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Gout sa Kamay, Pulso at Siko

Gout in the upper limb — what causes the attacks and lumps (tophi), how flares and high urate are treated, and when surgery is needed.

Ilustrasyon ng dalawang kamay na may mga matitigas na bukol (tophi) ng chronic tophaceous gout sa ilang mga kasukasuan ng daliri.
Ang chronic gout ay maaaring mag-iwan ng mga matitigas na bukol na tinatawag na tophi sa paligid ng mga kasukasuan ng daliri, na maaaring maglimita sa paggalaw at function ng kamay. Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang iyong nararamdaman

Ang gout ay madalas na biglaang lumilitaw magdamag. Ang isang kasukasuan (kung minsan ay ang base ng hinlalaki, knuckle, pulso, o ang dulo ng siko) ay nagiging matindi ang sakit sa loob lamang ng ilang oras. Mukha itong mainit, mapula at namamagâ, at sobrang sensitibo na kahit ang bigat ng kumot ay hindi na mabata. Ito ay isang flare, at ang unang pag-atake ay madalas na nangyayari sa paa, ngunit karaniwan ding apektado ang kamay at pulso.

Sa pagitan ng mga flare, ang kasukasuan ay maaaring magmukhang normal, kaya naman madalas na binabalewala ng mga tao ang unang pag-atake. Gayunpaman, sa paglipas ng mga buwan at taon, ang gout ay maaaring mag-iwan ng mga matitigas na bukol sa ilalim ng balat, sa paligid ng mga kasukasuan ng daliri, mga knuckle, o sa ibabaw ng siko. Ang mga ito ay tinatawag na tophi. Maaari itong magmukhang chalky o puti sa ilalim ng balat, at habang lumalaki ang mga ito, maaari nilang gawing matigas ang kamay, pahinain ang iyong grip, at gawing mahirap ang mga detalyadong gawain tulad ng pagbubutones ng damit. Napapansin din ng ilang tao ang pamamanhid o pangingilig sa mga daliri kung ang isang bukol ay umiipit sa nerve sa pulso.

Ano ang aktwal na nangyayari

Ang gout ay isang problema sa buong katawan na lumalabas sa iyong mga kasukasuan. Ang iyong katawan ay gumagawa ng isang waste product na tinatawag na uric acid (urate). Kapag masyadong marami nito sa dugo, maaari itong bumuo ng maliliit at matatalas na crystals na nananatili sa loob ng mga kasukasuan at sa mga soft tissue sa paligid nito, kabilang na sa kamay at pulso.

Itinuturing ng iyong immune system ang mga crystals na ito bilang mga mananakop at inaatake ang mga ito, at ang reaksyong iyon ang biglaan at malalang pamamaga na nararamdaman mo bilang isang flare. Kung ang mataas na antas ng urate ay hindi mababantayan sa loob ng maraming taon, ang mga crystals ay naiipon bilang mga matitigas na deposito (tophi). Sa paglipas ng panahon, ang mga depositong ito ay maaaring kumain ng buto, makapinsala ng mga tendon, at paminsan-minsan ay pumipitpit sa isang nerve. Ang mahalagang punto ay ang mga flare at ang mga bukol ay dalawang mukha ng iisang bagay: masyadong maraming urate sa katawan. Kontrolin ang urate, at makokontrol mo ang sakit.

Ano ang maaari naming gawin tungkol dito

Ang paggamot ay may dalawang magkahiwalay na bahagi, at parehong mahalaga ang mga ito.

Pagpapakalma sa atake. Ang isang flare ay pinapakalma gamit ang anti-inflammatory medication, karaniwan ay isang anti-inflammatory tablet (isang NSAID), colchicine, o maikling kurso ng steroids. Pinakamabisa ang mga ito kapag sinimulan nang maaga, kaya mahalagang magkaroon ng planong napagkasunduan kasama ang iyong doktor bago tumama ang susunod na atake.

Pagpapababa ng urate nang permanente. Ito ang aktwal na nakagagamot sa gout sa paglipas ng panahon. Isang tabletang iniinom araw-araw, pinakakaraniwan ang allopurinol, ang unti-unting nagpapababa ng urate sa iyong dugo sa ibaba ng target na antas. Kapag nanatili rito nang sapat na tagal, ang mga kristal ay dahan-dahang natutunaw, humihinto ang mga flare, at lumiliit ang mga tophi. Nakatutulong ang diyeta at lifestyle (mas kaunting beer at spirits, mas kaunting matatamis na inumin, pagpapanatili ng malusog na timbang, sapat na hydration), ngunit para sa karamihan ng mga tao, ang araw-araw na tableta ang gumagawa ng mabigat na trabaho.

Bihira lamang kailanganin ang operasyon, para sa isang malaking tophus na bumubutas sa balat, nakakaabala sa isang tendon, o umiipit sa isang nerve (halimbawa, nagdudulot ng mga sintomas ng carpal tunnel). Kahit sa mga pagkakataong ito, kailangan pa ring ipagpatuloy ang medical treatment upang mapababa ang urate pagkatapos ng operasyon.

Ano ang dapat asahan

Ang gout ay isa sa iilang anyo ng arthritis na tunay nating maaaring makontrol. Kung ang iyong urate ay mapapanatili sa ibaba ng target sa loob ng mahabang panahon, ang mga flare ay magiging bihira at pagkatapos ay hihinto, at ang mga umiiral na bukol ay unti-unting mawawala. Ito ay isang mabagal na proseso: mula buwan hanggang mga taon, at ang tabletang pampababa ng urate ay karaniwang habambuhay, dahil ang pagtigil dito ay nagpapahintulot sa mga kristal na muling mabuo.

Ang kapalit ng pasensyang iyon ay tunay: habang mas maraming tophus ang nabubuo sa kamay, mas nililimitahan nito ang kayang gawin ng kamay, kaya ang maagang pagpapababa ng urate ay nagpoprotekta sa iyong grip at sa iyong function. Ang mga taong sumusunod sa gamutan ay nagiging maayos ang kalagayan.

Kailan dapat magpatingin

  • Unang kaso ng mainit, namamagâ, at masakit na kasukasuan: magpatingin agad sa doktor. Ang impeksyon sa kasukasuan ay maaaring magmukhang katulad ng gout at ito ay isang emergency, kaya kailangang mapag-iba ang dalawa.
  • Paulit-ulit na pag-atake, o mga atakeng nagiging mas madalas: ito ang hudyat upang simulan ang urate-lowering treatment.
  • Paglitaw ng mga bukol sa paligid ng mga kasukasuan, o bukol na bumubutas sa balat o naglalabas ng chalky material.
  • Pamamanhid, pangingilig, o panghihina sa kamay: maaaring may deposito na umiipit sa nerve at nararapat itong masuri.

Mas malalim na pagtalakay

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

Ang seksyong ito ay higit pa sa kailangan mo para sa iyong sariling mga desisyon sa paggamot. Ang gout ay karapat-dapat sa karagdagang pagbabasa dahil isa ito sa iilang rheumatological conditions na may tunay na lunas — at isa sa mga pinaka-hindi wastong nagagamot, dahil ang lunas ay gumagana sa isang timescale na tila mali kapag ikaw ay nakararamdam ng sakit.

Ano talaga ang gout: mga kristal ng urate

Polarised-light microscopy ng joint fluid na nagpapakita ng mga needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals sa gitna ng mga immune cell.
Mga kristal ng monosodium urate sa ilalim ng polarised light — ang mga kristal na hugis-karayom na nilalamon ng mga immune cell, na nag-uudyok ng pag-atake ng gout. Bobjgalindo, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0

Ang uric acid ay isang normal na waste product na nagagawa kapag binabasag ng katawan ang mga substance na tinatawag na purines (mula sa mga cell at ilang pagkain). Kapag nananatiling mataas ang level ng urate sa dugo, lumalabas ito mula sa solution at bumubuo ng maliliit at tila-karayom na monosodium urate (MSU) crystals sa loob at paligid ng mga joint. Mas madaling mabuo ang mga kristal kung saan mas malamig, na isang malaking bahagi kung bakit ang hinlalaki ng paa, ang pinakamalamig at pinaka-peripheral na joint ng katawan, ang klasikong unang target.

Ito ay isang tunay na mapanirang kondisyon sa joint na iyon, hindi lamang isang masakit na kondisyon. Sa pagsasama-sama ng 5,478 na mga pasyente, ang acute arthritis ng first metatarsophalangeal joint ay napaka-prevalent sa gout at may malaking nasusukat na epekto sa sakit at kapansanan, na may mga napatunayang epekto sa istruktura at function ng mismong joint [1].

Ang inflammasome: kung bakit ang atake ay biglaan at matindi

Nagsisimula ang isang atake kapag ang mga immune scavenger cell (macrophages) ay lumalamon ng mga MSU crystal. Ang mga crystal ay nagti-trigger ng isang internal alarm complex na tinatawag na NLRP3 inflammasome, na nag-aactivate ng isang enzyme (caspase-1) na naglalabas ng isang malakas na inflammatory messenger, ang interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Binabaha ng IL-1β ang kasukasuan ng pamamaga, na nagdudulot ng mabilis at matinding pamumula, init, pamamaga, at sakit ng isang acute attack sa loob ng ilang oras. Ang mga atake ay self-limiting sa loob ng ilang araw habang humuhupa ang response.

Ipinapaliwanag ng mekanismong iyon ang isang bagay na clinically important: ang atake ay ang immune reaction sa mga crystal, hindi ang mga crystal mismo. Ang pagpapakalma sa atake at ang pag-aalis ng mga crystal ay magkaibang problema na nangangailangan ng magkaibang gamot sa magkaibang timescale.

Ang numerong nagdedesisyon sa lahat

Ang pangmatagalang paggamot ay may isang nasusukat na layunin: ibaba ang serum urate sa konsentrasyon kung saan hindi na maaaring mabuo ang mga kristal, at panatilihin ito roon. Ang pandaigdigang praktis ay naglalayon ng serum urate na mababa sa 0.36 mmol/L (6 mg/dL), at mababa sa 0.30 mmol/L (5 mg/dL) kung mayroong mga tophi, dahil sa mga antas na iyon, ang mga umiiral na kristal ay natutunaw sa halip na huminto lamang sa pag-iipon.

Ang paggamot patungo sa target na iyon, sa halip na magreseta ng fixed dose at umasa na lamang, ay ang sinusuportahan ng ebidensya. Sa isang randomised controlled trial ng 183 katao, ang pagpapataas ng dose ng allopurinol buwan-buwan hanggang sa maabot ang target ay nagresulta sa makabuluhang pagbaba sa proporsyon ng mga taong nakakaranas ng flares at sa mean tophus size sa loob ng 24 buwan, at ito ay well tolerated [2].

Ang parehong prinsipyo sa antas ng serbisyo: isang UK randomised trial ng nurse-led care na nakabase sa edukasyon ng pasyente at isang treat-to-target urate strategy ay nakamit ang kapansin-pansing mas mabuting urate control kaysa sa usual care, na may mas kaunting flares at mas malaking tophus resolution sa loob ng dalawang taon [3].

Dalawang bagay ang kasunod nito. Ang dose ng allopurinol na hindi kailanman na-titrate laban sa isang blood test ay hindi tunay na paggamot, at ang "kontrolado ang aking gout" ay nangangahulugang isang numero, hindi ang kawalan ng mga atake sa buwang ito.

Bakit ito itinitigil sa mga unang buwan

Ang pagsisimula ng urate-lowering treatment ay maaaring mag-trigger ng mga attack. Habang natutunaw ang mga crystal, naglalabas sila ng materyal na nirereaksyunan ng inflammasome, kaya ang mga unang buwan ng paggamot ay maaaring mas malala kaysa sa hitsura ng sakit. Ito ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan kung bakit itinitigil ng mga tao ang gamutan at naghihinuha na hindi ito gumagana, gayong sa katunayan, ang flare ay ebidensya na ito ay gumagana. Ito ang dahilan kung bakit ang gamutan ay sinisimulan sa mababang dose, unti-unting itinataas, at karaniwang sinasamahan ng anti-inflammatory prophylaxis para sa mga unang buwan.

Dalawang bagay na binabantayan ng isang upper-limb surgeon

Ang gout ay hindi limitado sa paa, at sa braso ay maaari itong magmukhang surgical pathology. May mga naiulat na kaso ng gouty tenosynovitis sa distal biceps insertion na nagdudulot ng partial tendon tearing, na lumalabas bilang isang tila straightforward biceps rupture sa isang tao na ang kasaysayan ng gout ang lumalabas na paliwanag [4]. Ito ay bihira, ngunit ito ang uri ng diagnosis na nagagawa lamang ng taong nakaisip nito.

Higit na nakakaasa, ang isang karaniwang pag-aalala ay hindi napatunayan. Sa pagsasama-sama ng 684,964 na tao, ang gout ay hindi nauugnay sa pagtaas ng panganib ng fracture, at ang mga urate-lowering drug na nireseta nang maaga ay hindi nagpakita ng adverse o beneficial effect sa panganib ng fracture [5].

Mga Sanggunian

[1] Stewart S, Dalbeth N, Vandal AC, Rome K. The first metatarsophalangeal joint in gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-016-0919-9

[2] Stamp LK, Chapman PT, Barclay ML, Horne A, Frampton C, Tan P, et al. A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of allopurinol dose escalation to achieve target serum urate in people with gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(9):1522-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210872

[3] Doherty M, Jenkins W, Richardson H, Sarmanova A, Abhishek A, Ashton D, et al. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of nurse-led care involving education and engagement of patients and a treat-to-target urate-lowering strategy versus usual care for gout: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10156):1403-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32158-5

[4] Fairhurst RJ, Schwartz AM, Rozmaryn LM. Gouty tenosynovitis of the distal biceps tendon insertion complicated by partial tendon rupture. Hand (N Y). 2016;12(1):NP1-NP5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558944715627639

[5] Liu F, Dong J, Zhou D, Kang Q, Xiong F. Gout is not associated with the risk of fracture: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2019;14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-019-1317-4


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