Skip to content

Patients › Shoulder

Pagkapunit ng Pectoralis Major

A chest-muscle tear, classically during a heavy bench press — how to recognise it and why complete tears are usually repaired early.

Isang weightlifter na nagbe-bench-press, na may highlight ng sakit sa harap ng kili-kili kung saan nakakabit ang kalamnan ng dibdib.
Pectoralis major rupture: napupunit ang kalamnan ng dibdib malapit sa kung saan ito nakakabit sa braso, karaniwan habang nagbe-bench press ng mabigat. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang iyong nararamdaman

Karamihan sa mga tao ay natatandaan ang eksaktong sandali. Madalas itong nangyayari habang nagbe-bench press ng mabigat, sa oras na ibinababa ang bar patungo sa dibdib, at may biglaang tunog na "pop" o pakiramdam ng pagkapunit sa harap ng balikat, kasabay ng matalas na pagsiklab ng sakit. Sa loob ng isang araw o dalawa, ang pasa ay kumakalat pababa sa harap ng braso at patawid sa dibdib, at namamagâ ang bahaging ito.

Habang humuhupa ang pamamaga, maaaring mapansin mo na nagbago ang hugis ng iyong dibdib. Ang normal na matigas na tupi sa harap ng kili-kili ay maaaring pumantay o mawala, at ang mismong kalamnan ay maaaring magbunton patungo sa breastbone, na mukha o pakiramdam ay iba kumpara sa kabilang panig. Ang mga pushing movement ay nararamdamang mahina: ang pagsasara ng mabigat na pinto, pagtulak paitaas mula sa upuan, o pagyakap gamit ang braso ay wala na ang dati nilang lakas. Ang ilan sa mga unang kahinaang ito ay dahil lamang sa sakit, ngunit ang tunay na pagkawala ng lakas sa pagtulak ay may tendensiyang manatili.

Ano ang aktwal na nangyayari

Ang pectoralis major ay ang malaki at hugis-paypay na kalamnan ng dibdib. Binibigyan nito ng lakas ang braso sa tatlong pangunahing paraan: pagtulak ng mga bagay palayo sa iyo, pagyakap ng braso patawid sa katawan, at pag-ikot ng braso papasok. Ang kalamnan ay kumikipot patungo sa isang matibay na tendon na nakakabit sa buto ng itaas na braso (ang humerus), malapit sa balikat.

Ang rupture ay isang pagkapunit ng muscle-tendon unit na iyon, at madalas itong napuputol mismo sa o malapit sa kung saan nakakabit ang tendon sa buto. Ang karaniwang sanhi ay isang bigla at puwersadong pag-unat habang ang kalamnan ay matinding kumukontrata (eksaktong nangyayari sa ibaba ng isang bench press habang ibinababa ang bigat). Ito ay mas karaniwan sa mga kalalakihan, partikular na sa mga aktibong weight-trainer, at ang paggamit ng anabolic steroid ay isang kinikilalang risk factor dahil maaari nitong pahinain ang tendon.

Nag-iiba-iba ang mga punit. Ang isang complete tear ay hinihila ang tendon nang buo palayo sa buto, na siyang nagdudulot ng halatang pagbabago sa hugis ng dibdib at ang pinakamalaking pagkawala ng lakas. Ang isang partial tear, o isang punit sa loob mismo ng muscle belly sa halip na sa tendon, ay nag-iiwan ng mas maraming bahagi ng attachment na buo. Ang uri ng punit na mayroon ka ay napakahalaga para sa kung paano ito pinakamahusay na gagamutin.

Ano ang maaari naming gawin tungkol dito

Sa aming klinika, pinamumunuan ni Dr Kieran Hirpara ang pagsusuri para sa pinsalang ito, simula sa isang detalyadong history at pagsusuri upang kumpirmahin ang diagnosis. Para sa isang kumpletong punit sa isang taong aktibo, karaniwang inirerekomenda ang maagang repair sa halip na subukan muna ang non-operative care, habang ang mga bahagyang punit ay madalas na pinamamahalaan nang walang operasyon.

Ang unang hakbang ay alamin nang eksakto kung ano ang napunit at kung saan. Ginagawa ito sa pamamagitan ng pagsusuri sa balikat at pagkumpirma nito gamit ang isang MRI scan, na nagpapakita kung ang punit ay partial o complete at tinutukoy kung ito ay nahugot mula sa buto o napunit sa loob ng kalamnan.

Para sa isang aktibong tao na may complete tear sa tendon, karaniwang inirerekomenda ang operasyon upang muling ikabit ang tendon sa buto. Ibinabalik ng repair ang lakas sa pagtulak (pushing strength) at muling binubuo ang normal na hugis ng dibdib, at pare-pareho ang ebidensya na ang mga repaired tendons ay nakakabawi ng higit na lakas kaysa sa mga punit na hinayaang gumaling nang kusa. Ang pinakamahalagang salik dito ay ang timing: pinakamaganda ang resulta kapag ang repair ay ginawa nang maaga, idealy sa loob ng unang ilang linggo habang malusog pa ang tendon at hindi pa nagpe-peklat o nahihila pabalik. Ito ang pangunahing dahilan kung bakit mahalagang masuri agad kaysa maghintay upang makita kung paano ito gagaling.

Ang mga partial tear, mga punit sa loob ng muscle belly, at ang mga taong mas matanda o may mas mababang physical demands ay madalas na napapamahalaan nang maayos nang walang operasyon: isang panahon ng pahinga, pagkatapos ay isang graded rehabilitation program upang muling mabuo ang paggalaw at lakas. Ibinabalik ng rutang ito ang maayos na pang-araw-araw na function, bagaman karaniwan itong nag-iiwan ng ilang pagkawala ng peak pushing power kumpara sa isang repaired complete tear. Posible pa rin ang mga older repair kung ang isang complete tear ay hindi agad napansin, ngunit ang mga ito ay mas mahirap at ang mga resulta ay hindi gaanong maaasahan, na siyang dahilan kung bakit mahalaga ang maagang pagsusuri.

Ano ang dapat asahan

Kung ikaw ay sasailalim sa operasyon, ang paggaling ay sinusukat sa buwan, hindi linggo. Ang repair ay pinoprotektahan muna, karaniwan ay gamit ang sling sa loob ng humigit-kumulang anim na linggo at tanging banayad at ginagabayang paggalaw lamang, upang hayaang kumapit nang matibay ang tendon pabalik sa buto. Ang pagpapalakas (strengthening) ay unti-unting ipinapakilala pagkatapos nito, at ang mas mabigat na loading ay sadyang pinipigilan; ang mga push exercise at bench pressing ay karaniwang hindi pinapayagan sa loob ng anim hanggang siyam na buwan. Karamihan sa mga tao ay nakakabalik na sa mga pang-araw-araw na aktibidad sa loob ng humigit-kumulang anim na linggo at sa mas ganap na sports o training sa loob ng apat hanggang anim na buwan, habang ang lakas ay patuloy pang bumubuti hanggang isang taon pagkatapos.

Ang kapalit ng pasensyang iyon ay maganda: karamihan sa mga taong sumailalim sa maagang repair ay nababawi ang malakas na pushing power, naibabalik ang hugis ng dibdib, at nakakabalik sa mga aktibidad na mahalaga sa kanila. Ang mga pinamahalaan nang walang operasyon ay karaniwan ding nakakamit ang maayos na pang-araw-araw na function, habang tinatanggap ang bahagyang mas mababang peak strength. Ang pagsunod sa rehab program at ang hindi pagmamadali sa mabibigat na pressing ang siyang nagpoprotekta sa resulta sa kahit anong paraan.

Kailan dapat magpatingin

  • Biglaang pag-pop o pagkapunit sa dibdib o harap ng balikat habang nagbubuhat o gumagawa ng puwersadong pagsisikap: ipasuri ito agad, dahil ang pinakamagandang resulta ng operasyon ay nagmumula sa maagang pagkukumpuni.
  • Pasa na kumakalat pababa sa braso o dibdib, kapansin-pansing pamamaga, o nakikitang pagbabago sa hugis ng iyong dibdib o sa harap na tupi ng kili-kili.
  • Patuloy na panghihina sa pagtulak o pagdadala ng braso patawid sa iyong katawan kapag humupa na ang unang sakit.
  • Anumang pinsalang dulot ng pagkapunit kung saan hindi ka sigurado kung gaano ito kalala: ang maagang scan ay nagtatangi sa partial tear mula sa complete tear, at ang desisyong iyon ay sensitibo sa oras.

Higit pang detalye

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

Ang seksyong ito ay lumalampas sa kailangan mo para sa iyong sariling mga desisyon sa paggamot. Ang pectoralis major rupture ay karapat-dapat sa karagdagang pagbabasa dahil isa ito sa mga mas malinaw na kaso sa site na ito kung saan mas mahusay ang operasyon kaysa sa non-operative care, at dahil ang complication rate ay sapat na mataas upang mabanggit kasabay ng benepisyong iyon sa halip na pagkatapos nito.

Mas mahusay ang repair kaysa sa non-operative treatment

Sa 664 na pasyente, ang pectoralis major tendon repair ay nagresulta sa signipikanteng mas superyor na mga outcome kumpara sa non-operative treatment, na may statistically significant na mga pagbuti sa functional outcome, isokinetic strength at isometric strength, at kaakibat na complication rate na 14.21% [1].

Ang dalawang bahagi ay kabilang sa iisang pangungusap. Ito ay isang repair na nagpapanumbalik ng measurable strength na hindi nagagawa ng non-operative treatment, at humigit-kumulang isa sa pitong pasyente ang nakakaranas ng komplikasyon. Para sa karamihan ng mga tendon injury sa bahaging ito, mas maliit ang surgical advantage at mas mababa ang complication rate; dito, pareho silang mas malaki.

Mahalaga ang strength deficit dahil sa ginagawa ng kalamnan. Ang pectoralis major ang nagpapatakbo ng horizontal adduction at internal rotation, mga pressing movement, na naglalapit ng braso patawid sa katawan. Ang isang unrepaired rupture ay karaniwang nag-iiwan ng visible deformity at isang partikular na pagkawala ng pressing power, kung kaya't ang pinsala ay konsentrado sa, at pinakamahalaga para sa, mga taong nagbubuhat.

Ang lokasyon ng punit ang nagtatakda kung ano ang maaaring gawin

Hindi lahat ng pectoralis rupture ay parehong uri ng pinsala. Ang isang kontemporaryong klasipikasyon ay nagsasama ng timing ng pinsala, lokasyon ng pinsala, at istandardisadong terminolohiya para sa lawak ng punit, na iminungkahi partikular upang ipakita ang musculotendinous anatomy at mas mabigyan ng impormasyon ang surgical management [2].

Ang praktikal na pagkakaiba ay sa pagitan ng punit sa attachment ng tendon sa humerus, na maayos na nagagamot sa pamamagitan ng muling pagkakabit nito sa buto, at isang punit sa loob mismo ng muscle belly, na walang tendon na maaaring pagkapitan at karaniwang pinamamahalaan nang non-operatively. Sa pagitan nila ay ang musculotendinous junction, na siyang mahirap na grupo.

Mahalaga ang timing sa parehong dahilan kung bakit ito mahalaga sa ibang bahagi: ang punit na tendon ay nagre-retract at nagpe-peklat, kaya ang isang chronic rupture ay maaaring mangailangan ng grafting sa halip na direct repair.

Bakit hindi agad nakikita ang diagnosis

Kagyat pagkatapos ng pinsala, ang hitsura ay pinangingibabawan ng pasa at pamamaga sa buong dibdib at itaas na bahagi ng braso, na nagtatago sa pagbabago ng contour. Ang mga katangi-tanging natuklasan, ang pagkawala ng anterior axillary fold, asymmetry ng kalamnan kapag may resisted pressing, at isang palpable defect, ay nagiging mas malinaw habang humuhupa ang pamamaga, kung kailan ang pinsala ay maaaring nailabel na bilang isang strain.

Dahil ang repair ay mas madali kapag acute, ang isang malinaw na "pop" habang nag-heavy press na sinusundan ng pasa ay nararapat gawan ng imaging kaysa obserbahan lamang.

Mga Sanggunian

[1] Bodendorfer BM, McCormick BP, Wang DX, Looney AM, Conroy CM, Fryar CM, et al. Treatment of pectoralis major tendon tears: a systematic review and meta-analysis of repair timing and fixation methods. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119900813

[2] ElMaraghy AW, Devereaux MW. A systematic review and comprehensive classification of pectoralis major tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21(3):412-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.04.035


Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.