Skip to content

Patients › General-Health

Peptide Therapy sa Musculoskeletal Medicine

PDF Evidence

Injectable and regenerative peptide therapies in orthopaedics and sports medicine — what the evidence shows for tendon, cartilage and bone healing, and where the hype outpaces the data.

Updated Sep 2026
Isang molecular chain ng peptide sa tabi ng isang maliit na vial.
Masigasig na ibinebenta ang mga peptide therapy para sa paggaling at pagbawi; limitado ang ebidensya para sa paggamit nito sa mga problema sa buto, joint at kalamnan. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ano ito

Gumagamit ang peptide therapy ng napakaliliit na kadena ng mga sangkap, na tinatawag na peptide, na itinuturok sa loob o malapit sa isang napinsalang joint o tendon. Ang ideya ay kumikilos ang mga peptide na ito na parang mga mensahero, na naghihikayat sa sariling proseso ng pag-aayos ng iyong katawan na mas magsikap. Ang ilan ay ibinebenta rin bilang mga supplement, na iniinom sa halip na itinuturok.

Maaaring nakita mo nang ina-advertise ang mga peptide online o sa social media. Malawak ang pagbebenta sa mga ito, madalas na may mga pinalaking pahayag at napakakaunting pangangasiwa ng regulasyon [1]. Mabuting malaman na ang peptide therapy na itinuturok para sa mga problema sa kalamnan, tendon at joint ay higit na eksperimental pa rin [2]. Sa kasalukuyan ay kulang ang ebidensyang sumusuporta sa paggamit nito sa klinikal na pangangalaga [3], at hindi dapat gamitin ang mga peptide supplement bilang kapalit ng, o dagdag sa, karaniwang orthopaedic na gamutan na matatanggap mo sana [4]. Ang isang partikular na peptide, ang BPC-157, ay madalas na itinataguyod para sa performance at paggaling sa sports, ngunit walang randomised controlled trial nito sa mga tao [5], kaya hindi pa napatutunayan ng agham kung gaano ito kahusay gumagana at kung gaano ito kaligtas [5].

Sa laboratoryo at sa mga pag-aaral sa hayop, may ilang peptide na nagpapakita ng kawili-wiling mga epekto. Sa mga rat model ng rotator cuff tear, pinabuti ng ilang peptide ang paggaling sa pagitan ng tendon at buto [6] [7]. Nakatulong ang iba pang peptide-based na gel sa pag-aayos ng cartilage sa mga animal model [8] [9] [10], at ang isa ay nagpakita ng pangako para sa malubhang pinsala sa spinal cord sa mga hayop [11]. Hiwalay dito, ang dalawang protinang nagpapagaling ng buto na tinatawag na BMP, na mga growth factor na ginagamit sa operasyon sa buto sa halip na mga peptide injection, ay maaaring irekomenda batay sa mga level I na pag-aaral [12], at may pag-apruba ng regulator ang mga ito para sa mga partikular na problema sa fracture [13]. Binawasan ng isang lotion na naglalaman ng hyaluronic acid at mga peptide ang sakit at paninigas sa loob ng 3 oras mula sa unang pagpahid, sa loob ng 3-araw na panahon ng gamutan [14].

Maaaring ipaliwanag sa iyo ng iyong doktor kung nasaan na ang mga gamutang ito at kung ano ang sinusuportahan ng kasalukuyang ebidensya.

Gumagana ba ito?

Para sa karamihan ng mga peptide treatment, ang tapat na sagot ay hindi pa natin alam. Hindi pa nakakahabol ang pananaliksik sa marketing. Hinihiling sa mga orthopaedic at sports medicine provider na unawain ang kasalukuyang kakulangan ng ebidensyang sumusuporta sa klinikal na paggamit ng mga peptide therapy [3]. Para sa BPC-157, ang peptide na madalas na itinataguyod para sa paggaling at performance, malinaw na kulang ang agham tungkol sa kung gaano ito kahusay gumagana, kung gaano ito kaligtas, at kung kailan ito dapat gamitin [5]. Kaya kung susubukan mo ito, gagawin mo ito nang walang magagandang trial sa tao na sumusuporta rito.

Ang ibang uri ng gamutan, na ginagamit sa operasyon sa buto, ang may mas matibay na suporta. Ang isang protinang nagpapagaling ng buto (isang BMP, na isang growth factor sa halip na peptide injection) ay may pag-apruba ng regulator para sa dalawang partikular na problema: mga open fracture sa buto ng binti (shin) na ginamot gamit ang rod na ipinasok sa loob ng buto, at mga fracture sa buto ng binti na hindi gumaling [13]. Iyan ay makitid at malinaw na tinukoy na gamit, hindi pangkalahatang gamutan sa pag-aayos ng mga joint at tendon.

Ang ibang pag-aaral ay nasa yugto pa ng laboratoryo. Sa mga hayop, ang isang gel na may dalang peptide na kaugnay ng paglaki ay nagprotekta sa tissue ng nerve at nagdulot ng napakakaunting pamamaga, na tumuturo sa mga posibleng gamutan sa hinaharap para sa malubhang pinsala sa spinal cord [11]. Ang pagdaragdag ng mga peptide-based na gel sa isang pamamaraan ng pag-aayos ng cartilage na tinatawag na microfracture, kung saan gumagawa ng maliliit na butas sa buto upang hikayatin ang paggaling, ay maaaring magpabuti sa mga resulta ng paggaling ng cartilage [8]. Mga maagang hakbang ang mga natuklasang ito. Hindi nila sinasabi sa atin kung ano ang mangyayari sa mga tao.

May isang kawili-wiling palatandaan mula sa pananaliksik sa tao. Dalawang kemikal na mensahero na matatagpuan sa katawan, ang substance P at isa pang peptide, ay lumalabas sa mas mataas na antas sa mga tendon na mas malala ang pagkasira sa isang kondisyong tinatawag na tennis elbow [15]. Sinasabi nito sa mga mananaliksik na kasangkot ang mga peptide sa mga problema sa tendon. Hindi nito sinasabi sa atin kung nakakatulong ang pagdaragdag ng mas maraming peptide.

Kaya halo-halo ang larawan. Ang mga protinang nagpapagaling ng buto, na hindi mga peptide treatment, ay may mga aprubadong gamit para sa mga partikular na problema sa fracture. May pangako sa ilang bahagi ang mga pag-aaral sa hayop at laboratoryo. Ngunit para sa mga peptide treatment na itinuturok at ibinebenta para sa mga reklamo sa kalamnan, tendon at joint, wala pang magagandang trial sa tao na nagpapakitang gumagana ang mga ito. Kung alukin ka ng isang clinic ng peptide therapy, makatwirang itanong kung anong ebidensya ang sumusuporta sa partikular na gamutang iyon para sa iyong partikular na problema.

Ano ang mga panganib?

Ang tapat na sagot ay wala pang nakakaalam ng buong larawan ng panganib. Para sa karamihan ng mga peptide treatment, walang magagandang trial sa tao, kaya hindi pa kailanman naitala nang maayos ang mga side effect [3]. Para sa BPC-157 lalo na, hindi pa napatutunayan ng agham ang safety profile nito [5]. Ang kakulangang iyon ay panganib na mismo: gagamit ka ng gamutang hindi alam ang mga pinsalang maaaring idulot nito.

Ang ilang materyales sa merkado ay walang anumang pangmatagalang datos kung paano tumutugon sa kanila ang soft tissue o buto [16]. Ibig sabihin, walang makapagsasabi sa iyo kung ano ang ginagawa ng mga sangkap na ito sa iyong katawan sa loob ng maraming taon, dahil hindi pa nagagawa ang mga pag-aaral.

May ilang bagay na mas matibay nating masasabi. Isang lotion na naglalaman ng hyaluronic acid at mga peptide ang nasubukan sa mga tao at napatunayang ligtas [14]. Lampas diyan, mabilis na numinipis ang larawan. Masyadong mahina ang ebidensya para sa mga peptide supplement upang suportahan ang paggamit sa kanila kasabay ng karaniwang orthopaedic na pangangalaga [4]. At dahil malawak na ibinebenta online ang mga peptide nang may mga pinalaking pahayag at napakakaunting pangangasiwa ng regulasyon [1], ang talagang laman ng isang produkto ay maaaring iba sa sinasabi ng label.

Kung isinasaalang-alang mo ang peptide therapy, ito ang pangunahing panganib na dapat timbangin: malayo nang nauuna ang marketing sa agham. Itanong kung anong ebidensya ang sumusuporta sa partikular na gamutang inaalok, at kung ano ang alam tungkol sa kaligtasan nito sa mga tao.

Tama ba ito para sa iyo?

Sa ngayon, ang peptide therapy ay hindi gamutang maaari naming irekomenda para sa karamihan ng mga problema sa kalamnan, tendon o joint. Masyadong manipis ang ebidensya, at kulang ang larawan ng kaligtasan. Kung mayroon kang napunit na tendon, arthritis o pinsalang mabagal gumaling, may mga napatunayang gamutan na may mas matibay na rekord. Ang mga iyon ang dapat mauna. Sa pinakamabuti, ang peptide therapy ay magiging dagdag lamang sa karaniwang pangangalaga, at hindi man lang iyon sinusuportahan ng ebidensya [4].

May ilang ibang gamutan na nasa mas matibay na batayan. Ang dalawang protinang nagpapagaling ng buto na tinatawag na BMP, na mga growth factor na ginagamit sa operasyon sa buto sa halip na mga peptide injection, ay maaaring irekomenda batay sa mga level I na pag-aaral [12], at aprubado ang mga ito para sa mga partikular na problema sa fracture. Isang lotion na may peptide at hyaluronic acid ang nasubukan sa mga tao at napatunayang ligtas, na may maagang ginhawa mula sa sakit at paninigas [14]. Kung ang isa sa mga makitid na gamit na iyon ay naaangkop sa iyo, sasabihin sa iyo ng iyong doktor.

Para sa lahat ng iba pa, kabilang ang mga peptide na ibinebenta online para sa paggaling at performance, susubukan mo ang isang bagay na walang magagandang trial sa tao na sumusuporta rito [5]. Pinalaki at halos hindi kontrolado ng regulasyon ang mga pahayag na nakikita mo sa social media [1].

Dapat itong maging sama-samang pagpapasya ninyo ng iyong doktor. Itanong kung anong ebidensya ang sumusuporta sa partikular na gamutang inaalok, kung ano ang alam tungkol sa kaligtasan nito, at kung ano ang mga karaniwang alternatibo. Inilalatag ng seksyon tungkol sa mga panganib sa itaas kung ano ang alam at hindi alam tungkol sa mga pinsalang maaaring idulot nito. Kung hindi nagtutugma ang mga sagot, makatwirang tumanggi at manatili sa napatunayang pangangalaga.

Ang pinaka-punto

Para sa karamihan ng mga problema sa kalamnan, tendon at joint, ang peptide therapy ay hindi pa isang bagay na may magagandang trial sa tao na maituturo namin. Malayo nang nauuna ang marketing sa agham, at kulang ang larawan ng kaligtasan. Bukod dito, ang mga protinang nagpapagaling ng buto (BMP), na hindi mga peptide na gamutan, ay may mas matibay na suporta para sa ilang partikular na problema sa fracture. Kung alukin ka ng peptide therapy, ito ang pinakamahalagang dapat malaman: wala pang makapagsasabi sa iyo kung gaano ito kahusay gumagana o kung ano ang ginagawa nito sa iyong katawan sa paglipas ng panahon. Itanong kung anong ebidensya ang sumusuporta sa partikular na gamutang inaalok, at kung ano ang mga napatunayang alternatibo.

Mga Sanggunian

[1] Paper 32. Performance & Promises: A Social Media Review of Alleged Indications, Risks and Usage of “Peptides” in Musculoskeletal Health. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00290

[2] Injectable Peptides in Sports Medicine: A Structured Narrative Review of Evidence, Safety, and Antidoping Implications. JBJS Reviews. 2026. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.26.00027

[3] Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251357593

[4] Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261464420

[5] Injectable Therapeutic Peptides—An Adjunct to Regenerative Medicine and Sports Performance?. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.09.005

[6] Effects of BMP-7 and Low Molecular Weight Peptide Solution on Healing in a Rotator Cuff Tear Model: A Histopathological and Biomechanical Study in Rats. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.003

[7] Growth Hormone–Releasing Peptide 2 May Be Associated With Decreased M1 Macrophage Production and Increased Histologic and Biomechanical Tendon‐Bone Healing Properties in a Rat Rotator Cuff Tear Model. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.11.094

[8] Microfracture Augmentation With Trypsin Pretreatment and Growth Factor–Functionalized Self-assembling Peptide Hydrogel Scaffold in an Equine Model. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/03635465211021798

[9] Effects of the Combination of Microfracture and Self-Assembling Peptide Filling on the Repair of a Clinically Relevant Trochlear Defect in an Equine Model. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.01408

[10] Self-assembling peptides with hBMP7 biological activity promote the differentiation of ADSCs into nucleus pulposus-like cells. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2022. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03102-8

[11] Biofunctionalized peptide-based hydrogel as an injectable scaffold for BDNF delivery can improve regeneration after spinal cord injury. Injury. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.12.027

[12] Carrier systems and application of growth factors in orthopaedics. Injury. 2008. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70014-7

[13] Clinical applications of growth factors in bone injuries: Experience with BMPs. Injury. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70008-1

[14] A pre-market interventional, single-arm clinical investigation of a new topical lotion based on hyaluronic acid and peptides, EGYFILTM, for the treatment of pain and stiffness in soft tissues. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06903-y

[15] The expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide is associated with the severity of tendon degeneration in lateral epicondylitis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04067-1

[16] Biodegradable implants in soft tissue refixation: Experimental evaluation, clinical experience, and future needs. Injury. 2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(02)00128-6

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 12 June 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Injectable peptide therapy may possess significant therapeutic and regenerative potential [1].
  • There is a current lack of evidence to support the clinical use of injectable peptides in orthopaedic and sports medicine [1].
  • Peptide supplements should not currently be recommended as a replacement or adjunct for existing orthopaedic standard of care due to the lack of robust efficacy and safety data [2].
  • Injectable peptides for sports medicine remain largely experimental [4].
  • BMP-2 and BMP-7 are the only growth factors that can be recommended based on level I studies [5].
  • BMP currently has two FDA-approved indications: treatment of open tibial fractures treated with intramedullary fixation and treatment of tibia long bone non-union [6].
  • Peptides are being widely advertised and sold through social media, often with exaggerated claims and minimal regulatory oversight [7].
  • Exosomes offer a promising cell-free alternative to mesenchymal stem cell therapies for upper-extremity tissue regeneration by overcoming limitations such as donor-site morbidity and tumorigenesis [8].
  • A better understanding of exosome mechanisms and standardized isolation methods is required before clinical application [8].
  • GLP-1 agonists may not produce sufficient weight loss to achieve body mass index cutoffs for total joint arthroplasty depending on individual patient factors, including starting bodyweight [9].
  • Therapeutic strategies for microfracture augmentation, such as trypsin pretreatment and growth factor–functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogel scaffold, can be cost-effective ways to improve cartilage healing outcomes [10].
  • The use of BPC-157 for sports performance and recovery is not recommended because there are no randomized controlled trials investigating its use in human subjects [11].
  • The science is clearly lacking to determine the overall effectiveness, safety profile, and clinical indications for BPC-157 in sports enhancement in athletes [11].
  • Various materials are on the market for which no clinical or experimental long-term data on soft tissue or bone reaction is available [12].
  • Loss of function in musculoskeletal tissues initiates from either a failure of the cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix (ECM) or as a consequence of material failure of the ECM itself [24].
  • Advances in the identification of candidate therapeutic cell populations and the development of new biomaterials have occurred over the last three decades to address degenerative processes in musculoskeletal tissues [24].
  • Therapeutic cell populations and biomaterials can be applied alone or in combination to promote healing that alters the trajectory of disease or potentially replace an entire tissue when damage has progressed to later stages [24].

How It Works

Clinical Status and Recommendations

  • Orthopaedic and sports medicine providers must understand the current lack of evidence to support the clinical use of peptide therapy, despite its potential therapeutic and regenerative properties [1].
  • The science is lacking to determine the overall effectiveness, safety profile, and clinical indications for BPC-157 in sports enhancement in athletes [11].
  • Peptides are widely advertised and sold through social media, often with exaggerated claims and minimal regulatory oversight [7].

Growth Factors and BMPs

  • Only BMP-2 and BMP-7 can be recommended based on level I studies [5].
  • BMP-7 application significantly enhances the quality of tendon-to-bone healing by promoting structural maturation and functional stability in a rat rotator cuff tear model [18].

Mechanistic and Preclinical Findings

  • GHRP-2 administration reduced M1 macrophage polarization and enhanced histologic and biomechanical tendon-bone healing properties in a rat rotator cuff tear model [19].
  • Functionalized self-assembled peptides promote the differentiation of ADSCs into nucleus pulposus-like cells [20].
  • Axon preservation and minimal inflammation were observed in animals treated with BDNF-incorporated hydrogel, indicating potential for further evaluations in severe spinal cord injury therapies [21].
  • Exosomes offer a cell-free alternative to mesenchymal stem cell therapies for upper-extremity tissue regeneration by overcoming limitations such as donor-site morbidity and tumorigenesis [8].
  • A better understanding of exosome mechanisms and standardized isolation methods is required before their clinical application [8].
  • Treatment of defects with only KLD or with only microfracture resulted in an improvement in clinical symptoms compared with no treatment in an equine model [14].
  • The improvement in clinical symptoms from KLD or microfracture treatment likely resulted from different causes depending on the specific treatment used [14].

Adjunctive and Topical Applications

  • Therapeutic strategies for microfracture augmentation, such as those using trypsin pretreatment and growth factor–functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogel scaffolds, can be cost-effective ways to improve cartilage healing outcomes [10].
  • EGYFIL, a topical lotion based on hyaluronic acid and peptides, is safe and seems to reduce pain and stiffness in patients during the 3 days of treatment [16].
  • Reduction in pain and stiffness with EGYFIL occurs already after 3 h from the first application [16].

Adjunctive Pharmacology

What the Evidence Shows

Clinical Status and Recommendations

  • Orthopaedic and sports medicine providers must understand the current lack of evidence to support the clinical use of peptide therapy [1].

Regulatory and Market Context

Growth Factors and BMPs

Experimental and Preclinical Findings

  • Therapeutic strategies for microfracture augmentation, such as trypsin pretreatment and growth factor–functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogel scaffolds, can be cost-effective ways to improve cartilage healing outcomes in an equine model [10].

Topical and Adjunctive Applications

  • EGYFIL, a topical lotion based on hyaluronic acid and peptides, is safe and seems to reduce pain and stiffness in patients during the 3 days of treatment, already after 3 h from the first application [16].

Mechanistic Associations

  • The expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide is associated with the severity of tendon degeneration in lateral epicondylitis [30].

Practical Considerations

  • Orthopaedic and sports medicine providers must understand the current lack of evidence supporting the clinical use of peptide therapies [1].
  • Peptide supplements should not be recommended as a replacement or adjunct for existing orthopaedic standard of care due to a lack of robust efficacy and safety data [2].
  • Therapeutic strategies for microfracture augmentation, such as those using growth factor–functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogel scaffolds, can be cost-effective ways to improve cartilage healing outcomes [10].
  • Treatment of defects with only KLD or with only microfracture resulted in an improvement in clinical symptoms compared with no treatment [14].
  • EGYFIL is safe and seems to reduce pain and stiffness in patients during the 3 days of treatment, already after 3 h from the first application [16].

Key Evidence

  • [L5] While peptide therapy may possess significant therapeutic and regenerative potential, it is critical that orthopaedic and sports medicine providers understand the current lack of evidence to support the clinical use of these peptides. [1] (10.1177/03635465251357593)
  • [L5] Because of the lack of robust efficacy and safety data, peptide supplements should not currently be recommended as a replacement or adjunct for existing orthopaedic standard of care. [2] (10.1177/03635465261464420)
  • [L5] Injectable peptides for sports medicine remain largely experimental. [4] (10.2106/jbjs.rvw.26.00027)
  • [Paper] Today only BMP-2 and BMP-7 can be recommended based on level I studies. [5] (10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70014-7)
  • [Paper] The use of BMP currently has two FDA-approved indications: treatment of open tibial fractures treated with intramedullary fixation and treatment of tibia long bone non-union. [6] (10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70008-1)
  • [Paper] Peptides are being widely advertised and sold through social media, often with exaggerated claims and minimal regulatory oversight. [7] (10.1177/2325967126s00290)
  • [L5] Exosomes offer a promising cell-free alternative to mesenchymal stem cell therapies for upper-extremity tissue regeneration by overcoming limitations such as donor-site morbidity and tumorigenesis, though a better understanding of their mechanisms and standardized isolation methods is required before clinical application. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.11.016)
  • [Paper] While efficacious, GLP-1 agonists may not produce sufficient weight loss to achieve body mass index cutoffs for total joint arthroplasty depending on individual patient factors, including starting bodyweight. [9] (10.2106/jbjs.rvw.23.00167)
  • [L5] Therapeutic strategies for microfracture augmentation, such as those presented in this study, can be cost-effective ways to improve cartilage healing outcomes. [10] (10.1177/03635465211021798)
  • [L5] The authors do not recommend the use of BPC-157 for sports performance and recovery because there are no randomized controlled trials investigating its use in human subjects, and the science is clearly lacking to determine the overall effectiveness, safety profile, and clinical indications for sports enhancement in athletes. [11] (10.1016/j.arthro.2024.09.005)
  • [Paper] However, various materials are on the market for which no clinical or experimental long-term data on soft tissue or bone reaction is available. [12] (10.1016/s0020-1383(02)00128-6)
  • [L5] Treatment of defects with only KLD or with only microfracture resulted in an improvement in clinical symptoms compared with no treatment; the improvement likely resulted from different causes depending on the treatment. [14] (10.2106/jbjs.m.01408)
  • [L4] EGYFIL is safe and seems to reduce pain and stiffness in patients during the 3 days of treatment, already after 3 h from the first application. [16] (10.1186/s12891-023-06903-y)
  • [L5] BMP-7 application significantly enhances the quality of tendon-to-bone healing by promoting structural maturation and functional stability. [18] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.003)
  • [L5] GHRP-2 administration reduced M1 macrophage polarization and enhanced histologic and biomechanical tendon-bone healing properties in a rat rotator cuff tear model. [19] (10.1016/j.arthro.2024.11.094)
  • [L5] The functionalized self-assembled peptide promotes the differentiation of ADSCs into nucleus pulposus-like cells. [20] (10.1186/s13018-022-03102-8)
  • [L5] Although locomotor functional recovery was not observed, axon preservation and minimal inflammation in animals treated with BDNF-incorporated hydrogel indicate the potentiality of the designed intervention for further evaluations in the path of developing efficient therapies for severe spinal cord injury. [21] (10.1016/j.injury.2018.12.027)
  • [Paper] The expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide is associated with the severity of tendon degeneration in lateral epicondylitis. [30] (10.1186/s12891-021-04067-1)

References

[1] Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251357593

[2] Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261464420

[4] Injectable Peptides in Sports Medicine: A Structured Narrative Review of Evidence, Safety, and Antidoping Implications. JBJS Reviews. 2026. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.26.00027

[5] Carrier systems and application of growth factors in orthopaedics. Injury. 2008. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70014-7

[6] Clinical applications of growth factors in bone injuries: Experience with BMPs. Injury. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70008-1

[7] Paper 32. Performance & Promises: A Social Media Review of Alleged Indications, Risks and Usage of “Peptides” in Musculoskeletal Health. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00290

[8] The Role of Exosomes in Upper-Extremity Tissue Regeneration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.11.016

[9] Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Agonists. JBJS Reviews. 2024. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.23.00167

[10] Microfracture Augmentation With Trypsin Pretreatment and Growth Factor–Functionalized Self-assembling Peptide Hydrogel Scaffold in an Equine Model. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/03635465211021798

[11] Injectable Therapeutic Peptides—An Adjunct to Regenerative Medicine and Sports Performance?. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.09.005

[12] Biodegradable implants in soft tissue refixation: Experimental evaluation, clinical experience, and future needs. Injury. 2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(02)00128-6

[14] Effects of the Combination of Microfracture and Self-Assembling Peptide Filling on the Repair of a Clinically Relevant Trochlear Defect in an Equine Model. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.01408

[16] A pre-market interventional, single-arm clinical investigation of a new topical lotion based on hyaluronic acid and peptides, EGYFILTM, for the treatment of pain and stiffness in soft tissues. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06903-y

[18] Effects of BMP-7 and Low Molecular Weight Peptide Solution on Healing in a Rotator Cuff Tear Model: A Histopathological and Biomechanical Study in Rats. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.003

[19] Growth Hormone–Releasing Peptide 2 May Be Associated With Decreased M1 Macrophage Production and Increased Histologic and Biomechanical Tendon‐Bone Healing Properties in a Rat Rotator Cuff Tear Model. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.11.094

[20] Self-assembling peptides with hBMP7 biological activity promote the differentiation of ADSCs into nucleus pulposus-like cells. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2022. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03102-8

[21] Biofunctionalized peptide-based hydrogel as an injectable scaffold for BDNF delivery can improve regeneration after spinal cord injury. Injury. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.12.027

[24] Orthopaedic Basic Science Fifth Edition Print Ebook. Cells and Materials for Soft-Tissue Repair and Regeneration > Introduction.

[30] The expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide is associated with the severity of tendon degeneration in lateral epicondylitis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04067-1

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International

Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.