng pangkalahatang payo para sa paggaling ng klinika; tingnan ang pamamahala ng post-operative na sakit at pag-aalaga sa sugat.


Evidence & references

Anterior Stabilisation — Arthroscopic Bankart Repair: Rehabilitation Evidence

Topic: Arthroscopic capsulolabral (Bankart) repair for anterior glenohumeral instability. Compiled: 2026-06-16. Sources: local RAG Orthopaedic corpus (154k articles) + published fellowship/PT "standard of care" protocols. Core early precaution: protect the anterior repair -> limit external rotation (ER) (and combined abduction+ER) in the early weeks, because anterior-inferior capsulolabral healing is stressed by ER. This is the mirror image of the posterior protocol.


Consensus phased timeline

The two published academic protocols below are highly concordant. ER limits are given as degrees in the scapular plane / at the side and at 90 deg abduction.

Phase Week window Sling/brace ROM allowed & restrictions AROM / strengthening RTS
I - Immediate post-surgical / protection 0-3 wk Sling at ALL times (neutral rotation, ~30-45 deg abduction per MGH); remove only for shower + elbow/wrist ROM; sleep in sling 6 wk No shoulder AROM. PROM begins wk 2: flexion <90 deg, ER in scapular plane <20 deg. Avoid abduction+ER (anterior capsule stress); no reaching behind back Scapular setting, ball squeezes; submaximal isometrics start wk 3 (avoid ER/IR initially) None
II - Protection / PROM 4-5 wk Continue sling PROM progressed: flexion to ~140 deg, ER to 30-45 deg (at side / scapular plane / and at 90 deg abd per MGH), full IR, full abduction in scapular plane AAROM; submaximal RC isometrics (ER, IR, flexion, abd, ext); periscapular strengthening None
III - Intermediate / AROM 6-8 wk Wean / discontinue sling ER to 50-65 deg scapular plane, ER to ~75 deg at 90 deg abd, flexion to ~160 deg. Begin AROM (gravity-minimised -> resisted). Begin posterior-capsule stretches (cross-arm, sleeper) Begin isotonic RC + rhythmic stabilisation (closed->open chain). NO push-ups/pec flys (anterior stress) None
IV - Strengthening / transitional 8-12 (-16) wk None Progress ER (BWH: 65 deg at 20 deg abd, 75 deg at 90 deg abd wk 8-10; then all planes to tolerance). Full PROM/AROM by ~12 wk Progressive RC + periscapular strengthening, PNF diagonals, light resistance until wk 12. Avoid contact sport None
V - Return to activity / strengthening 12-16 wk None Full ROM Heavier strengthening, Thrower's 10, closed-chain push-up progression. Light golf/tennis (no serve until 4 mo) Begin sport-specific / interval programs
VI - Unrestricted RTS 4-6 months None Full Throwing/overhead not before 4 months. Plyometrics, interval throwing Full RTS on criteria + MD clearance

Active ROM start: ~week 6. Strengthening start: isometrics wk 3; isotonic RC wk 6-8. RTS: sport-specific ~12-16 wk; throwing/overhead >=4 months; full/contact 4-6 months, criterion-based.

RTS criteria (criterion-based, both protocols)

Surgeon clearance; pain-free without instability/apprehension; adequate ROM for task; strength >=85% of uninvolved arm (handheld dynamometry / isokinetic); ER/IR ratio >64%; symmetric scapular mechanics; functional/endurance tests >85% (MGH battery).

Weight-lifting precautions (anterior-specific)

Avoid wide-grip bench press, military press, lat pulls behind the head; "always see your elbows" (avoid the abduction+ER position that re-stresses the anterior repair).


Key controversies & evidence flags

  1. Immobilisation position - ER vs IR (first-time DISLOCATION, mostly non-operative, but informs surgical positioning debate).
  2. Basic-science rationale (Itoi): a randomised cadaveric/MRI program showed the anterior labrum is better reduced (less separation/displacement) in external rotation, and that abduction further improves Bankart-lesion reduction (Abd-60ER > Add-ER/Add-IR). Itoi's RCT reported ER immobilisation x3 wk cut recurrence ~46%.
  3. Meta-analyses split: Hurley et al (JISAKOS 2021) meta-analysis - ER immobilisation reduced recurrence and improved RTP, with higher compliance. Whelan et al (AJSM 2015, meta-analysis of RCTs), Liu et al (Injury 2014) and Vavken et al (JSES 2014) - no significant benefit of ER over IR. Net: genuinely controversial; best-evidence (multiple RCT meta-analyses) does NOT consistently support ER bracing. Most post-Bankart-repair protocols (BWH/MGH above) use a standard neutral-rotation sling, not an ER brace.
  4. Evidence strength: STRONG but conflicting (multiple RCTs + >=4 meta-analyses, opposite conclusions).

  5. Accelerated vs conservative post-Bankart rehab. An RCT (NCT03347019, "Accelerated Rehabilitation After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair") exists; broader literature (Kim & Saper systematic review, Arthroscopy SM&R 2020; DeFroda et al, Sports Health 2018) finds wide protocol variability and a lack of high-level evidence to define the optimal pace, especially in adolescents/young adults. Evidence: WEAK / consensus-only.

  6. Return-to-sport timing & criteria. International consensus (Hurley/Matache, Arthroscopy 2021/2022, Parts I & III) supports criteria-based rather than purely time-based RTS; Ryan (Arthroscopy 2025 editorial) and Kim et al (AJSM 2022 systematic review/meta-analysis) note RTS criteria reduce recurrence but remain hard to validate. Contact/collision athletes: Dickens et al (AJSM 2017, prospective multicentre) - surgical stabilisation gives ~90% successful RTS and far lower recurrence than non-op in contact athletes. Evidence: consensus + good prospective cohort; criteria-based RTS = moderate.

  7. Bankart vs Latarjet for the same patient (context). Delgado et al (OJSM 2025, matched-pair long-term) and Beletsky et al (Sports Health 2020, protocol comparison) - Latarjet patients return to sport substantially faster (~19.6 wk vs ~32.4 wk for Bankart, p<0.001 in Beletsky) because bony fixation heals faster than soft-tissue labral repair (which needs ~12 wk). Relevant when choosing procedure in contact athletes / bone loss.


CITATIONS

Published rehabilitation protocols (URLs)

  • Brigham & Women's Hospital, Dept. of Rehabilitation Services - Arthroscopic Anterior Stabilization (with or without a Bankart Repair) Protocol (rev. 2016): https://www.brighamandwomens.org/assets/bwh/patients-and-families/rehabilitation-services/pdfs/shoulder-arthroscopic-anterior-stabilization-protocol.pdf
  • Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine - Rehabilitation Protocol for Anterior Bankart Repair (rev. 10/2021): https://www.massgeneral.org/assets/MGH/pdf/orthopaedics/sports-medicine/physical-therapy/rehabilitation-protocol-for-anterior-bankart.pdf
  • BWH - Open Anterior Stabilization (with or without a Bankart) Protocol: https://www.brighamandwomens.org/assets/bwh/patients-and-families/rehabilitation-services/pdfs/shoulder-open-shoulder-anterior-stabilization-protocol.pdf

Local RAG corpus (article / journal / year)

  • Marcaccio SE, Kaarre J, Steuer F, et al. Anterior Glenohumeral Instability. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2024. (3-phase framework; RTS 4-6 mo; criteria-based testing.) [consensus/review]
  • Hurley ET, Matache BA, Wong I, et al. Anterior Shoulder Instability Part I - Diagnosis, Nonoperative Management, and Bankart Repair - An International Consensus Statement. Arthroscopy. 2021;38(2). [consensus]
  • Matache BA, Hurley ET, Wong I, et al. Anterior Shoulder Instability Part III - Revision Surgery, Rehabilitation and Return to Play, and Clinical Follow-up - An International Consensus Statement. Arthroscopy. 2021;38(2). [consensus]
  • Whelan DB, Kletke SN, Schemitsch G, Chahal J. Immobilization in External Rotation Versus Internal Rotation After Primary Anterior Shoulder Dislocation: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015. [STRONG - meta-analysis of RCTs; no ER benefit]
  • Hurley ET, Fried JW, Alaia MJ, et al. Immobilisation in external rotation after first-time traumatic anterior shoulder instability reduces recurrent instability: a meta-analysis. Journal of ISAKOS. 2021;6(1). [STRONG - meta-analysis; favours ER]
  • Itoi E, Kitamura T, Hitachi S, et al. Arm Abduction Provides a Better Reduction of the Bankart Lesion During Immobilization in External Rotation After an Initial Shoulder Dislocation. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015. [basic science / imaging]
  • Liu A, Xue X, Chen Y, et al. The external rotation immobilisation does not reduce recurrence rates or improve quality of life after primary anterior shoulder dislocation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Injury. 2014. [STRONG - meta-analysis; no ER benefit]
  • Vavken P, Sadoghi P, Quidde J, et al. Immobilization in internal or external rotation does not change recurrence rates after traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2014;23(1). [STRONG - meta-analysis]
  • Kim K, Saper MG. Postoperative Management Following Arthroscopic Bankart Repair in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2020;2(6). [systematic review - notes protocol variability / weak evidence]
  • Kim M, Haratian A, Fathi A, et al. Can We Identify Why Athletes Fail to Return to Sports After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2022. [systematic review/meta-analysis]
  • Ryan PM. Editorial Commentary: Criteria on the Basis of Return to Sport Evaluation After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair. Arthroscopy. 2025;41(8). [expert editorial]
  • Dickens JF, Rue J, Cameron KL, et al. Successful Return to Sport After Arthroscopic Shoulder Stabilization Versus Nonoperative Management in Contact Athletes With Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Prospective Multicenter Study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017;45(11). [prospective cohort - contact athletes]
  • Beletsky A, Cancienne JM, Manderle BJ, et al. A Comparison of Physical Therapy Protocols Between Open Latarjet Coracoid Transfer and Arthroscopic Bankart Repair. Sports Health. 2020. [protocol comparison - Bankart RTS ~32 wk vs Latarjet ~20 wk]
  • Bartl C, Schumann K, Paul J, et al. Arthroscopic Capsulolabral Revision Repair for Recurrent Anterior Shoulder Instability. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011;39(3). (ER restricted to 0 deg for 6 wk; flexion/abd limited to 90 deg for 6 wk - example surgical protocol.)

Overall evidence grade for the phased protocol itself: CONSENSUS / institutional standard-of-care (Level V) - no single RCT defines the canonical timeline; the immobilisation-position question is the only part addressed by RCT-level meta-analysis (and is unresolved).

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