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How your shoulder works

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Shoulder anatomy overview – bones (clavicle, scapula, humerus) and how they enable wide range of motion.

Updated Apr 2026
Isang guhit-kamay na ilustrasyon ng isang walang mukhang lektor sa anatomiya na tumuturo sa isang malaking modelo ng balikat na nakatayo sa isang stand.
Ang iyong balikat ay isang malalim na ball-and-socket na kasukasuan na nakapalibutan ng mga kalamnan, tendon, at ligamento na nagbibigay nito ng saklaw at katatagan. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang iyong balikat ang pinakamabilis na kasukasuan sa iyong katawan. Pinapayagan ka nitong umabot sa isang mataas na shelf, maghagis ng bola, o kuskusin ang pangangati sa iyong likod. Ang kalayaan sa paggalaw na ito ay may halaga. Dahil ito ay gumagalaw nang maramihan, isa rin ito sa pinakakaraniwang lugar ng pinsala. Ang pag-unawa kung paano nagkakaisa ang mga bahagi na ito ay tumutulong sa iyo na maunawaan ang iyong diagnosis at plano ng paggaling.

Ang mga buto

Apat na pangunahing buto ang bumubuo sa istruktura ng iyong balikat. Ang klávikulo, o buto ng leeg, ay tumatakbo nang pahalang sa itaas ng iyong dibdib. Madali itong mararamdaman bilang mahabang buto sa ilalim ng balat sa base ng iyong leeg. Ito ay nagsisilbing suporta, na pinapanatili ang iyong braso na malayo sa iyong katawan.

Ang eskápula, o buto ng balikat, ay matatagpuan sa likod ng iyong rebbas. Ito ay isang patag, tatsulok na buto. Maaari mong maranasan ang mga gilid nito kapag gumagalaw ang iyong braso. Ang ibabang dulo ng eskápula ay madalas na nakikita kapag hinulog pababa ang iyong mga balikat.

Ang húmeros ay ang mahabang buto ng iyong itaas na braso. Ang itaas na dulo nito ay bilugan at pumapasok sa butas ng balikat. Ang ibabang dulo nito ay nakakonekta sa siko.

Ang eskápula ay mayroon ding isang malalim na tasa na tinatawag na glenoid. Ito ang bahagi ng butas ng kasukasuan ng balikat. Ito ay mas mababa kaysa sa butas ng balakang. Ang malalim na disenyo na ito ay nagbibigay-daan sa malawak na galaw ngunit nangangailangan ng malalakas na kalamnan upang mapanatili ang buto ng braso sa tamang posisyon.

Isipin ang iyong balikat na parang isang golp na bola na nakapatong sa tee. Ang ulo ng húmeros ay ang bola. Ang glenoid ay ang maliit na tee. Ang setup na ito ay nagbibigay-daan sa napakalawak na saklaw ng galaw, ngunit ito rin ay nagpapahiwatig ng inherent na kawalan ng katatagan ng kasukasuan nang walang suporta.

Ang mga kasu-kasuan at kung paano ito gumagalaw

Ang iyong shoulder complex ay binubuo ng tatlong hiwalay na kasu-kasuan na nagtatrabaho nang sabay-sabay.

Ang glenohumeral joint ang pangunahing shoulder joint. Ito ay isang ball-and-socket joint. Ang bilog na ulo ng humerus ay pumapasok sa glenoid socket. Ang kasu-kasuang ito ay nagbibigay-daan sa paggalaw sa lahat ng direksyon. Maaari mong itaas ang iyong braso papaharap, palabas sa gilid, at paikutin ito papaloob o palabas. Ito ang kasu-kasuan na ginagamit mo kapag naglalaro ng baseball o nagbubulong ng "hello."

Ang acromioclavicular joint ay nag-uugnay sa dulo ng clavicle sa acromion ng scapula. Ito ay isang plane o gliding joint. Nagbibigay-daan ito sa maliliit na pag-slide ng mga buto. Mahalaga ang mga pag-slide na ito kapag itinataas mo ang iyong braso sa itaas ng iyong ulo. Kung wala ang bahagyang pag-slide na ito, ang iyong braso ay makakatabing sa iyong collarbone.

Ang scapulothoracic "joint" ay hindi isang tunay na kasu-kasuan na may cartilage. Ito ang paggalaw ng shoulder blade na dumudulas sa ibabaw ng rib cage. Mahalaga ang paggalaw na ito para sa buong pagtaas ng braso. Kapag itinataas mo ang iyong braso, ang iyong shoulder blade ay umaangat. Ang aksyong ito ay nagdaragdag ng karagdagang range sa iyong shoulder.

Ang elbow ay isang hinge joint. Pangunahing nagbibigay-daan ito sa flexion at extension. Binabangon mo ang iyong elbow upang dalhin ang iyong kamay sa iyong bibig. Binubuksan mo ito upang itulak ang isang pinto. Ang matulis na bahagi sa likod ng iyong elbow ay ang olecranon. Ito ang dulo ng ulna bone. Mag-ingat na huwag ikalito ito sa "funny bone." Ang pamamanhid na pakiramdam ay galing sa ulnar nerve, na dumadaan sa likod ng loob na buto ng elbow. Ang pagtama sa nerbiyong ito ang nagdudulot ng "zap," hindi ang buto mismo.

Ang mga kalamnan, tendon, at ligamento

Ang mga kalamnan ay humihila sa mga buto upang lumikha ng galaw. Ang mga tendon ay matibay na hibla na nag-uugnay ng kalamnan sa buto. Ang mga ligamento ay mga banda ng tisyu na nag-uugnay ng buto sa buto, na nagbibigay ng katatagan.

Ang rotator cuff ay isang grupo ng apat na kalamnan at ang kanilang mga tendon. Sila ay nakapaligid sa balikat na kasukasuan tulad ng isang cuff. Ang pangunahing tungkulin nila ay hawakan ang ulo ng humerus nang mahigpit sa glenoid socket. Tumutulong din sila sa pag-ikot ng iyong braso. Kapag nakarinig ka tungkol sa "rotator cuff tear," ibig sabihin ay may nasira ang isa sa mga tendon na ito.

Ang biceps muscle ay tumatakbo pababa sa harap ng iyong itaas na braso. Ang mahabang tendon nito ay nakakabit sa itaas ng glenoid socket. Tumutulong ang tendon na ito sa pagpapatatag ng balikat. Tumutulong din ito sa pagbaluktot ng iyong siko at pag-ikot ng iyong forearms. Ang sakit sa harap ng balikat ay madalas na nauugnay sa tendon na ito.

Ang deltoid ay ang malaking, tatsulok na kalamnan na sumasakop sa itaas ng iyong balikat. Ito ang pangunahing kalamnan para itaas ang iyong braso palayo sa gilid. Binibigay nito ang bilog na hugis sa iyong balikat.

Ang mga ligamento ay nagbibigay ng pasibong katatagan. Ang mga glenohumeral ligamento ay makakapal na mga banda sa loob ng joint capsule. Pinipigilan nito ang braso na buto na lumipat o lumabas pasulong o pabalik. Ang mga acromioclavicular ligamento ay humahawak sa collarbone sa shoulder blade. Pinipigilan nito ang collarbone na umakyat nang masyadong mataas.

Isipin ang iyong mga kalamnan sa balikat bilang isang koponan ng mga lubid na humahawak sa poste ng watawat. Kung ang isang lubid ay mahina o nasira, ang poste ay maaaring magwagwang-wagan. Ang mga kalamnan ng rotator cuff ang mga kritikal na lubid na pinapanatiling nasa gitna ang poste.

Ang mga nerbiyo

Ang mga nerbiyo ay nagdadala ng mga signal mula sa iyong utak patungo sa iyong mga kalamnan at balat. Sila ang nagkontrol sa paggalaw at pakiramdam.

Ang brachial plexus ay isang network ng mga nerbiyo na nagsisimula sa iyong leeg. Ito ay dumadaan sa ilalim ng iyong collarbone at papasok sa iyong braso. Ito ay nahahati sa ilang pangunahing nerbiyo na naglilingkod sa balikat at braso.

Ang axillary nerve ay nakabalot sa likod ng joint ng balikat. Ito ay nagbibigay ng supply sa deltoid muscle. Nagbibigay din ito ng pakiramdam sa balat sa labas na bahagi ng iyong balikat. Ang pinsala sa nerbiyong ito ay maaaring magdulot ng kahinaan sa pagtaas ng iyong braso at pagkawala ng pakiramdam sa gilid ng iyong balikat.

Ang suprascapular nerve ay tumatakbo sa itaas ng shoulder blade. Ito ay nagbibigay ng supply sa dalawang rotator cuff muscles. Tumutulong ito sa pagtaas at pag-ikot ng braso.

Ang musculocutaneous nerve ay naglalakbay pababa sa harap ng itaas na bahagi ng braso. Ito ay nagbibigay ng supply sa biceps muscle. Nagbibigay ito ng pakiramdam sa labas na bahagi ng forearms.

Ang radial nerve ay tumatakbo pababa sa likod ng braso. Ito ay nagpapahaba ng iyong pulso at mga daliri. Nagbibigay din ito ng pakiramdam sa likod ng iyong kamay.

Ang median nerve ay tumatakbo pababa sa gitna ng iyong braso. Ito ay tumatawid sa pulso papasok sa kamay. Ito ang nagkontrol sa karamihan ng mga kalamnan ng hinlalaki at nagbibigay ng pakiramdam sa hinlalaki, index, at gitnang daliri.

Ang ulnar nerve ay tumatakbo pababa sa loob na bahagi ng braso. Ito ay dumadaan sa likod ng medial epicondyle sa siko. Ito ang nagkontrol sa maraming maliliit na kalamnan ng kamay. Nagbibigay ito ng pakiramdam sa ring at little fingers. Ito ang nerbiyo na nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng "funny bone" kapag pinukpok.


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