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Pag-aayos ng Distal Biceps

Distal biceps rupture repair — restoring elbow flexion strength and addressing the “Popeye” deformity.

Updated Sep 2026
Isang hand-drawn na ilustrasyon ng isang surgeon na nag-aayos ng biceps tendon sa harap ng siko ng isang pasyente.
Distal biceps repair: ang napunit na tendon ay muling ikinakabit sa buto ng forearm na pinagkahiwalayan nito. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Bakit iminungkahi ang operasyong ito

Si Dr Kieran Hirpara, isang upper-limb surgeon sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, ay itinutugma ang gamutan sa iyong partikular na pinsala. Ang mga pasyente ay karaniwang nirerefer sa aming klinika ng kanilang GP; kung iminungkahi ng isang physiotherapist na magpatingin sa amin, kakailanganin mo pa rin ng referral mula sa iyong GP upang maging eligible para sa Medicare rebate. Sa iyong appointment, kumukuha kami ng history, sinusuri ang iyong braso, at nag-aayos ng mga scan kung kinakailangan. Ang scan ay maaaring magkumpirma kung ang tendon na nag-uugnay sa iyong lower biceps muscle sa buto ng forearm ay napunit nang lubos o bahagya.

Muling ikinakabit ng operasyong ito ang napunit na tendon sa buto kung saan ito nagmula. Karaniwan itong inaalok para sa complete tear, lalo na kung ikaw ay aktibo, nagtatrabaho gamit ang iyong mga kamay, o naglalaro ng sport. Para sa partial tear, karaniwan naming sinusubukan muna ang non-operative care, gaya ng pagbabago sa aktibidad, physiotherapy o hand therapy, splinting, o mga injection. Ginagawa ang surgery kapag ang mga ito ay hindi nagbigay ng sapat na pagbuti. Ang layunin ay ibalik ang lakas na ginagamit mo upang itiklop ang iyong siko at itaas ang iyong palad, upang magamit mo muli ang iyong braso nang normal.

Bago ang operasyon

Sasabihin sa iyo ng iyong surgeon kung aling mga gamot ang dapat itigil bago ang operasyon at kung kailan. Kakailanganin mong itigil ang pagkain at pag-inom pitong oras bago ang operasyon, upang maaari ka naming mauna kung maagang magsimula ang listahan sa theatre. Mag-ayos ng taong maghahatid sa iyo pauwi pagkatapos. Magdala ng listahan ng iyong mga kasalukuyang gamot at magsuot ng komportable at maluwag na damit. Ang mga scan gaya ng X-ray, ultrasound o MRI ay nakatutulong sa pagpaplano ng operasyon. Kung mayroon kang iba pang kondisyong medikal, maaaring kailanganin mo ng mga blood test o pagsusuri kasama ang anaesthetist.

Sa araw ng operasyon

Darating ka sa surgical admissions unit ng ospital, kung saan ka ire-rehistro at ihahanda para sa theatre. Makikilala mo doon ang anaesthetist. Ang operasyong ito ay ginagawa sa ilalim ng general anaesthetic. Ikaw ay tulog nang tuluyan para sa operasyon. Ang ilang pasyente ay maaaring sumailalim din sa regional nerve block para sa pagpapaginhawa ng sakit pagkatapos ng operasyon; ang anaesthetist ang magpapasya sa araw na iyon base sa iyong indibidwal na kalagayan.

Pagkatapos ay dadalhin ka sa operating theatre, kung saan isasagawa ang operasyon. Kapag natapos na ito, magigising ka sa recovery area. Babantayan ka ng mga nurse habang nawawala ang bisa ng anaesthetic. Kapag stable ka na, pupunta ka sa ward o uuwi na, depende sa procedure at sa iyong paggaling.

Ano ang kinapapalooban ng operasyon

Ang operasyon ay ginagawa sa pamamagitan ng isang hiwa sa harap ng iyong siko, sa ibabaw ng bahagi kung saan napunit ang tendon. Isinasantabi ng iyong surgeon ang mga tissue upang maabot ang buto ng forearm, na may maliit na nakaumbok na bahagi kung saan dating nakakabit ang tendon.

Ang dulo ng napunit na tendon ay nililinis at tinatahi gamit ang matitibay na tahi. Pagkatapos ay magbubutas ang iyong surgeon ng isang maliit na tunnel sa buto at ipapasa ang mga tahi rito. Isang maliit na metal button ang kasama nito at lalapat nang patag sa kabilang panig ng buto, kung saan ito magsisilbing anchor. Hinihila ng mga tahi ang tendon pababa sa tunnel, laban sa bagong buto. Dito muling gagaling at kakabit ang tendon sa bahaging pinunitan nito.

Ang sugat ay sasara gamit ang mga tahi at tatakpan ng dressing. Ang dressing ay mananatili nang humigit-kumulang 10 araw; ipinapaliwanag sa seksyong 'Pagkatapos ng operasyon' ang mga mangyayari pagkatapos nito.

Pagkatapos ng operasyon

Magigising ka sa recovery area, pagkatapos ay ililipat ka sa ward. Karamihan sa mga pasyente ay nananatili ng isang gabi sa ospital pagkatapos ng operasyong ito, bagaman ang ilan ay nakakauwi sa mismong araw. Ang iyong braso ay nakalagay sa isang sling para sa ginhawa, at ang banayad na paggalaw ay magsisimula nang maaga. Bibigyan ka ng mga nurse ng pain relief at sisiguraduhing komportable ka. Dapat may kasama ka sa unang 24 oras pagkauwi mo sa bahay. Hahayaan naming nakalagay ang dressing sa loob ng humigit-kumulang 10 araw; pakiusap na huwag itong tanggalin bago ang panahong iyon maliban kung sinabi namin sa iyo. Papalitan o tatanggalin namin ito kapag nakita ka namin. Maaari kang gumalaw sa loob ng bahay at gumawa ng mga magaang gawain gamit ang iyong kabilang kamay.

Paggaling

Sa unang ilang araw, ang iyong siko ay magiging masakit at mamamaga. Unti-unti itong huhupa. Nakatutulong ang pain relief at pahinga, at ang pagpapanatiling nakataas ng iyong kamay sa isang unan ay nagpapabawas sa pintig ng sakit. Karaniwan ang ilang pasa pababa sa forearm.

Ang iyong braso ay nakalagay sa isang sling para sa ginhawa, at ang banayad na paggalaw ay sinisimulan nang maaga sa halip na panatilihing hindi gumagalaw ang iyong siko. Ang hand therapy pagkatapos ng operasyon ay kasama si Ruby Doolan sa Extend Rehabilitation. Si Ruby ang magdidirekta ng iyong mga ehersisyo at gagawa ng anumang splint na iyong kakailanganin. Sa simula, gagawa ka ng mga simpleng paggalaw upang maiwasan ang paninigas ng siko at pulso. Maayos lang ang mga magagaan na gawain sa bahay gamit ang iyong kabilang kamay. Hindi ka dapat magbuhat gamit ang inoperahang braso hangga't hindi ka binibigyan ng clearance ng iyong therapist.

Habang lumilipas ang mga linggo, huhupa ang pamamaga at babalik ang iyong paggalaw. Magdaragdag ang iyong therapist ng banayad na strengthening habang gumagaling ang tendon. Kapag wala ka na sa sling at binigyan ka na ng clearance ng iyong surgeon, maaari ka nang magsimulang magmaneho muli. Tingnan ang aming pahina tungkol sa pagmamaneho pagkatapos ng upper-limb surgery. Ang pagbabalik sa trabaho ay depende sa kung ano ang kinapapalooban ng iyong trabaho; ang desk work ay mas maagang nababalikan kaysa sa mabibigat na pagbuhat. Ang sports ay mas huli na, kapag bumalik na ang iyong lakas at grip.

Karamihan sa mga tao ay nakakabalik sa trabaho at sa mga aktibidad na kanilang kinagigiliwan. Ang paggaling ay nag-iiba sa bawat tao, kaya maaaring magkaiba ang iyong timeline. Gagabayan ka ng iyong surgeon at ng iyong hand therapist sa bawat yugto.

Ano ang maaaring maging problema

Karamihan sa mga pasyente ay gumagaling nang maayos, ngunit paminsan-minsan ay may mga problemang maaaring mangyari. Binabantayan ka nang maigi ng iyong surgeon at ng team upang maagapan ang anumang isyu.

Minsan, ang inoperahang tendon ay hindi kumakapit. Kung makaramdam ka ng biglaang "pop" o "snap" sa iyong siko, o kung ang lakas na iyong nababawi ay biglang nawala, makipag-ugnayan agad sa klinika. Hindi ito karaniwan, at kapag nangyayari ito, madalas itong nagaganap sa unang ilang linggo pagkatapos ng operasyon. Ang pagsunod sa mga tagubilin ng iyong therapist tungkol sa pagbuhat at aktibidad ay nagpapababa ng pagkakataon na mangyari ito sa iyo.

Ang mga nerve na dumadaan malapit sa siko ay maaaring mairita habang nag-o-opera. Kung mangyayari ito, maaari kang makaramdam ng pangingilig, pamamanhid, o isang bahagi ng balat na tila manhid o "fuzzy." Ang ilang tao ay nakapapansin ng panghihina kapag itinuwid ang kanilang mga daliri o hinlalaki. Madalas itong pansamantala, ngunit sabihin sa iyong surgeon o therapist sa iyong susunod na review kung mapapansin mo ang alinman sa mga pagbabagong ito. Kung ang pamamanhid o panghihina ay malala o lumalala, tumawag sa klinika sa halip na maghintay.

Maaari ring tumigas (stiff) ang siko kung hindi ito gumagalaw ayon sa plano. Maaaring mahirapan kang ituwid nang husto ang iyong braso o itiklop ito gaya ng dati, at ang pagpihit ng iyong palad paitaas ay maaaring maramdamang may nakaharang. Ipagpatuloy ang iyong mga banayad na paggalaw at sabihan agad ang iyong therapist kung huminto ang pag-unlad. Kung ang paninigas ay maging isang malaking problema, tatalakayin ng iyong surgeon ang mga susunod na hakbang kasama ka.

Banggitin ang anumang hindi pangkaraniwan sa iyong review, kahit na tila maliit na bagay lamang ito. Ang mga bagay na kusang nawawala ay dapat ding banggitin, dahil ang maagang atensyon ay nagpapadali sa pag-aayos ng mga problema.

Ang table ng mga komplikasyon sa pahinang ito ay naglilista ng mga tipikal na rate kung nais mo ang mga detalye.

Kailan dapat tumawag sa amin

Tumawag sa amin kung kayo ay may lagnat, o kung ang sugat ay lalong namumula, namamaga, o nagsisimulang maglabas ng likido. Tumawag sa amin kung ang inyong sakit ay biglang lumala. Kung nakaramdam kayo ng pag-pop o pag-snap sa inyong siko, tumawag agad sa amin, o pumunta sa emergency department kung lampas na sa oras ng opisina. Pumunta sa emergency kung may pamamaga o sakit sa binti (calf), o kung nahihirapang huminga, dahil ang mga ito ay maaaring mga senyales ng blood clot. Pumunta sa emergency kung mawalan kayo ng pakiramdam sa inyong braso o kamay, o kung hindi ito maigalaw. Kung hindi kayo sigurado, tumawag sa amin. Mas gusto naming malaman ang isang maliit na pag-aalala kaysa makaligtaan ang isang bagay na nangangailangan ng mabilis na atensyon.

Saan maaaring magbasa nang higit pa tungkol sa kondisyon

Ang pahinang ito ay tungkol sa operasyon mismo. Ang kondisyong ginagamot nito, kabilang ang kung ano ang ipinapakita ng ebidensya tungkol sa kung kailan nakatutulong ang operasyon at kung kailan hindi, ay tinalakay nang mas detalyado sa pahinang Distal Biceps Rupture.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Bony Anatomy

  • The elbow is a trocho-ginglymoid joint consisting of medial and lateral articulations that provide bony stability [3].
  • The medial ulnohumeral articulation is formed by the trochlea articulating with the ulna within the greater sigmoid notch [3].
  • The ulnohumeral joint has highly congruent anatomy through almost 180° of articular contact, with the exception of a bare area in the greater sigmoid notch devoid of cartilage [3].
  • The coronoid process has medial and lateral facets that buttress the trochlea anteriorly [3].
  • The sublime tubercle is located just distal and medial to the coronoid and serves as the attachment site for the anterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament [3].
  • The medial epicondyle is larger and more posteriorly oriented than the lateral epicondyle and serves as the attachment site for the origins of the flexor pronator mass [3].
  • The lateral radiocapitellar joint is formed by the capitellum and radial head [3].
  • The radius is held in close approximation to the ulna at the proximal radioulnar joint by the annular ligament [3].
  • The area of the ulna that articulates with the margin of the radial head at the proximal radioulnar joint is known as the lesser sigmoid notch [3].
  • The radial head is a concave elliptical structure covered with articular cartilage along the radiocapitellar joint and approximately 270° of the articular margin [3].
  • The radial head articulates with both the capitellum and the lesser sigmoid notch [3].
  • The lateral epicondyle is the origin of the lateral extensor musculature [3].
  • The origin of the lateral ulnar collateral ligamentous complex is located just distal to the lateral epicondyle at the geometric center of the radiocapitellar articulation [3].
  • The distal humeral articulation is angled 30° from the longitudinal axis [3].
  • The anterior humeral line should pass through the center of the axis of rotation [3].
  • The axis of rotation is 5° to 7° angulated in the coronal plane to the epicondylar axis, with the medial side more distal than the lateral side [3].
  • This coronal angulation accounts for the change from a valgus carrying angle to a more varus position as the elbow is flexed [3].
  • There is a high correlation between the size of the radial head and capitellum on the left and right sides of the same individual [2, 3].
  • The olecranon provides a broad attachment site for the triceps [3].
  • The ulna bends approximately 8° medially at 8 cm from the tip of the olecranon [3].
  • The articulation to the tip of the coronoid is approximately 30° from the long axis of the ulna in the sagittal plane [3].

Ligaments & Soft Tissue

  • Elbow stability is determined by primary stabilizers, which include the ulnohumeral articulation, the medial ulnar collateral ligament, and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament complex [1].
  • Secondary stabilizers of the elbow include the radiocapitellar articulation, the common flexor tendon, the common extensor tendon, and the joint capsule [1].
  • The medial ulnar collateral ligament is comprised of the anterior bundle, posterior bundle, and transverse ligament [2].
  • The anterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament is the strongest component and the primary restraint to valgus stress [2].
  • The anterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament is subdivided into anterior and posterior bands that provide reciprocal function, with the anterior band tight in extension and the posterior band tight in flexion [2].
  • The lateral ulnar collateral ligament origin center is 10.7 mm from the lateral epicondyle [2].
  • The lateral ulnar collateral ligament insertion is 3.3 mm from the apex of the supinator crest [2].
  • Tensile forces are present at the medial elbow, while compressive forces are present at the lateral elbow [4, 5].
  • The joint capsule allows maximum distension at approximately 70 to 80 degrees of flexion [4, 5].
  • The anterior capsule attaches at a point approximately 6 mm distal to the tip of the coronoid [4, 5].
  • The coronoid tip is an intraarticular structure that is visualized during elbow arthroscopy [4, 5].
  • The medial or ulnar collateral ligament is the primary valgus stabilizer [4, 5].
  • The anterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament is the most important component for stability [4, 5].
  • The posterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament has the greatest change in length and becomes taut at flexion beyond 120 degrees [4, 5].
  • The lateral ulnar collateral ligament is the posterolateral stabilizer [4, 5].
  • Osborne’s ligament stabilizes the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel [4, 5].
  • The ligament of Struthers is a variant anatomy arising from the supracondylar process to attach to the medial epicondyle and is a potential site of median nerve compression [4, 5].

Muscles & Insertions

  • The brachialis is the strongest elbow flexor and attaches to the coronoid 11 mm distal to the tip [4, 5].
  • The biceps brachii inserts at the ulnar margin of the radial tuberosity, with the long head inserting proximal and the short head inserting distal [4, 5].
  • The biceps brachii is a powerful supinator of the forearm [4, 5].
  • The triceps is the primary elbow extensor and inserts on the olecranon process [4, 5].
  • The mobile wad consists of the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi radialis brevis [4, 5].
  • The flexor-pronator mass consists of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, and flexor digitorum superficialis [4, 5].
  • The triceps has three distinct insertional areas to the olecranon corresponding to the posterior capsular insertion, the deep muscular portion, and the superficial tendinous portion [2].
  • The deep muscular head of the triceps corresponds to the medial head, while the tendinous portion corresponds to the long and lateral heads [2].
  • The width of the triceps insertion is 2.6 cm and is located 1.1 cm from the tip of the olecranon [2].

Biomechanics & Motion

  • The normal elbow has a range of motion from 0° to 140° from extension to flexion [1].
  • The normal elbow has a range of motion of 75° in pronation and 85° in supination [1].
  • A functional arc for the elbow is 100° for flexion and extension and forearm rotation [1].

Investigations

Physical Examination

  • The physical examination of the elbow is directed by the history and the location of the patient's pain in the anterior, posterior, medial, or lateral aspect [1].
  • Active and passive flexion, extension, supination, and pronation should be evaluated using a goniometer for accurate measurement [9].
  • The contralateral elbow should be examined for comparison during range of motion assessment [9].
  • Pain should be assessed during the mid-arc or at the terminal ends of motion [9].
  • Mid-arc range of motion pain is more common with intrinsic disease and may not improve with contracture release alone [9].
  • The ulnar nerve is of utmost importance in the physical examination due to its anatomic proximity to the elbow [9].
  • An assessment for ulnar nerve subluxation should be performed [9].
  • Subluxation of the ulnar nerve is a relative contraindication for an arthroscopic procedure secondary to possible iatrogenic nerve injury [9].
  • Electromyography and nerve conduction velocity studies should be performed if there is any question about neurologic dysfunction [9].

Imaging

  • Plain radiographs remain the hallmark and the best screening test for elbow evaluation [1].
  • Standard radiographic views include AP, lateral, and oblique views [9].
  • Serial radiography is used as follow-up when heterotopic ossification is present [9].
  • Primary bony landmarks identified on radiographs include the ulnohumeral joint, coronoid process, radial head, capitellum, radiocapitellar joint, olecranon tip, coronoid/olecranon fossae, and trochlear ridge [9].
  • CT is helpful when assessing for malunion architecture and the location and pattern of osteophytes and/or loose bodies [9].
  • Three-dimensional CT is used to check for heterotopic ossification [9].
  • CT is not necessary when the stiffness is entirely soft-tissue related [9].
  • CT is beneficial if any joint incongruity or abnormal bony anatomy is present [9].
  • MRI can be used to evaluate ligaments and tendons, but it is rarely indicated for elbow stiffness [9].
  • MRI may be most helpful in evaluating associated injuries including partial or complete tears of the medial collateral ligament in the context of valgus extension overload syndrome [11].
  • CT with two-dimensional reconstruction and three-dimensional surface rendering best visualizes the pathology of valgus extension overload syndrome [11].
  • AP, lateral, oblique, and axillary views of the elbow may reveal posteromedial olecranon osteophytes and/or loose bodies in valgus extension overload syndrome [11].
  • Radiographic evaluations are essential when diagnosing an osteochondritis dissecans lesion of the elbow [12].
  • Important aspects of osteochondritis dissecans lesions may be better seen with MRI [12].
  • Standard AP and lateral radiographs should be obtained for the evaluation of elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Radiographs typically show osteophyte formation at the coronoid process, coronoid fossa, radial fossa, radial head, olecranon tip, and olecranon fossa in elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Joint spaces at the ulnohumeral joint are usually preserved in elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Joint spaces at the radiocapitellar joint are mildly narrowed in elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Loose bodies may be evident on radiographs, which typically underestimate the number present [13].
  • CT may be useful for surgical planning in elbow osteoarthritis, allowing a detailed assessment of osteophytes and the presence of loose bodies [13].

References

[1] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Summary and Conclusions.

[2] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Annotated References.

[3] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Anatomy > Bony Anatomy.

[4] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. SECTION 16 PATELLAR TRACKING IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY > TABLE 2.3 Shoulder Spaces.

[5] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. Genetics of musculoskeletal conditions and abnormalities are summarized in Table 1.27 > TABLE 2.3 Shoulder Spaces.

[9] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Stiffness* > IV. Evaluation.

[11] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Injuries in the Athlete* > III. Valgus Extension Overload Syndrome and Posterior Impingement.

[12] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update. Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee and Elbow* > Summary.

[13] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Arthritis and Arthroplasty of the Elbow > I. Osteoarthritis.

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6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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