Patients › Elbow

Osteoarthritis ng Siko

Osteoarthritis of the elbow — primary and post-traumatic, conservative and surgical options.

Updated Jun 2026

Isang guhit-kamay na ilustrasyon ng isang walang mukhang matandang tao na hindi makapagtuwid nang ganap ng matigas at masakit na siko. — Lateral na X-ray na nagpapakita ng osteoarthritis ng siko — pagpapapit ng espasyo ng kasu-kasuan at pagbuo ng bone spur. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ano ang nararamdaman mo¶

Maaaring mapansin mong may sakit sa iyong siko, lalo na kung ikaw ay lalaki na higit sa 40 taong gulang at gumagawa ng mabigat na trabaho. Ang arthritis na dulot ng pagkasira ay mas karaniwan sa mga matatanda at sa mga lalaki. Ang nakaraang sugat sa siko ay nagpapataas din ng iyong panganib. Maaaring maranasan mo ang sakit kapag sinusubukan mong tuwidin o baluktotin ang iyong braso nang buo. Maaaring maging matigas ang kasukasuan, na nagpapahirap sa paggalaw nito sa buong saklaw nito.

Ang mga simpleng gawain ay maaaring maging nakakairita. Maaaring mahirapan kang umabot sa likod ng iyong likod upang i-fasten ang bra o itago ang damit. Ang pag-angat ng mga bagay ay maaaring mag-trigger ng matulis na sakit. May ilang tao rin ang nararamdaman ang pamamanhid o pangangati sa kanilang ring at little fingers. Nangyayari ito dahil ang ulnar nerve, na tumatakbo malapit sa siko, ay maaaring magkaroon ng iritasyon dahil sa pagbabago ng istruktura ng kasukasuan.

Maaaring lumala ang iyong mga sintomas pagkatapos mong gamitin ang iyong braso ng ilang oras. Ang pagpapahinga ay madalas na nagdadala ng ginhawa. Gayunpaman, maaari ka ring gumising sa gabi na may discomfort. Ang sakit na ito ay maaaring makagambala sa iyong tulog kung ikaw ay maghiga sa gilid na iyon. Titingnan ng iyong surgeon ang iyong partikular na mga sintomas, edad, at pang-araw-araw na pangangailangan upang tukuyin ang pinakamainam na landas.

Sa maagang yugto, ang mga non-surgical na paggamot ay karaniwang unang hakbang. Ang mga conservative na hakbang na ito ay maaaring magbigay ng ginhawa sa maraming tao. Kung patuloy ang sakit sa mga dulo ng galaw, maaaring talakayin ng iyong surgeon ang arthroscopic surgery. Ang minimally invasive na prosedurang ito ay maaaring tumulong sa paglinis ng mga debris at pagpapabuti ng galaw. Para sa mga malubhang kaso kung saan ang sakit ay nangyayari sa lahat ng mga galaw, maaaring isaalang-alang ang total elbow replacement. Ito ay isang malaking opsyon na nakalaan para sa mga partikular na sitwasyon dahil sa potensyal na komplikasyon. Ang iyong plano ng paggamot ay magiging tailored sa iyong natatanging sitwasyon at mga pangangailangan sa functional.

Ano ang nangyayari talaga¶

Sa iyong siko, ang makinis na patong sa mga dulo ng iyong mga buto ay nagsisira. Ito ay arthritis na dulot ng pagkasira dahil sa paggamit. Sa karamihan ng mga kaso, ito ay unang nangyayari sa pangunahing bahagi ng bisagra ng iyong kasukasuan. Napapalitan ng mas maliit ang espasyo sa pagitan ng mga buto, lalo na kung saan ang mga buto ng braso ay nagtatagpo sa buto ng itaas na braso. Habang nagbabago ang kasukasuan, bumubuo ang maliit na paglago ng buto. Tinatawag itong bone spurs (mga butil ng buto). Maaari nitong harangan ang iyong galaw. Halimbawa, maaaring tumama ang isang spur sa ibang buto kapag pinalawak mo ang iyong braso.

Ang iyong siko ay umaasa sa malalakas na ligaments upang manatiling matatag. Ang mga ligaments na ito ay gumagana tulad ng mga lubid na nag-iipon ng mga buto. Kung mahina o naputol ang isang ligament, ang mga buto ay magkukuskos sa isa’t isa nang maling paraan. Ang karagdagang stress na ito ay mabilis na nagpapabilis ng pagkasira dahil sa paggamit. Maaari rin nitong sanhi ng sakit at kawalan ng katatagan. Tinitingnan ng iyong doktor ang mga pagbabago sa buto at kalusugan ng ligament upang maunawaan ang iyong partikular na sitwasyon.

Minsan, may karagdagang buto na bumubuo sa mga malambot na tissue sa paligid ng kasukasuan pagkatapos ng isang sugat o operasyon. Tinatawag itong heterotopic ossification. Maaari nitong lumikha ng matigas na hadlang na humahadlang sa iyo na gumalaw ng iyong siko nang buo. Ito ay naiiba sa normal na proseso ng pagkasira dahil sa paggamit. Ito ay hiwalay na isyu na titingnan ng iyong doktor kung mayroon kang mekanikal na hadlang sa paggalaw.

Ang mga pagbabago sa iyong kasukasuan ang nagpapaliwanag kung bakit nararamdaman mo ang sakit at tibay. Ang pagkawala ng makinis na cartilage ay nangangahulugang ang mga buto ay nagkukuskos sa isa’t isa. Ang mga bone spurs ay pisikal na humahadlang sa iyong braso na gumalaw nang malaya. Ang mga isyu sa ligament ay nagpapakita ng kasukasuan na tila maluwag o hindi matatag. Ang pag-unawa sa mga partikular na pagbabagong ito ay tumutulong sa iyong doktor na pumili ng tamang gamot para sa iyo.

Ano ang maaari naming gawin dito¶

Ang nonoperative na paggamit ay nananatiling unang hakbang sa maagang pamamahala ng osteoarthritis ng siko. Ang nonsurgical na pamamahala ay maaaring magbigay ng ginhawa sa maagang yugto ng arthritis ng siko. Posibleng irekomenda ng iyong surgeon ang self-care at physiotherapy bago isaalang-alang ang ibang mga opsyon. Layunin ng mga hakbang na ito na bawasan ang sakit at panatilihin ang kasalukuyang range of motion. Maaari kang gumamit ng yelo o init upang pabagaan ang stiffness. Ang mga banayad na ehersisyo ay tumutulong upang panatilihin ang paggalaw ng joint nang hindi nagdudulot ng karagdagang pinsala. Bigyan ng sapat na oras ang approach na ito bago lumipat sa mas malakas na mga paggamot.

Kung hindi sapat ang mga simpleng hakbang, maaaring talakayin ng iyong surgeon ang medical management. Karaniwang kasama nito ang mga gamot pang-alis ng sakit at anti-inflammatory drugs upang matulungan kang pamahalaan ang pang-araw-araw na discomfort. Sa ilang kaso, maaaring mag-alok ng mga injection. Ang mga cortisone injection ay maaaring bawasan ang inflammation at sakit para sa isang limitadong panahon. Layunin ng mga hyaluronic acid injection na lubricate ang joint, bagaman nag-iiba ang ebidensya para sa long-term na benepisyo. Ang mga platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection ay gumagamit ng sarili mong blood components upang itaguyod ang paggaling, ngunit hindi garantisado ang mga resulta. Magbibigay ng payo ang iyong surgeon kung aling opsyon ang angkop sa iyong partikular na kondisyon at antas ng sakit.

Isinasaalang-alang ang surgery kapag naabot na ng conservative care ang hangganan nito at nananatiling disabling ang mga sintomas. Ang angkop na paggamot para sa arthritis ng siko ay nakadepende sa etiology, severity, edad ng pasyente, at functional demands. Para sa maraming pasyente, ang surgical debridement ay isang epektibong paggamot para sa mga disabling na sintomas ng primary elbow osteoarthritis na may acceptable complication rate. Ang prosedurang ito ay kinabibilangan ng pag-alis ng bone spurs at inflamed tissue upang mapabuti ang paggalaw at mabawasan ang sakit. Ito ay ligtas at epektibo sa paggamot ng elbow osteoarthritis. Ang arthroscopic debridement ay nagbibigay ng sapat na relief ng sakit, pagpapabuti ng elbow motion, at magandang functional outcome. Sa mas malalang kaso kung saan malaki ang pinsala sa joint, maaaring maging opsyon ang total elbow replacement. Kasama nito ang pagpapalit ng mga damaged na joint surfaces ng mga artificial components. Ang interposition arthroplasty ay isa pang opsyon para sa ilang pasyente, na gumagamit ng mga tissue grafts upang mag-cushion sa joint. Itatakda ng iyong surgeon ang pinakamainam na surgical path batay sa iyong indibidwal na pangangailangan at yugto ng iyong sakit.

Ano ang inaasahan¶

Ang iyong paglalakbay sa arthritis na dulot ng pagkasira ng siko ay karaniwang nagsisimula sa non-surgical na paggamot. Ito ang pamantayang unang hakbang para sa mga maagang sintomas. Isasapanlipunan ng iyong surgeon ang plano batay sa iyong edad, kung gaano kalala ang pinsala, at kung ano ang pangangailangan ng iyong braso. Sa mga maagang yugto, ang pahinga, terapiya, at iba pang non-surgical na paraan ay madalas na nagbibigay ng makabuluhang ginhawa. Maraming tao ang nakakaramdam na ang kanilang mga sintomas ay nagiging sapat na upang pamahalaan ang kanilang pang-araw-araw na buhay nang walang kailangan ng operasyon.

Kung hindi nakakapigil ang mga konservatibong hakbang sa sakit o stiffness, maaaring pag-usapan ng iyong surgeon ang mga surgical na opsyon. Ang tamang pagpili ay nakadepende sa kung ang arthritis ay dulot ng lumang sugat o natural na nabuo, at kung gaano karami pa ang galaw na mayroon ka. Para sa mild hanggang moderate na mga kaso, ang arthroscopic osteocapsular arthroplasty (isang keyhole na proseso upang alisin ang mga bone spur at pagsamatin ang joint capsule) ay isang ligtas at epektibong landas. Karaniwang pinapabuti nito ang sakit at function na may mababang risk ng mga komplikasyon. Ang open surgery ay nag-aalok ng katulad na resulta sa mga kamay ng karanasan, bagaman ang ilang mga pasyente ay maaaring maranasan ang pagbabalik ng stiffness sa paglipas ng panahon.

Para sa mas advanced na sakit, ang joint replacement ay isang opsyon para sa mga selektibong pasyente. Gayunpaman, ang total elbow replacement ay karaniwang hindi inirerekomenda para sa mga aktibong indibidwal. Ito ay may mas mataas na rates ng komplikasyon at hindi tumatagal nang matagal sa ilalim ng mabigat na paggamit. Kung ikaw ay mas bata o napaka-aktibo na may severe na post-traumatic arthritis, ang partial replacement (hemiarthroplasty) ay maaaring isaalang-alang. Mag-ingat na ang approach na ito ay may mataas na rates ng pagkakaroon ng kailangan ng revision surgery sa hinaharap.

Sa kabuuan, ang karamihan sa mga pasyenteng dumadaan sa debridement (paglilinis ng joint) ay nag-uulat ng sapat na function at ginhawa sa sakit sa short hanggang medium term. Bagama't maaaring bumaba ang range of motion nang kaunti sa pagitan ng short- at medium-term follow-up pagkatapos ng ilang arthroscopic na mga proseso, ang trade-off ay madalas na kumikita para sa pagbawas ng sakit. Kung hindi gagamutin, ang arthritis ay may tendency na umunlad, na nagdudulot ng lumalaking stiffness at sakit. Sa tamang pamamahala, inaasahan mo ang malaking pagpapabuti sa kalidad ng buhay, bagama't kailangan mong tanggapin na ang ilang pagkawala ng galaw o kailangan ng mga future na proseso ay posible depende sa kalagayan ng iyong kondisyon.

Kailan kumonsulta sa doktor¶

Kumonsulta sa iyong doktor kung mayroon kang patuloy na sakit sa siko na hindi gumagaling kahit magpahinga. Humingi ng pagsusuri ng espesyalista kung mararamdaman mo ang kahinaan, kawalan ng katatagan, o pagkakasara ng kasukasuan. Ang mga sintomas na nakakaapekto sa iyong pagtulog o trabaho ay dapat ding pansinin. Biglaang paglala ng sakit ay isa pang dahilan upang humingi ng tulong medikal. Ang osteoarthritis ng siko ay karaniwan, na apektado ang 55.0% ng mga taong may edad na 40 taon pataas. Madalas nitong sanhi ang sakit at limitadong galaw. Ang maagang hindi-operatibong paggamot ay makakatulong sa mga maagang yugto. Inaangkop ng iyong doktor ang paggamot base sa iyong edad, lakas ng sakit, at pang-araw-araw na pangangailangan. Huwag balewalain ang mga sintomas na nakakaapekto sa iyong pang-araw-araw na buhay.

Evidence & references

Overview¶

Nonoperative treatment is the first step in the early management of elbow osteoarthritis [2].
Elbow arthroscopic osteocapsular arthroplasty is a safe and efficacious treatment for patients with mild to moderate osteoarthritis [1].
Arthroscopic osteocapsular arthroplasty can be recommended for its favorable overall treatment outcomes for elbow osteoarthritis [29].
Arthroscopic debridement for primary degenerative osteoarthritis of the elbow results in statistically significant and clinically relevant improvement in elbow range of motion and clinical outcomes with low complication and reoperation rates [16].
Computer simulation studies recommend arthroscopic debridement in the surgical management of patients with osteoarthritis of the elbow [5].
Open and arthroscopic debridement procedures are safe and effective in the treatment of elbow osteoarthritis [27].
Capsulectomy and debridement for primary osteoarthritis of the elbow through a medial trans-flexor approach is associated with a low rate of complications and is safe and effective [3].
Shoulder arthroplasty is a reasonable option for select patients with osteoarthritis [7].
Elbow arthroplasty remains a poor option for active patients due to high rates of complications and limited durability [7].
Total elbow replacement is a viable option for severe arthropathy in patients with congenital afibrinogenemia, achieving satisfactory results with no complications [11].
The indications for total elbow arthroplasty are broadening, with use for acute trauma and osteoarthritis becoming increasingly common [14].
Elbow hemiarthroplasty is an option for young or active patients with end-stage posttraumatic arthritis who are unwilling to accept activity limitations, though high rates of revision surgery and revision to total elbow arthroplasty occur [22].
Interposition elbow arthroplasty using fascia lata graft for post-traumatic elbow osteoarthritis without ligament reconstruction provides favorable surgical outcomes with high satisfaction rates among young patients [26].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology¶

Osteophytic change occurs predominantly in the ulnohumeral compartment of the elbow [33].
Joint space narrowing more frequently affects the radiocapitellar articulation [33].
Normal kinematics was preserved in the osteoarthritic elbow with a normal radiocapitellar joint [13].
Three-dimensional computational models identified unique regions of impingement, such as between the radial head and a posterior capitellar osteophyte in extension [34].
An increase in carrying angle is associated with radial deviation of stress [23].
Deficiency of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) increased contact pressure within the posteromedial compartment of the elbow with an associated decrease in the contact area [46].
Elbow ligament reconstruction effectively restores stability and limits progression to osteoarthritis in the long term [32].
Both posterolateral and posteromedial rotatory instability must be addressed surgically to restore elbow stability [40].
Heterotopic ossification should be considered in patients with a mechanical block to function after injury to the elbow or surgery [39].
Flexion contracture is not primarily related to bony changes of the elbow [44].

Classification¶

The prevalence of elbow osteoarthritis is 55.0% in respondents aged 40 years or older [8].
The symptomatic prevalence of elbow osteoarthritis is 22.6% in respondents aged 40 years or older [8].
Older age is a significant risk factor for elbow osteoarthritis [8].
Male sex is a significant risk factor for elbow osteoarthritis [8].
A history of elbow trauma is a significant risk factor for elbow osteoarthritis [8].
Primary osteoarthritis of the elbow is characterized by relative preservation of articular cartilage [10].
Primary osteoarthritis of the elbow is characterized by maintenance of joint space [10].
Primary osteoarthritis of the elbow is characterized by hypertrophic osteophyte formation [10].
Normal kinematics is preserved in the osteoarthritic elbow with a normal radiocapitellar joint (OAN group) [13].
Both the BM and HR classification systems demonstrated substantial intraobserver and interobserver reliability for evaluating radiographic severity of post-traumatic arthritis and primary osteoarthritis of the elbow [25].
The bony landmarks classification system effectively delineated osteophyte distribution in elbow patients [36].

Clinical Presentation¶

Nonoperative treatment remains the first step in the early management of elbow osteoarthritis [2].
Nonsurgical management may provide relief in early stages of elbow arthritis [15].
The appropriate treatment for elbow arthritis depends on the etiology, severity, patient age, and functional demands [4].
Surgical treatment for elbow arthritis is based on disease etiology, severity of degeneration, and patient age [6].
Treatment of elbow arthritis must be individualized based on etiology, severity, patient age, and functional demands [15].
The prevalence of elbow osteoarthritis was 55.0% in respondents aged 40 years or older [8].
The symptomatic prevalence of elbow osteoarthritis was 22.6% in respondents aged 40 years or older [8].
Older age is a significant risk factor for elbow osteoarthritis [8].
Male sex is a significant risk factor for elbow osteoarthritis [8].
A history of elbow trauma is a significant risk factor for elbow osteoarthritis [8].
Primary osteoarthritis of the elbow is characterized by relative preservation of articular cartilage and maintenance of joint space with hypertrophic osteophyte formation [10].
Primary elbow osteoarthritis predominantly affects middle-aged men undertaking heavy manual work [28].
Primary elbow osteoarthritis presents with pain, limited movement, and potential ulnar nerve symptoms [28].
Arthroscopic treatment of elbow osteoarthritis addresses pathologic processes associated with arthritis of the elbow [20].
Arthroscopic treatment of elbow osteoarthritis is indicated for pain at motion extremes [15].
Total elbow arthroplasty is indicated for pain throughout the arc of motion in elbow arthritis [15].

Investigations¶

Nonoperative treatment remains the first step in the early management of elbow osteoarthritis [2].
Primary osteoarthritis of the elbow is unique due to relative preservation of articular cartilage and maintenance of joint space with hypertrophic osteophyte formation [10].
Osteophytic change occurs predominantly in the ulnohumeral compartment of the elbow, whereas joint space narrowing more frequently affects the radiocapitellar articulation [33].
An increase in carrying angle is associated with radial deviation of stress [23].
Both the BM and HR classification systems demonstrated substantial intraobserver and interobserver reliability for evaluating radiographic severity of post-traumatic arthritis and primary osteoarthritis of the elbow [25].
CT has greater sensitivity than radiographs for the detection of osteophytes and loose bodies in primary elbow osteoarthritis [51].
Three-dimensional computational models identified the locations and volumes of bony impingement in patients with osteoarthritis of the elbow and highlighted unique regions of impingement, such as between the radial head and a posterior capitellar osteophyte in extension [34].
Normal kinematics was preserved in the osteoarthritic elbow with a normal radiocapitellar joint (OAN group) [13].
The authors recommend performing an MRI if healing does not occur by a reasonable time despite successful bony healing to assess potential cartilage damage [50].

Treatment¶

Non-Operative Management¶

Nonoperative treatment remains the first step in the early management of elbow osteoarthritis [2].
Nonsurgical management may provide relief in early stages of elbow arthritis [15].

Surgical Decision-Making and Indications¶

The appropriate treatment for elbow arthritis depends on the etiology, severity, patient age, and functional demands [4].
Surgical treatment for elbow arthritis is based on disease etiology, severity of degeneration, and patient age [6].
Treatment of elbow arthritis must be individualized based on etiology, severity, patient age, and functional demands [15].
Primary elbow osteoarthritis predominantly affects middle-aged men undertaking heavy manual work, presenting with pain, limited movement, and potential ulnar nerve symptoms [28].

Arthroscopic and Open Debridement¶

Elbow arthroscopic osteocapsular arthroplasty (AOA) is a safe, efficacious treatment for patients with mild to moderate osteoarthritis [1].
Capsulectomy and debridement for primary osteoarthritis of the elbow through a medial trans-flexor approach is associated with a low rate of complications and is safe and effective [3].
Arthroscopic debridement is recommended in the surgical management of patients with osteoarthritis of the elbow based on computer simulation [5].
Elbow arthroscopic debridement for primary degenerative osteoarthritis results in statistically significant and clinically relevant improvement in elbow range of motion and clinical outcomes with low complication and reoperation rates [16].
Open and arthroscopic debridement procedures are safe and effective in the treatment of elbow OA [27].
Arthroscopic osteocapsular arthroplasty can be recommended for its favorable overall treatment outcomes for elbow osteoarthritis [29].
Osteocapsular debridement is an effective surgical treatment option for patients with symptomatic primary elbow osteoarthritis who have failed conservative management [30].
Osteocapsular debridement is an effective surgical treatment option for patients with symptomatic primary elbow osteoarthritis who have failed conservative management [31].
Surgical debridement is an effective treatment for the disabling symptoms of primary elbow OA with an acceptable complication rate [37].
Arthroscopic debridement for elbow osteoarthritis provides satisfactory pain relief, improvement of elbow motion, and good functional outcome [38].
Osteocapsular debridement, a non-arthroplasty option, proves to be safe and effective in treating patients with elbow arthritis [47].

Total Elbow Arthroplasty¶

Shoulder arthroplasty is a reasonable option for select patients with osteoarthritis, whereas elbow arthroplasty remains a poor option for active patients due to high rates of complications and limited durability [7].
Total elbow replacement is a viable option for severe arthropathy in patients with congenital afibrinogenemia, achieving satisfactory results with no complications [11].
The range of indications for total elbow arthroplasty is broadening, with use for acute trauma and osteoarthritis becoming increasingly more common [14].
Total elbow arthroplasty is a surgical option for pain throughout the arc of motion in elbow arthritis [15].

Interposition Arthroplasty¶

Interposition elbow arthroplasty using fascia lata graft for post-traumatic elbow osteoarthritis without ligament reconstruction provides favorable surgical outcomes with high satisfaction rates among young patients [26].

Complications¶

Elbow arthroplasty remains a poor option for active patients due to high rates of complications and limited durability [7].
Total elbow arthroplasty has an acceptable complication rate [42].
Total elbow replacement is a viable option for severe arthropathy in patients with congenital afibrinogenemia, with no complications reported in the case [11].

Recovery¶

Nonoperative treatment is the first step in the early management of elbow osteoarthritis [2].
Treatment of elbow arthritis must be individualized based on etiology, severity, patient age, and functional demands [15].
Nonsurgical management may provide relief in early stages of elbow arthritis [15].
Surgical options for elbow arthritis range from arthroscopic debridement for pain at motion extremes to total elbow arthroplasty for pain throughout the arc of motion [15].
Elbow arthroplasty remains a poor option for active patients due to high rates of complications and limited durability [7].
Elbow arthroscopic osteocapsular arthroplasty (AOA) is a safe and efficacious treatment for patients with mild to moderate osteoarthritis [1].
Arthroscopic debridement provides satisfactory elbow function and improvement in pain with little chance of reoperation at midterm follow-up for both posttraumatic and primary degenerative osteoarthritis [9].
Clinical outcomes for primary elbow osteoarthritis patients undergoing arthroscopic OCA improve from preoperative assessment to short- and medium-term follow-up [18].
Range of motion (ROM) decreases between short- and medium-term follow-up after arthroscopic OCA for primary elbow osteoarthritis [18].
Open and arthroscopic treatment yields similar results in experienced hands, though patients may experience some degree of recurrence or motion loss [56].
Capsulectomy and debridement through a medial trans-flexor approach is associated with a low rate of complications and is safe and effective for primary osteoarthritis of the elbow [3].
Most patients undergoing open debridement and radiocapitellar replacement have an uneventful postoperative course, painless elbow joint, and satisfactory functional recovery at short-term follow-up [19].
Radiocapitellar prosthetic arthroplasty largely preserves elbow kinematics and stability [24].
Revision radiocapitellar arthroplasty by mismatched implant components is a salvage option that improved Mayo elbow performance scores from poor to good/excellent with no signs of implant failure at a minimum three-year follow-up [12].
Elbow hemiarthroplasty is an option for young or active patients with end-stage posttraumatic arthritis who are unwilling to accept activity limitations, though high rates of revision surgery and revision to total elbow arthroplasty occur [22].
Elbow ligament reconstruction effectively restores stability and limits progression to osteoarthritis in the long term [32].

Key Evidence¶

[L4] Elbow AOA is a safe, efficacious treatment for patients with mild to moderate osteoarthritis. [1] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.11.018)
[L5] Nonoperative treatment remains the first step in the early management of elbow osteoarthritis. [2] (10.2106/jbjs.e.00568)
[L4] This approach is associated with a low rate of complications and is safe and effective for the treatment of primary osteoarthritis of the elbow. [3] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.07.018)
[L5] The appropriate treatment for elbow arthritis depends on the etiology, severity, patient age, and functional demands. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.02.019)
[L4] The study recommends this technique in the surgical management of patients with osteoarthritis of the elbow. [5] (10.1302/0301-620x.96b2.30714)
[L5] Surgical treatment for elbow arthritis is based on disease etiology, severity of degeneration, and patient age. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.12.022)
[L5] Shoulder arthroplasty is a reasonable option for select patients with osteoarthritis, whereas elbow arthroplasty remains a poor option for active patients due to high rates of complications and limited durability. [7] (10.1016/j.jht.2022.02.002)
[L3] The prevalence of elbow OA was 55.0% in respondents aged 40 years or older, with a symptomatic prevalence of 22.6%; older age, male sex, and a history of elbow trauma were identified as significant risk factors. [8] (10.1016/j.jse.2018.02.049)
[L3] Patients with either pathology can expect satisfactory elbow function and an improvement in pain with little chance of reoperation at the midterm of the follow-up duration. [9] (10.1016/j.jseint.2021.07.018)
[L4] Primary osteoarthritis of the elbow is unique due to relative preservation of articular cartilage and maintenance of joint space with hypertrophic osteophyte formation. [10] (10.5435/00124635-200802000-00005)
[L4] The patient achieved satisfactory results with no complications, demonstrating that total elbow replacement is a viable option for severe arthropathy in this rare condition. [11] (10.2106/jbjs.i.00149)
[L4] At a minimum of three-year follow-up, both cases improved from poor to good and excellent Mayo elbow performance scores with no signs of implant failure on standard radiographs. [12] (10.1177/17585732241297152)
[L4] Normal kinematics was preserved in the osteoarthritic elbow with a normal radiocapitellar joint (OAN group). [13] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.02.006)
[L2] The range of indications for total elbow arthroplasty is broadening; total elbow arthroplasty for acute trauma and osteoarthritis is becoming increasingly more common. [14] (10.1302/2058-5241.5.190036)
[L5] Treatment of elbow arthritis must be individualized based on etiology, severity, patient age, and functional demands; nonsurgical management may provide relief in early stages, while surgical options range from arthroscopic debridement for pain at motion extremes to total elbow arthroplasty for pain throughout the arc of motion. [15] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.12.037)
[L1] Elbow arthroscopic debridement for primary degenerative osteoarthritis results in statistically significant and clinically relevant improvement in elbow range of motion and clinical outcomes with low complication and reoperation rates. [16] (10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.247)
[L4] Serial assessment of patients with primary elbow OA who underwent arthroscopic OCA showed that the clinical outcomes improved from preoperative assessment to short- and medium-term follow-up, although ROM decreased between short- and medium-term follow-up. [18] (10.1177/23259671231162398)
[L4] Most patients had an uneventful postoperative course and have shown a painless elbow joint, with satisfactory functional recovery at short-term follow-up. [19] (10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.071)
[L4] This procedure addresses the pathologic processes associated with arthritis of the elbow and was safe and effective in this series. [20] (10.1016/j.jse.2007.04.005)
[L4] Elbow hemiarthroplasty is an option for young or active patients with end-stage posttraumatic arthritis who are unwilling to accept activity limitations, though high rates of revision surgery and revision to total elbow arthroplasty occur. [22] (10.5435/jaaos-d-18-00055)
[L3] An increase in carrying angle is associated with radial deviation of stress. [23] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002921)
[L4] The procedure largely preserves elbow kinematics and stability. [24] (10.1016/j.jse.2014.01.042)
[L3] Both the BM and HR classification systems demonstrated substantial intraobserver and interobserver reliability for evaluating radiographic severity of post-traumatic arthritis and primary osteoarthritis of the elbow. [25] (10.1016/j.jse.2014.10.015)
[L4] It provides favorable surgical outcomes with high satisfaction rates among young patients with elbow osteoarthritis. [26] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.05.002)
[L5] However, from the data we obtained the open and arthroscopic debridement procedures seem to be safe and effective in the treatment of elbow OA. [27] (10.1186/s12891-018-2318-x)
[L4] Primary elbow osteoarthritis predominantly affects middle-aged men undertaking heavy manual work, presenting with pain, limited movement, and potential ulnar nerve symptoms. [28] (10.1111/j.1758-5740.2010.00089.x)
[L4] Arthroscopic osteocapsular arthroplasty can be recommended for its favorable overall treatment outcomes for elbow osteoarthritis. [29] (10.1016/j.jse.2019.09.036)
[L1] Osteocapsular debridement is an effective surgical treatment option for patients with symptomatic primary elbow osteoarthritis who have failed conservative management. [30] (10.1016/j.jse.2020.01.061)
[L2] Osteocapsular debridement is an effective surgical treatment option for patients with symptomatic primary elbow osteoarthritis who have failed conservative management. [31] (10.1016/j.jse.2020.01.060)
[L4] Elbow ligament reconstruction by the technique of O'Driscoll et al effectively restores stability and limits progression to osteoarthritis in the long term. [32] (10.1016/j.jseint.2022.12.009)
[L3] Osteophytic change occurs predominantly in the ulnohumeral compartment of the elbow, whereas joint space narrowing more frequently affects the radiocapitellar articulation. [33] (10.1016/j.jse.2006.08.005)
[L4] Three-dimensional computational models identified the locations and volumes of bony impingement in patients with osteoarthritis of the elbow and highlighted unique regions of impingement, such as between the radial head and a posterior capitellar osteophyte in extension. [34] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.03.035)
[L3] The bony landmarks classification system effectively delineated osteophyte distribution in elbow patients. [36] (10.1186/s13018-025-06145-9)
[L1] Surgical debridement is an effective treatment for the disabling symptoms of primary elbow OA with an acceptable complication rate. [37] (10.1302/2058-5241.5.190095)
[L4] Arthroscopic debridement for elbow osteoarthritis provides satisfactory pain relief, improvement of elbow motion, and good functional outcome. [38] (10.1016/j.jse.2014.01.009)
[L4] Its presence should be considered in patients in whom there is a mechanical block to function after injury to the elbow or surgery. [39] (10.1016/j.jse.2007.06.018)
[L4] Both directions of instability must be addressed surgically to restore elbow stability. [40] (10.1016/j.injury.2007.01.039)
[L5] Total elbow arthroplasty has become a successful reconstruction for painful destructive arthritis about the elbow with an acceptable complication rate. [42] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.02.021)
[L4] This indicates that flexion contracture is not primarily related to bony changes of the elbow. [44] (10.5435/jaaos-d-17-00110)
[L5] Under the conditions tested, deficiency of the UCL increased contact pressure within the posteromedial compartment of the elbow with associated decrease in the contact area. [46] (10.1016/j.arthro.2013.03.046)
[Commentary] Osteocapsular debridement, a non-arthroplasty option, proves to be safe and effective in treating patients with elbow arthritis, making the elbow more forgiving than previously thought. [47] (10.1016/j.arthro.2020.10.029)
[Case_report] The authors recommend performing an MRI if healing does not occur by a reasonable time despite successful bony healing to assess potential cartilage damage. [50] (10.1007/s00402-005-0018-0)
[L1] CT has greater sensitivity than radiographs for the detection of osteophytes and loose bodies in primary elbow osteoarthritis. [51] (10.1016/j.jse.2021.04.001)
[Commentary] Open and arthroscopic treatment yields similar results in experienced hands, but patients may have some degree of recurrence or motion loss. [56] (10.1016/j.arthro.2019.02.004)

References¶

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