Skip to content

Patients › General-Health

Mga Ineksyon ng Cortisone at Corticosteroid

PDF Evidence

What cortisone injections do, when they help, how long the effect lasts, and the risks of repeated injections for shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand conditions.

Updated Aug 2026
Isang syringe na nagbibigay ng cortisone injection sa harap ng balikat.
Ang corticosteroid injection ay maaaring pampahupa ng pamamaga sa isang kasukasuan o tendon upang bawasan ang sakit at suportahan ang rehabilitasyon. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ano ang nararamdaman mo

Maaaring mapansin mo ang sakit sa iyong balakang, bukong, kamay, o balikat. Karaniwang nagmumula ang sakit na ito sa arthritis na dulot ng pagkasira o sa pamamaga ng mga tisyu. Halimbawa, ang osteoarthritis sa bukong ay maaaring magdulot ng katigasan at sakit na nagpapahirap sa paglalakad. Sa iyong kamay, ang mga kondisyon tulad ng trigger finger o mga isyu sa malambot na tisyu ay maaaring magdulot ng sakit sa simpleng mga galaw. Maaaring maranasan mo ang matulis na sakit kapag yumuyuko ang iyong hinlalaki o humahawak ng mga bagay.

Karaniwang lumalala ang sakit sa mga partikular na oras. Maraming tao ang nakakakita na mas malala ito kapag gumigising, pagkatapos ng aktibidad, o sa gabi. Ang pagtulog sa apektadong gilid ay maaaring maging lalong hindi komportable. Maaaring maging hamon ang mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Maaaring mahirapan kang umabot sa likod ng iyong likod upang isara ang bra o itabi ang isang kamiseta. Ang mga simpleng aksyon tulad ng pagdala ng mga bilihin o pagbubukas ng mga bote ay maaaring mag-trigger ng discomfort.

Maaaring magtanong ka kung nakakatulong ang pahinga. Habang ang pahinga ay maaaring magbigay ng pansamantalang ginhawa, karaniwang bumabalik ang sakit sa paggalaw. Kung natanggap mo ang mga suntok ng corticosteroid, maaaring mapansin mo ang mga pagbabago sa tagal ng ginhawa. Ang mga suntok na may mataas na dose ay madalas na nagbibigay ng mas mahabang ginhawa kumpara sa mga mababang dose. May mga tao na nangangailangan ng paulit-ulit na suntok nang mas maaga kaysa sa iba. Sa ilang kaso, tulad ng arthritis sa hinlalaki, maaaring hindi maiwasan ng mga suntok ang pangangailangan para sa operasyon sa hinaharap.

Mahalagang malaman na hindi pare-pareho ang epekto ng lahat ng mga gamot sa bawat isa. Halimbawa, ang paghahalo ng corticosteroids sa hyaluronic acid ay maaaring mas epektibong magpahupa ng sakit sa bukong kaysa sa paggamit ng steroids mag-isa. Gayunpaman, para sa trigger finger, ang pagdaragdag ng lidocaine sa steroid ay maaaring hindi makapagdulot ng makikitang pagkakaiba sa sakit sa panahon ng pagproseso. Katulad nito, ang mga suntok bago ang operasyon ng pagpapalawak ng carpal tunnel ay hindi nagpapataas ng panganib ng impeksyon, ngunit maaaring hindi nito maiiwasan ang pillar pain pagkatapos ng operasyon.

Tutulungan ka ng iyong surgeon upang maunawaan mo ang inaasahan. Isasalang-aling nila ang iyong partikular na mga sintomas at medikal na kasaysayan. Kung mananatili ang sakit kahit na may suntok, maaaring maging opsyon ang operasyon. Halimbawa, parehong mga operasyon ay indikado para sa masakit na osteoarthritis ng carpometacarpal ng hinlalaki pagkatapos ng suntok ng steroid. Ang paulit-ulit na suntok ay karaniwang ligtas at hindi nakakaapekto sa resulta ng mga sumunod na operasyon ng pagpapalawak.

Makinig sa iyong katawan. Kung nakakaapekto ang sakit sa pagtulog o sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain, kausapin ang iyong surgeon. Maaari nilang i-adjust ang iyong plano ng paggamot. Maaaring kailanganin mo ang iba’t ibang uri ng suntok o ang referral para sa operasyon. Ang layunin ay bawasan ang sakit at mapabuti ang iyong kakayahan. Karapat-dapat kang gumalaw nang walang discomfort at tangkilikin ang iyong pang-araw-araw na buhay.

Ano ang nangyayari talaga

Ang pamamaga (inflammation) ay likas na tugon ng iyong katawan sa sugat o sa pagkasira dahil sa paggamit. Ipinadadala nito ang mga kemikal sa apektadong lugar upang simulan ang paggaling, ngunit ang mga kemikal na ito ay maaari ring mag-irita sa mga malapit na nerbiyo. Ang iritasyong ito ang nagdudulot ng sakit, pamamaga, at katigasan. Kapaganap ito sa isang kasu-kasuan o sa paligid ng tendon, ito ay nagdudulot ng pagkagulo sa normal na galaw.

Ang mga corticosteroid ay makapangyarihang gamot laban sa pamamaga. Kapag inilalagay sa apektadong lugar, pinahihina nito ang sobrang aktibong tugon ng imyun. Hindi nito pinapagaling ang pangunahing pinsala sa istruktura, tulad ng nasisirang cartilage o napunit na tissue. Sa halip, binabawasan nito ang pamamaga at kemikal na iritasyon na nagdudulot ng iyong sakit. Ang pagpapagaan na ito ay nagbibigay-daan upang mas komportable kang gumalaw at makilahok sa pisikal na terapiya.

Sa ilang kaso, tulad ng osteoarthritis sa bukong-bukong, ang pagpagsama ng corticosteroids at hyaluronic acid ay nagbibigay ng mas mahusay na pagpapagaan ng sakit kaysa sa paggamit ng steroids mag-isa. Ang hyaluronic acid ay gumagana bilang lubricant, na tumutulong sa mga ibabaw ng kasu-kasuan na dumulas nang maayos. Para sa mga kondisyon tulad ng trigger finger, maaaring kasama sa injeksyon ang lidocaine upang patayin ang pakiramdam sa lugar habang ginagawa ang proseso, bagaman ang pangunahing benepisyo ay nanggagaling sa steroid na binabawasan ang pamamaga sa paglipas ng panahon.

Maaari ring gamitin ng iyong surgeon ang mga injeksyon na ito upang pamahalaan ang sakit bago o pagkatapos ng operasyon. Halimbawa, ang mga injeksyon bago ang carpal tunnel release ay hindi nagpapataas ng panganib ng impeksyon. Pagkatapos ng operasyon, hindi epektibo ang mga pillar injections upang maiwasan ang sakit sa base ng hinlalaki. Gayunpaman, para sa mga kondisyon sa kamay, madalas na nagbibigay ang mga injeksyon ng high-dose triamcinolone ng mas matagal na pagpapagaan at binabawasan ang pangangailangan para sa paulit-ulit na injeksyon o operasyon kumpara sa mga low-dose na opsyon.

Ang paulit-ulit na pagbibigay ng injeksyon ay karaniwang ligtas at hindi nagpapahina ng kondisyon o nagkukomplikado sa mga darating na operasyon. Anuman ang iyong problema—mga isyu sa balakang, napunit na balikat, o arthritis sa hinlalaki—ang layunin ay pareho: bawasan ang pamamaga upang mapabuti ang iyong kalidad ng buhay. Tumutulong ang pamamaraang ito upang mapanatili ang iyong kakayahan habang ang iyong katawan ay tumutugon sa ugat ng problema.

Ano ang inaasahan

Ang iyong mga sintomas ay malamang na darating at aalis kaysa manatiling pareho. Ang ginhawa na makuha mo mula sa corticosteroid injection ay pansamantala. Tumutulong ito sa pamamahala ng sakit habang nagpapagaling ka o naghihintay na mabigyan ng epekto ang ibang mga gamutan. Hindi nito inuubos ang pangunahing problema. Karamihan sa mga tao ay nakakakita na ang sakit ay humihina sa loob ng isang panahon, ngunit maaari itong bumalik.

Ang tagal ng ginhawa ay nakadepende sa kung saan ibinibigay ang injection at sa anong kondisyon ang iyong nararanasan. Sa ilang kaso, tulad ng mga problema sa malambot na tisyu sa kamay, ang mas mataas na dosis ng steroid ay nagbibigay ng mas mahabang ginhawa at maaaring magpaliban sa pangangailangan para sa operasyon. Sa ibang mga bahagi, tulad ng balikat o balikat, hindi binabago ng injection ang iyong pangmatagalang pananaw. Anuman ang iyong pagpili na kumuha o hindi ng injection, ang iyong huling resulta pagkatapos ng operasyon o likas na pagpapagaling ay karaniwang magkapareho sa loob ng sampung taon.

Maaaring maramdaman mo ang ilang sakit habang o kaagad pagkatapos ng injection. Kung gagamit ang iyong surgeon ng lokal na anesthetic tulad ng lidocaine kasama ang steroid, maaaring maramdaman mo ang mas kaunting sakit sa loob ng proseso. Ang ginhawang ito ay tunay, ngunit maaari itong hindi magbago kung paano mo nararamdaman ang mga linggo na sumusunod. Sa ilang mga kasu-kasuan, tulad ng bukong-bukong, ang pagsasama ng steroid sa ibang likido na tinatawag na hyaluronic acid ay maaaring mas epektibong magpakalma ng sakit kaysa sa paggamit ng steroid mag-isa.

Ligtas na kumuha ng paulit-ulit na mga injection sa ilang mga lugar, tulad ng pulso para sa carpal tunnel syndrome. Ang mga paulit-ulit na gamutan na ito ay hindi nagpapataas ng iyong panganib ng impeksyon o nagpapatibay sa hinaharap na operasyon. Gayunpaman, ang isang injection na ibinigay kaagad bago ang operasyon ay hindi mabilisang pagpapagaling o pagpapabuti ng iyong lakas at galaw pagkatapos ng operasyon. Ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng injection sa taon bago ang operasyon ay hindi nagbabago ng iyong rate ng tagumpay.

Kung may arthritis ka sa iyong hinirang o bukong-bukong, ang mga injection ay makakatulong sa iyong pamamahala ng sakit sa loob ng isang panahon. Kung masyado nang malala ang sakit, ang operasyon ay nananatiling isang magandang pagpipilian sa hinaharap. Dapat mong inaasahan na ang injection ay isang kasangkapan lamang sa iyong toolbox. Tumutulong ito sa iyong pagdaan sa mahihirap na araw, ngunit hindi nito pinalilipat ang pangangailangan para sa pangmatagalang pamamahala o eventual na operasyon kung ang pagkasira ng kasu-kasuan ay patuloy.

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 13 June 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Response to intra-articular corticosteroid injection was not associated with differences in 10-year patient-reported outcomes, achievement of clinically significant outcomes, or reoperation rates for patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome [1].
  • The combination of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid injection is more effective than corticosteroid alone in relieving pain in ankle osteoarthritis [2].
  • Preoperative corticosteroid injection at all studied timepoints was not associated with an increased risk of postoperative deep infection after carpal tunnel release [3].
  • There is a statistically significant difference in pain during and shortly after injection when using a steroid with lidocaine versus steroid alone for trigger finger, but that difference may not be clinically relevant [4].
  • Intraoperative corticosteroid pillar injection is not an effective option for preventing pillar pain symptoms after carpal tunnel release surgery [5].
  • High-dose triamcinolone injections outperformed low-dose injections across most metrics including estimated time of relief, rate of repeat injection, and rate of surgery for soft tissue pathology of the hand [6].
  • Timing of a single preoperative corticosteroid injection within 1 year of rotator cuff repair did not significantly affect failure rates, patient-reported outcomes, range of motion, or strength [7].
  • Both surgical procedures are indicated for painful thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis after steroid injections [8].
  • Repeated corticosteroid injections were found to be safe in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome and did not affect the morbidity of subsequent release [9].

How It Works

  • Response to intra-articular corticosteroid injection is not associated with differences in 10-year patient-reported outcomes, achievement of clinically significant outcomes, or reoperation rates in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome [1].
  • Combination of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid injection is more effective than corticosteroid alone in relieving pain in ankle osteoarthritis [2].
  • Preoperative corticosteroid injection at all studied timepoints is not associated with an increased risk of postoperative deep infection after carpal tunnel release [3].
  • There is a statistically significant difference in pain during and shortly after injection when using a steroid with lidocaine versus steroid alone, but that difference may not be clinically relevant [4].
  • Repeated corticosteroid injections are safe in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome and do not affect the morbidity of subsequent release [9].
  • Risks of intra-articular hip corticosteroid injections include rapidly progressive osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, femoral head collapse, insufficiency fracture, and worsening osteoarthritis [11].
  • Both corticosteroid injections and conservative treatments are effective in treating heel spurs, with corticosteroid injections recommended as the preferred option due to higher patient satisfaction [12].
  • Patients who experienced temporary improvement after local corticosteroid injection had better clinical outcomes following endoscopic plantar fascia release [15].
  • Posterior approach, women, and history of preoperative corticosteroid injection are identified as the strongest risk factors for postoperative greater trochanter bursitis injection or postoperative soft tissue injection in total hip arthroplasty [18].
  • A dose-dependent relationship exists between pre-operative corticosteroid injections and post-operative complications following total shoulder arthroplasty, with increasing numbers of injections correlated with higher risks of prosthetic loosening, stiffness, revision surgery, and new rotator cuff disease [19].

What the Evidence Shows

Preoperative Injections and Surgical Outcomes

  • Response to preoperative intra-articular corticosteroid injection for hip arthroscopy in femoroacetabular impingement syndrome was not associated with differences in 10-year patient-reported outcomes, achievement of clinically significant outcomes, or reoperation rates [1].
  • Timing of a single preoperative corticosteroid injection within 1 year prior to rotator cuff repair was not associated with increased risk of repair failure, nor did it significantly affect patient-reported outcomes, range of motion, or strength [7].
  • Patients who experienced temporary improvement after local corticosteroid injection had better clinical outcomes following endoscopic plantar fascia release for chronic plantar fasciopathy [15].

Comparative Efficacy and Treatment Alternatives

  • Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has superior midterm efficacy compared to corticosteroids for improving pain and functional impairment in tendinopathy [20].
  • In patients with adhesive capsulitis, suprascapular nerve blocks provide greater pain relief at 3-4, 6-7, and 12 weeks, greater improvements in shoulder function at 12 weeks, and greater active abduction at 12 weeks compared to intra-articular corticosteroid injections [21].
  • Corticosteroid injections are recommended as the preferred option over conservative treatments for heel spurs due to higher patient satisfaction, although both are effective [12].

Injection Technique and Safety

  • Repeated corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome are safe and do not affect the morbidity of subsequent release [9].
  • Postoperative corticosteroid injection is a viable treatment for postoperative stiffness after rotator cuff repair and may serve as a safer alternative to arthroscopic capsular release, particularly in high-risk patients such as those with osteoporosis or at risk of axillary nerve injury [16].

Risks and Adverse Events

  • Risks of intra-articular hip corticosteroid injections include rapidly progressive osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, femoral head collapse, insufficiency fracture, and worsening osteoarthritis, although the incidence rates of these outcomes vary notably [11].

Health Disparities

  • Minority demographics have lower odds of receiving corticosteroid injections for the treatment of hand osteoarthritis [13].
  • Minority demographics were less likely to receive a corticosteroid injection or undergo surgical repair for rotator cuff disease despite matching on medical comorbidities and smoking status [14].

Methodological Notes

  • Methodological concerns regarding a trial comparing platelet-rich plasma to corticosteroid injections include the lack of ultrasound examination to assess inflammation and degeneration, the absence of Kellgren-Lawrence grade distribution data, and the potential confounding effect of lidocaine in corticosteroid preparations [10].

Practical Considerations

  • Response to preoperative intra-articular corticosteroid injection is not associated with differences in 10-year patient-reported outcomes, achievement of clinically significant outcomes, or reoperation rates in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome [1].
  • Dual intra-articular injections of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid are more effective than single corticosteroid injection alone in relieving pain in ankle osteoarthritis [2].
  • High-dose triamcinolone injections outperform low-dose injections across most metrics, including estimated time of relief, rate of repeat injection, and rate of surgery, for soft tissue pathology of the hand [6].
  • Timing of a single preoperative corticosteroid injection within 1 year of rotator cuff repair does not significantly affect failure rates, patient-reported outcomes, range of motion, or strength [7].
  • Both corticosteroid injections and conservative treatments are effective in treating heel spurs, but corticosteroid injections are recommended as the preferred option due to higher patient satisfaction [12].
  • Minority demographics are less likely to receive a corticosteroid injection or undergo surgical repair for rotator cuff disease despite matching on medical comorbidities and smoking status [14].
  • Platelet-rich plasma injections are inferior to corticosteroid injections for short-term pain relief, suggesting that expectations regarding the clinical utility of PRP should be tempered [17].

Key Evidence

  • [L2] Response to intra-articular corticosteroid injection was not associated with differences in 10-year patient-reported outcomes, achievement of clinically significant outcomes, or reoperation rates. [1] (10.1016/j.arthro.2025.07.013)
  • [L1] The combination of corticosteroid and HA injection is more effective than corticosteroid alone in relieving pain in ankle OA. [2] (10.1186/s12891-025-08488-0)
  • [L3] Preoperative corticosteroid injection at all studied timepoints was not associated with an increased risk of postoperative deep infection, a divergence from existing literature. [3] (10.5435/jaaos-d-25-00317)
  • [L2] There is a statistically significant difference in pain during and shortly after injection when using a steroid with lidocaine versus steroid alone, but that difference may not be clinically relevant. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.05.016)
  • [L1] Intraoperative corticosteroid pillar injection is not an effective option for preventing pillar pain symptoms. [5] (10.1186/s12891-025-09393-2)
  • [L4] High-dose triamcinolone injections outperformed low-dose injections across most metrics including estimated time of relief, rate of repeat injection, and rate of surgery. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.014)
  • [L2] Timing of a single preoperative corticosteroid injection within 1 year of rotator cuff repair did not significantly affect failure rates, patient-reported outcomes, range of motion, or strength, suggesting that one injection before repair does not strongly influence outcomes. [7] (10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101632)
  • [L4] Both procedures are indicated for painful thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis after steroid injections. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.01.024)
  • [L3] Repeated injections were found to be safe in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome and did not affect the morbidity of subsequent release. [9] (10.1177/17531934251396629)
  • [L5] The letter highlights methodological concerns regarding the original trial, specifically the lack of ultrasound examination to assess inflammation and degeneration, the absence of Kellgren-Lawrence grade distribution data, and the potential confounding effect of lidocaine in corticosteroid preparations. [10] (10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.006)
  • [L5] Risks of intra-articular hip corticosteroid injections include rapidly progressive osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, femoral head collapse, insufficiency fracture, and worsening osteoarthritis, although the incidence rates of these outcomes vary notably. [11] (10.1016/j.asmr.2025.101169)
  • [L3] Both corticosteroid injections and conservative treatments were effective in treating heel spurs; however, corticosteroid injections are recommended as the preferred option due to higher patient satisfaction. [12] (10.1186/s12891-025-08648-2)
  • [L3] Minority demographics have lower odds of receiving corticosteroid injections for the treatment of hand osteoarthritis. [13] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100837)
  • [L3] Minority demographics were less likely to receive a corticosteroid injection or undergo surgical repair for rotator cuff disease despite matching on medical comorbidities and smoking status. [14] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.015)
  • [L3] Patients who experienced temporary improvement after local corticosteroid injection had better clinical outcomes following endoscopic plantar fascia release. [15] (10.1186/s12891-025-08816-4)
  • [L5] Current findings suggest that corticosteroid injections may serve as a safer alternative to arthroscopic capsular release, particularly in high-risk patients such as those with osteoporosis or at risk of axillary nerve injury. [16] (10.1016/j.arthro.2025.04.021)
  • [L1] Based on these findings, expectations regarding the clinical utility of PRP should be tempered. [17] (10.1016/j.arth.2025.03.013)
  • [L3] Posterior approach, women, and history of preoperative corticosteroid injection were identified as the strongest risk factors for postoperative greater trochanter bursitis injection or postoperative soft tissue injection. [18] (10.1016/j.arth.2025.03.045)
  • [L2] A dose-dependent relationship exists between pre-operative corticosteroid injections and post-operative complications following total shoulder arthroplasty, with increasing numbers of injections correlated with higher risks of prosthetic loosening, stiffness, revision surgery, and new rotator cuff disease. [19] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.024)
  • [L1] PRP can effectively improve pain and functional impairment in patients with tendinopathy, and its midterm efficacy is superior to that of corticosteroids. [20] (10.1186/s12891-025-08566-3)
  • [L1] In patients with adhesive capsulitis, suprascapular nerve blocks provide greater pain relief at 3-4, 6-7, and 12 weeks, greater improvements in shoulder function at 12 weeks, and greater active abduction at 12 weeks, compared to intra-articular corticosteroid injections. [21] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.037)

References

[1] No Difference in Responders and Nonresponders to Preoperative Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injection Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome at 10 Years: A Matched Analysis. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2025.07.013

[2] Dual intra-articular injections of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid versus single corticosteroid injection for ankle osteoarthritis: a randomized comparative trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08488-0

[3] Ipsilateral Preoperative Corticosteroid Injection and Timing Not Associated With Postoperative Deep Infection After Carpal Tunnel Release. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2025. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-25-00317

[4] Corticosteroid Injection With and Without Local Anesthetic for the Treatment of Trigger Finger: A Randomized Clinical Trial. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.05.016

[5] “Intraoperative pillar corticosteroid injection”: does it improve clinical outcomes after carpal tunnel release surgery? A double-blind, randomized controlled study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09393-2

[6] Efficacy of Low-Dose Versus High-Dose Corticosteroid Injections for Soft Tissue Pathology of the Hand. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.014

[7] Timing of corticosteroid injection within 1 year prior to rotator cuff repair was not associated with increased risk of repair failure. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101632

[8] Do Preoperative Intra-Articular Steroid Injections Affect the Choice of Surgical Procedures for Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis?. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.01.024

[9] The safety and cost of repeated corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251396629

[10] Letter Regarding "Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections Are Inferior to Corticosteroid Injections for Short-Term Pain Relief: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial". The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.006

[11] Risks of Intra‐articular Hip Corticosteroid Injections Include Rapidly Progressive Osteoarthritis and Femoral Head Collapse in Patients With and Without Pre‐existing Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2025.101169

[12] Comparison of corticosteroid injections and conservative treatments for heel spurs. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08648-2

[13] Underutilization of Hand Corticosteroid Injections and Arthroplasty for Minority Demographics. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100837

[14] Minority groups are less likely to undergo surgical fixation or receive a corticosteroid injection for rotator cuff disease: a large database study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.015

[15] Does local steroid injection have a prognostic value for endoscopic plantar fascia release in chronic plantar fasciopathy?. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08816-4

[16] Editorial Commentary:

                Postoperative Corticosteroid Injection Is a Viable Treatment for Postoperative Stiffness After Rotator Cuff Repair. *Arthroscopy*. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2025.04.021

[17] Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections Are Inferior to Corticosteroid Injections for Short-Term Pain Relief: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2025.03.013

[18] Does Surgical Approach in Total Hip Arthroplasty Affect Postoperative Corticosteroid Injection Requirements?. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2025.03.045

[19] Pre-operative corticosteroid injections are associated with a dose-dependent risk for complications following anatomic and reverse total shoulderarthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.024

[20] Platelet-rich plasma and corticosteroid injection for tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08566-3

[21] Intra-articular corticosteroid injection vs. suprascapular nerve block for adhesive capsulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of level I randomized controlled trials. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.037

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International

Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.