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Pag-aalis ng Ganglion sa Flexor Sheath

Isang mabilis na plano ng paggaling na nakabase sa galaw pagkatapos ng pag-aalis ng ganglion sa flexor tendon sheath (volar retinacular cyst) sa base ng isdaliri, na pinoprotektahan ang maliit na sugat sa palad habang nagsisimula ka ng banayad na paggalaw ng daliri sa loob ng ilang araw, pagkatapos ay idadagdag ang pag-aalaga sa peklat at hawak habang umuunlad ang paggaling ng sugat.

Illustrasyon ng isang maliit na firm na cyst sa base ng daliri sa palad, na nagmumula sa flexor tendon sheath sa ibabaw ng A1 pulley.
Ang flexor sheath ganglion (volar retinacular cyst) ay isang maliit na matigas na buntot sa base ng daliri sa bahagi ng palad, na nagmumula sa tendon sheath; ang excision ay nag-aalis ng cyst at ng isang maliit na cuff ng sheath. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang protokol na ito ay gabay sa iyong paggaling pagkatapos ng maliit na operasyon para alisin ang flexor sheath ganglion, isang matigas na sista sa base ng daliri sa palad, kasama si Dr Kieran Hirpara sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Nagsisimula ito sa iyong home exercise program, sinundan ng estrukturadong klinikal na protokol na isinulat para sa iyong hand therapist; dalhin ang pahinang ito o ang PDF nito sa iyong unang bisita sa therapy upang manatiling koordinado ang iyong rehabilitasyon. Maaaring baguhin ng iyong hand therapist ang plano depende sa pag-unlad ng iyong paggaling.

Kung mayroon kang anumang alalahanin tungkol sa iyong sugat pagkatapos ng operasyon, makipag-ugnayan sa mga kwarto. Karaniwang makakatulong na kumuha ng litrato ng sugat at ipadala ito sa pamamagitan ng email para sa pagsusuri.

Ano ang inaasahan

Ang flexor sheath ganglion (tinatawag din na volar retinacular cyst) ay isang maliit, matigas, at madalas na masakit na bula, karaniwang ilang milimetro lamang ang lapad, na lumalago mula sa sheath kung saan dumaan ang mga flexor tendons, tepat sa base ng isdaliri sa bahagi ng palad (karaniwan sa matigas na banda na tinatawag na A1 pulley, sa guhit kung saan ang daliri ay nagtatagpo sa palad). Ito ay nakakabit sa sheath at hindi gumagalaw kapag yumuyuko ka ng daliri. Ito ay isang ganap na benign (hindi kanseroso) na bula, at isa sa mga mas karaniwang ganglions sa kamay at pulso.

Ang operasyon ay isang maliit na day-case excision. Sa pamamagitan ng maikling zig-zag na hiwa sa palad, tinatanggal ni Dr Hirpara ang cyst kasama ang isang maliit na cuff ng tendon sheath kung saan ito lumago. Ang dalawang maliit na nerbiyos at blood vessels na dumaan sa magkabilang gilid ng daliri ay maingat na pinoprotektahan. Ang sheath mismo ay hindi inayos: ang pag-iiwan nitong bukas ay sinasadya at hindi nakahihina sa daliri. Ang balat ay isinara gamit ang mga sutures.

Dahil walang nasa loob ng daliri na kailangang protektahan habang gumagaling, ito ay isang mabilis na paggaling: mga linggo, hindi buwan. Ang plano ay simple: protektahan ang maliit na sugat sa palad, kontrolin ang pamamaga, at simulan ang banayad na paggalaw ng daliri sa loob ng ilang araw upang hindi mahigpit ang daliri at hindi dumikit ang mga tendons sa gumagaling na peklat. Kapag gumaling na ang sugat, ang scar massage at desensitisation ay nagpapabuti sa lugar, at binabago ang grip. Kaunting pamamanhid o pagkasakit sa paligid ng sugat ay karaniwan sa simula habang ang mga maliit na skin nerves ay gumagaling, at karaniwang aayusin ito sa mga sumusunod na linggo.

Mga Paalala at Limitasyon

  • Panatilihing malinis at tuyo ang panligo hanggang sa gumaling ang sugat at matanggal ang mga tahi (karaniwan sa araw 10–14). Walang plaster at karaniwang walang splint, kundi isang malambot na panligo lamang.
  • Gawin ang banayad na paggalaw ng mga daliri sa loob ng unang ilang araw (pag-yuko, pagwasto, at tendon glides) upang maiwasan ang pagkasikip at pagdikit ng tendon.
  • Gawin ang pagtaas ng kamay at gamitin ito para sa magaan na pang-araw-araw na gawain hangga't komportable.
  • Huwag GAWIN ang mabigat na pagkapit, pag-angat, o makapangyarihang pagpipitsi hanggang sa tumayo ang sugat (karaniwan sa loob ng dalawa hanggang tatlong linggo).
  • Huwag GAWIN ang masahe sa peklat o ibabad ang kamay hanggang sa ganap na gumaling ang sugat.
  • Huwag GAWIN ang pagmamaneho habang pinipigilan ka ng panligo na ligtas na makapit sa manibela, karaniwan sa loob ng unang linggo.

Para sa pamamahala ng sugat, pamamaga, at peklat, tingnan ang gabay ng klinika tungkol sa pag-aalaga sa sugat.

Ang iyong mga ehersisyo

Ito ang mga ehersisyo mula sa iyong handout. Simulan lamang ito ayon sa gabay ni Dr. Hirpara at ng iyong hand therapist, at manatili sa loob ng anumang limitasyon na ibinigay sa iyo. Ang mga maagang ehersisyo (banayad na pagpikit at pagtutuwid ng kamay, tendon glides, at kontrol sa pamamaga) ay pinapanatiling gumagalaw ang daliri at ang mga tendon na gumagalaw mula sa loob ng unang ilang araw, na ito ang pinakamahalagang bagay para sa maayos na paggaling. Ang scar massage at desensitisation ay nagsisimula kapag ang sugat ay ganap nang nakagaling, at ang pagpapalakas ng grip ay kabilang sa medyo huling yugto (mula sa humigit-kumulang dalawa hanggang tatlong linggo). Itigil ang anumang nagdudulot ng matulis na sakit sa ibabaw ng sugat.

Ang iyong klinikal na protokol

Ang natitirang bahagi ng pahinang ito ay ang yugto-yugto na klinikal na protokol para sa rehabilitasyon pagkatapos ng eksisyon ng ganglion ng flexor sheath (volar retinacular cyst). Ang seksyong ito ay dapat ibigay sa iyong hand therapist, at bawat yugto ay may kasamang paliwanag sa simpleng wikang Ingles tungkol sa nangyayari. Ito ay isang eksisyon, hindi pagkumpuni: ang tendon sheath ay naiiwan na bukas at walang konstruksyon na protektado. Ang programa ay isang early-motion na landas na nakatuon sa proteksyon ng sugat, kontrol sa edema, paggalaw ng tendon upang maiwasan ang adhesions, at trabaho para sa scar/desensitization, hindi protektadong immobilisasyon.

Bago ang paggamot, suriin ang operation report at kasaysayan ng medikal na nakaraan, at makipag-ugnayan sa treating surgeon tungkol sa digit na involved, ang lawak ng sheath excision, at ang integridad ng digital neurovascular bundles. Ang eksisyon ni Dr. Hirpara ay sa pamamagitan ng Bruner (zig-zag) palmar incision sa itaas ng A1/proximal sheath, kung saan tinatanggal ang cyst kasama ang cuff ng sheath; ang sheath ay hindi kinumpuni at walang immobilisasyon maliban sa isang malambot na dressing. Ang transient digital-nerve paraesthesia ay karaniwan at self-limiting.

Yugto I — proteksyon sa sugat at maagang paggalaw (linggo 0 hanggang ~1)

Ang unang linggo ay naglalayong protektahan ang maliit na sugat sa palad at simulan ang maagang paggalaw ng daliri upang hindi ito maging matigas o magkaroon ng adhesyon ng tendon. Ang kamay ay pinamamahalaan gamit ang makapal na malambot na panapos na walang splint, pinapanatiling itaas, at ang banayad na aktibong paggalaw ng daliri ay sinisimulan sa loob ng ilang araw.

Para sa iyong hand therapist:

Edukasyon at mga paalala - Malambot at makapal na panapos lamang, walang splint; panatilihing malinis at tuyo hanggang sa matanggal ang sutures (~ika-10 hanggang ika-14 na araw) - Protektahan ang sugat mula sa mabigat na paggamit; banayad na paggamit ng kamay na walang bigat ay pinapayagan ayon sa kaginhawaan - Ipaliwanag na ang transitoryong paraesthesia / hypersensitivity ng digital nerve sa paligid ng sugat ay karaniwan at self-limiting

Pamamahala - Sugat: surgical dressing ayon sa utos; monitor para sa impeksyon - Oedema: itaas ang kamay sa antas ng puso, banayad na pagpump ng daliri, yelo kung kinakailangan - Mga ehersisyo: banayad na aktibong AROM ng daliri (banayad na composite fist at buong extension) at tendon glides (hook / fist / straight) na sinisimulan sa loob ng ilang araw; aktibong paggalaw ng hindi apektadong mga daliri, hinlalaki, at pulso; banayad na functional na paggamit

Mga pamantayan para sa pag-progres - Nag-aayos ang sugat, walang impeksyon; komportableng maagang aktibong arc; handa para sa buong aktibo/banayad na passive na paggalaw ayon sa pinapayagan ng sugat

Yugto II — buong galaw, trabaho sa pamamaga at peklat (linggo ~1 hanggang 3)

Mula sa humigit-kumulang isang linggo, ipinapahusay ang galaw hanggang sa buong aktibo at banayad na pasibong saklaw ng galaw (buong pagsipsip ng kamay at buong pag-unat), at kapag ang sugat ay ganap na nakalagay at ang mga tahi ay natanggal na, nagsisimula ang masahe sa peklat at pagpapababa ng sensitibidad. Patuloy ang kontrol sa pamamaga.

Para sa iyong terapistang pang-kamay:

Pagsusuri - Aktibo at pasibong saklaw ng galaw ng daliri (layunin ang buong pagsipsip ng kamay at buong pag-unat); kalagayan ng sugat/peklat; pamamaga; sensitibidad ng digital na nerbiyo

Edukasyon at mga paalala - Magpatuloy sa buong aktibo at banayad na pasibong galaw ng daliri ayon sa pagtitiis - Simulan ang masahe sa peklat at pagpapababa ng sensitibidad lamang kapag ang sugat ay ganap na nakalagay - Iwasan ang mabigat na pagkapit at makapangyarihang pagpipit hangga’t hindi pa natatapos ang paggaling ng sugat

Pamamahala - Mga ehersisyo: buong kompositong pagsipsip ng kamay at buong pag-unat; patuloy na tendon glides; banayad na pasibong paghigpit sa anumang natitirang tibok - Peklat: masahe sa peklat + teksturang pagpapababa ng sensitibidad kapag nakalagay na; pamamahala sa pamamaga kung kinakailangan

Mga pamantayan para sa pagpasulong - Buong, walang sakit na aktibong galaw; nakalagang sugat; natatapos ang peklat; handa na para sa pag-load

Yugto III — pagpapalakas at pagbabalik (linggo ~3 hanggang 6)

Kapag na-heal na ang sugat at buo na ang galaw (nasa paligid ng tatlong linggo), nagsisimula ang pagpapalakas ng hawak at piitan at unti-unting pinapalakas hanggang sa ganap na walang limitasyong paggamit. Karamihan sa mga pasyente ay bumabalik sa ganap na aktibidad sa paligid ng apat hanggang anim na linggo, na may karaniwang follow-up sa doktor sa humigit-kumulang dalawang buwan.

Para sa iyong hand therapist:

Pagsusuri - Hawak at piitan kumpara sa kabilang bahagi; natitirang tenderness o sensitibidad ng peklat; functional / task-specific na mga pangangailangan

Edukasyon at mga paalala - Magsimula ng pagpapalakas ng hawak at piitan mula sa paligid ng 2–3 linggo kapag nakatayo na ang sugat; unti-unting dagdagan ang load - Lumipat sa ganap na walang limitasyong paggamit ayon sa kaginhawaan at lakas

Pamamahala - Mga ehersisyo: pagpi-piit ng putty / malambot na bola, pagpapalakas ng piitan, progressive functional loading; ipagpatuloy ang anumang natitirang trabaho sa peklat at desensitisation - I-discharge kapag buo na ang galaw at kumportable at halos symmetrical ang hawak; karaniwang surgical follow-up sa ~2 buwan - I-refer pabalik sa treating doctor kung huminto ang paggaling, nananatiling malaki ang hypersensitivity ng peklat, o may alalahanin tungkol sa recurrence

Mga pamantayan para sa ganap na pagbabalik - Buong walang sakit na galaw; kumportableng hawak at piitan; nakatayo na ang peklat; kayang tugunan ang mga pangangailangan sa trabaho at aktibidad

Pagbabalik sa trabaho at gawain

Ang magaan na paggamit ng kamay sa pang-araw-araw (pagkain, pagsulat, magaan na pag-aalaga sa sarili) ay inirerekomenda mula sa simula, hangga't komportable, basta't hindi ito kasama ang mabigat na pagkapit o pilit na pagpi-pinch sa pamamagitan ng sugat. Karamihan sa mga tao ay kayang gawin ang mga pang-araw-araw na gawain sa loob ng ilang araw. Karaniwang muling makakapagmamaneho ang mga tao mula sa humigit-kumulang isang linggo, kapag kayang-kaya na nilang kapitan at kontrolin ang manibela nang komportable at hindi na sila limitahan ng balot, na kumpirmado ni Dr. Hirpara sa inyong follow-up.

Ang pagkapit at pagpapalakas ng kalamnan ay nagsisimula sa pagitan ng dalawa hanggang tatlong linggo, kapag nakapag-settle na ang sugat, at dahan-dahang pinapalakas. Ang buong, walang limitasyong aktibidad ay karaniwang nakukuha sa pagitan ng apat hanggang anim na linggo. Ang trabaho sa opisina ay madalas na muling maaaring gawin sa loob ng ilang araw hanggang isang linggo; ang mas mabigat na pisikal na trabaho ay sumusunod sa parehong yugto-yugto na pag-unlad habang bumabalik ang iyong pagkapit. Karaniwang iniaayos ang isang regular na follow-up sa humigit-kumulang dalawang buwan.

Pagkatapos ng iyong protokol

Ang protokol na ito ay nagtatrabaho kasama ng pangkalahatang payo para sa paggaling ng klinika: tingnan ang pamamahala ng post-operative na sakit, pag-aalaga sa sugat at pamamahala ng peklat. Dahil ang ganglion na ito ay nasa base ng daliri sa ibabaw ng A1 pulley, ang paggaling ay may maraming katulad sa iba pang maliit na mga prosedura sa base ng daliri sa palad tulad ng pagpapalaya ng trigger finger. Ang phased na plano sa itaas ay sumasalamin sa publikadong gabay pagkatapos ng excision ng ganglion, at ang iyong patuloy na paggaling ay pinamumunuan nang indibidwal ni Dr. Hirpara at ng iyong hand therapist ayon sa kung paano ang pag-unlad ng iyong daliri.


Evidence & references

Flexor Sheath Ganglion Excision — Lesion, Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Volar Retinacular Cyst)

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after surgical excision of a flexor tendon sheath ganglion (volar retinacular cyst / "seed" ganglion) at the base of a finger — a small, firm, often tender cyst arising from the flexor sheath, commonly over the A1 pulley at the metacarpophalangeal crease of the middle or ring finger. This is an excision, not a reconstruction: the cyst is removed with a small cuff of sheath, the sheath is not repaired, and there is no construct to protect — so the rehab is a brief early-motion pathway built around wound protection, oedema control, tendon gliding and scar/desensitisation work rather than months of protected healing.

Defining principle of the rehab here: a flexor sheath ganglion is a benign cyst tethered to the tendon sheath; excising it (with a cuff of sheath) removes the lesion without creating anything that needs to heal under protection. The sheath is meant to be left open — partial sheath excision does not weaken the digit or cause bowstringing at this level — so immediate, unrestricted light use and early gentle finger motion are the default. The therapy programme exists to keep the flexor tendons gliding through the healing palm wound so they do not adhere, to settle the transient digital-nerve hypersensitivity that commonly follows dissection between the neurovascular bundles, and to mature the scar — not to immobilise. The single branch point is wound healing: scar massage and grip loading wait until the wound is healed and sutures are out.


A. PROCEDURE OUTCOMES (excision of flexor sheath ganglion)

Excision of a flexor sheath ganglion is a small, reliable day-case hand operation: the great majority of patients are rendered symptom-free with a low recurrence rate, and the principal trade-off is the common but self-limiting transient digital-nerve paraesthesia from dissecting the cyst out from between the digital neurovascular bundles.

  • Flexor sheath (volar retinacular) ganglions are a well-defined, common entity. They account for roughly 5–16% of ganglions of the hand and wrist, presenting as a small (typically 3–8 mm), firm, often tender nodule fixed to the flexor sheath at the digit base — classically over the A1/A2 pulley region — that does not move with the tendon [JAAOS 2022; JAAOS 1999; Hand Clin 2004]. Well-established (lesion nature).
  • Surgical excision gives reliable symptom relief with low recurrence. Level-IV case series of flexor sheath / volar retinacular ganglion excision report durable resolution and low recurrence after complete excision of the cyst with a cuff of sheath; recurrence is the main long-term concern and is uncommon when the lesion and its sheath origin are fully removed [Hand 2007; J Hand Surg series; PMC surgical series]. Moderate (level-IV case series).
  • Transient digital-nerve paraesthesia is the principal complication. Because the cyst sits immediately deep to, and is dissected free from, the digital nerves, temporary numbness or tingling in the finger is the commonest reported post-operative event; it is typically self-limiting and settles over weeks. True nerve injury is rare with careful protection of both bundles [Hand 2007; volar retinacular series; Medscape]. Moderate (case series + expert review).
  • Partial excision of the sheath is biomechanically tolerated. Removing the cyst with a small cuff of the flexor sheath at the A1 level does not produce clinically significant bowstringing or weakness, which is the anatomical basis for not repairing the sheath and for an early-motion rehab without protected immobilisation [Hand Clin 2004 (palmar digital ganglia / A1–A2 origin)]. Mechanistic.

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

There are no randomised rehab trials specific to flexor sheath ganglion excision; the post-operative programme is low-level / expert-consensus, but it is strikingly consistent across hand-therapy and surgical sources: dressing only (no splint), early gentle finger motion within days, tendon gliding to prevent adhesion, scar massage and desensitisation once healed, and return to full use by ~4–6 weeks.

  • Dressing-only, no routine splinting. Aftercare guidance for ganglion (including flexor sheath) excision describes a soft dressing with no immobilisation, with the patient encouraged to move the finger early — there is no construct to protect, so splinting is not required and would risk stiffness [MSA aftercare; Medscape]. Weak / consensus.
  • Early active finger motion and tendon gliding prevent stiffness and adhesion. Starting gentle active fist/extension and tendon glides within the first few days keeps the flexor tendons gliding through the palm wound so they do not adhere to the healing scar — the same adhesion-prevention rationale that underpins early-motion hand rehab generally. The benefit is mechanistic / consensus rather than trial-proven for this lesion [hand-therapy aftercare sources]. Weak (mechanism sound).
  • Scar massage and desensitisation, started once healed, settle the wound and digital-nerve hypersensitivity. Palm scars at the digit base are prone to tenderness, and the transient digital-nerve paraesthesia from the dissection responds to graded desensitisation; both begin only after the wound is fully healed and sutures are out (~day 10–14) [MSA aftercare; Medscape]. Weak / consensus.
  • Grip loading and full return are early. Because nothing is repaired, gripping and strengthening begin once the wound has settled (~2–3 weeks) and full unrestricted use is typically reached by ~4–6 weeks, with routine follow-up around two months — consistent across aftercare sources [MSA aftercare; PMC series; Medscape]. Weak / consensus.

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Restraint Hand use / therapy focus Strength / load Notes
I — Wound protection & early motion Week 0–1 Soft dressing, no splint Elevate above heart; gentle active fist + full extension and tendon glides within a few days; protect wound; light functional use Light unloaded use only Transient digital-nerve tingling is expected, not a complication
II — Full motion, oedema & scar work Week ~1–3 Heavy-grip avoidance Progress to full active + gentle passive motion (full fist, full extension); scar massage + desensitisation once wound healed; oedema control No forceful gripping/pinching until wound settled Sutures out ~day 10–14; scar work only after full healing
III — Strengthening & return Week ~3–6 Restrictions lifted Progress grip/pinch loading; task-specific use Grip/pinch strengthening from ~2–3 wk; full unrestricted use by ~4–6 wk Routine follow-up ~2 months; driving ~1 wk once gripping the wheel comfortably (surgeon discretion)

(Phase windows mirror the precautions and return milestones in the patient protocol; they are typical guides, not trial-derived deadlines.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Lesion nature is well-established. The flexor sheath / volar retinacular ganglion is a recognised, characterised entity (firm, sheath-tethered, A1-pulley region, 5–16% of hand/wrist ganglions); its diagnosis and origin are not in dispute. Strong (descriptive).
  2. Excision outcomes are good but evidenced at level IV. Low recurrence and reliable symptom relief come from case series, not controlled trials — adequate for a small benign lesion, but the evidence tier is modest. Moderate (level-IV).
  3. Transient digital-nerve paraesthesia vs true nerve injury. Temporary tingling is common and self-limiting; framing it for patients up front avoids alarm, while careful intra-operative protection of both neurovascular bundles keeps true injury rare. Moderate.
  4. The rehab protocol is consensus, not trial-derived. No RCTs govern post-excision therapy; the dressing-only, early-motion, scar-care, ~4–6-week-return pathway is consistent across sources but rests on expert consensus and the general principles of early-motion hand rehab. Weak / consensus.
  5. Recurrence is the main long-term failure mode and is uncommon after complete excision of the cyst with its sheath origin; a residual or recurrent lump warrants reassessment rather than prolonged therapy. Moderate.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • WELL-ESTABLISHED (descriptive): the nature, location and prevalence (5–16% of hand/wrist ganglions) of flexor sheath / volar retinacular ganglions.
  • MODERATE (level-IV case series): reliable symptom relief and low recurrence after excision; transient digital-nerve paraesthesia as the principal, self-limiting complication; recurrence as the main long-term failure mode.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the dressing-only, early-motion, scar-care rehab programme and its phase timings (consistent across aftercare sources, mechanistically rationalised, but not trial-derived); ~4–6-week full return and ~1-week driving (surgeon discretion).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Ganglions of the hand and wrist. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2022. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-22-00105
  • Ganglions of the hand and wrist. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999. DOI: 10.5435/00124635-199907000-00003
  • Surgical excision of flexor sheath ganglions of the hand: results and outcomes. Hand (N Y). 2007. DOI: 10.1007/s11552-007-9028-4
  • Volar retinacular ganglions of the hand: a clinical series. J Hand Surg Am. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.05.013
  • Palmar digital ganglia and the A1–A2 sheath origin. Hand Clin. 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2004.03.015

Flexor sheath ganglion / rehabilitation literature (URLs)

  • Surgical excision of flexor sheath ganglions — case series (full text). PMC. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2527143/
  • Volar retinacular ganglions of the hand. Journal of Hand Surgery (American). https://www.jhandsurg.org/article/S0363-5023(11)00627-7/abstract
  • Ganglion cyst excision — post-operative aftercare (dressing-only, early motion, scar care, ~4–6 week return). Mississippi Sports & Arthritis (MSA) Hand Center. https://msapc.com/hand-center/aftercare/ganglion-cyst-excision/
  • Ganglion treatment (surgical excision, recurrence and transient digital-nerve paraesthesia). Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1243525-treatment

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g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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