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Mga Braso, Splint, at Suporta

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When braces, splints and supports help upper-limb conditions, the main types, how to use them, and what the evidence shows for sprains, tendon problems, arthritis and after surgery.

Updated Aug 2026
Isang suot na splint na suporta sa pulso na gawa sa tela, na ginagamit sa braso at kamay.
Ang maayos na angkop na splint ay nagpapahinga at nagpoprotekta sa pulso o kamay, binabawasan ang pagkainit sa mga iritadong tendon at kasu-kasuan. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ano ang nararamdaman mo

Maaaring mapansin mo ang sakit at katigasan sa iyong pulso, mga daliri, balikat, o bukung-bukong. Ang lokasyon ay nakadepende sa iyong tiyak na pinsala. Halimbawa, ang basag na buto ng pulso ay madalas na nagdudulot ng sakit sa tabi ng hinlalaki ng iyong pulso. Ang isyu sa balikat ay maaaring magpahirap sa pag-abot sa likod ng iyong likod upang isara ang bra o itabi ang damit. Ang mga pinsala sa daliri ay maaaring magpahirap sa mga simpleng gawain tulad ng pag-button ng damit o paghawak ng mga bagay.

Ang iyong mga sintomas ay madalas na nagbabago sa aktibidad. Ang sakit ay maaaring lumala matapos mong gamitin ang kasukasuan o sa gabi kapag nakapahinga ka. Maaaring maramdaman mo ang katigasan kapag gising ka pa lang sa umaga. Ang katigasan na ito ay karaniwang humihina habang gumagalaw ka. Para sa ilang pinsala, tulad ng bahagyang pagkahiya sa bukung-bukong ng isang bata, ang sakit ay maliit at mapamahalaan. Maaaring makita mong tumutulong ang mga suporta na bandage o natatanggal na splint upang mabawasan ang hindi komportableng pakiramdam. Ang mga device na ito ay pinapanatiling matatag ang lugar nang hindi sobrang paghihigpit sa galaw.

Sa ilang kaso, tulad ng sa ilang kondisyon sa daliri, ang paggamit ng splint ay nagbibigay ng pagpapagaan ng sintomas na katulad ng mga injeksyon. Maaaring maramdaman mong may pag-unlad sa pagganap at mas kaunting sakit matapos ang ilang linggo ng pagsusuot ng brace. Para sa mga fracture ng pulso sa mga matatanda, kadalasang sapat ang apat na linggo ng immobilization upang gumaling ang buto. Malamang na mararamdaman mo ang malaking pag-unlad sa panahong ito. Gayunpaman, kung hindi gumaling ang buto nang wasto, maaaring kailanganin mo ang karagdagang paggamot.

Ang sakit sa balikat ay maaari ring mangyari matapos ang surgery para sa joint replacement. Maaaring makita mong ang paggalaw ng balikat nang walang cast sa loob ng tatlong linggo ay parang pakiramdam ng pagsusuot nito. Ibig sabihin, mayroon kang mas malayang paggalaw nang mas maaga. Para sa mga scaphoid fracture sa mga matatanda, ang maliit na paglipat (2 mm o mas mababa) ay ginagamitan ng cast. Kung hindi magkakabit ang buto, maaaring kailanganin mo ang surgery upang ayusin ito.

Sa kabuuan, ang iyong karanayan ay nag-iiba-iba depende sa uri ng pinsala. Ang ilang brace ay nagpapahintulot sa iyo na tanggalin ito para sa kalinisan o magaan na paggalaw, na nakakatipid ng oras at bisita sa ospital. Ang iba ay nangangailangan ng mahigpit na pagsunod upang panatilihin ang buto sa tamang posisyon. Ang iyong surgeon ang gabay sa iyo kung ano ang inaasahan. makinig sa iyong katawan. Kung lumala ang sakit o masyadong mahirap na ang mga pang-araw-araw na gawain, ipaalam sa iyong care team. Karamihan sa mga pasyente ay nakakakita na ang mga konservatibong paggamot tulad ng mga splint at ehersisyo ay nag-aalok ng magandang pagpapagaan at pag-unlad sa pagganap.

Ano ang nangyayari talaga

Ang iyong mga buto, kasu-kasuan, at malambot na tisyu ay nagtutulungan upang payagan kang gumalaw. Kapag may nangyaring mali, ang mga brace at splint ang tumutulong. Isipin ang brace bilang isang suporta na yakap para sa iyong katawan. Ito ay nag-iingat na manatili sa tamang posisyon ang mga bahagi upang magaling nang walang karagdagang stress.

Para sa mga basag na pulso, maaaring mag-uli nang kaunti ang mga buto mula sa tamang pagkakahanay. Ang isang natatanggal na splint ay pinapanatiling matatag ang pulso habang ito ay nag-uugnay at nagagaling. Pinapayagan nitong galawin mo ang iyong mga daliri at binabawasan ang pangangailangan para sa madalas na pagbisita sa ospital. Sa mga matatanda, ang pagpapanatili ng katiyakan ng pulso sa loob ng apat na linggo ay karaniwang sapat upang ang karamihan sa mga basag ay magaling nang wasto. Para sa mga stable na basag, ang mga brace na ito ay isang magandang alternatibo sa mabibigat na plaster cast.

Sa iyong kamay, ang trigger finger ay nangyayari kapag ang tendon na yumuyuko sa iyong daliri ay nakakabit. Parang isang lubid na nangingisda at nakakabit sa isang pulley. Ang brace para sa kasu-kasuan ng gitnang daliri ay tumutulong upang panatilihin ang alignment ng tendon. Kasama ang banayad na ehersisyo, maaari nitong bawasan ang mga sintomas at mapabuti ang function sa maikling panahon. Ito ay kasing epektibo ng mga steroid injection para sa maraming tao.

Para sa mga sugat sa tuhod, ang anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ay isang matibay na banda ng tisyu na nagpapatatag sa iyong tuhod. Minsan ito ay napuputol. Ang Cross Brace Protocol ay nag-aalok ng paraan upang gamutin ito nang walang operasyon. Layunin nitong tulungan ang ligament na magaling nang natural sa pamamagitan ng paggabay sa iyong galaw. Maaari itong magresulta sa sapat na paggaling para sa ilang mga pasyente.

Sa iyong balikat, ang joint capsule ay ang manggas na nag-iingat na manatili sa tamang posisyon ang ulo ng buto ng itaas na braso. Pagkatapos ng reverse total shoulder replacement, ang ilang mga pasyente ay hindi nangangailangan ng cast sa lahat. Ang paggalaw nang walang immobilization ay nagbibigay ng mga resulta sa sakit at function na katulad ng pagsuot ng cast sa loob ng tatlong linggo.

Para sa maliliit na buto ng pulso tulad ng scaphoid, kahit maliliit na pag-uli ay may kahalagahan. Kung ang basag ay maliit (2 mm o mas mababa), ang cast ay karaniwang unang hakbang. Kung ang buto ay mabigo na magaling, maaaring kailanganin ang maagang operasyon. Sa mga bata, ang mga fracture ng bukong-bukong ay madalas ay mild. Ang mga supportive bandage, splint, o walking cast ay tila lahat ay gumagana nang mabuti na may katulad na antas ng kaginhawaan. Patuloy pa rin naming sinusuri kung alin ang pinakamainam para sa bawat bata.

Ano ang inaasahan

Ang iyong landas ng paggaling ay nakadepende sa tiyak na sugat at sa brace o splint na iyong ginagamit. Para sa maraming fracture ng pulso, ang mga removable na splint ay nag-aalok ng praktikal na alternatibo sa tradisyonal na cast. Maaari nitong matipid ang iyong oras at bawasan ang bilang ng mga bisita sa ospital na kailangan mong gawin. Mas mura rin ang pamamaraang ito para sa sistema ng kalusugan. Sa mga matatandang pasyente na may stable na fracture ng pulso, karaniwang sapat na ang apat na linggo ng immobilization sa cast para sa paggaling. Para sa ibang stable na fractures, ang mga orthosis (custom na braces) ay isang magandang alternatibo sa mga plaster cast.

Kung mayroon kang sugat sa tuhod na kabilang ang anterior cruciate ligament, maaaring pagpipilian ang Cross Brace Protocol. Ang pamamaraang hindi operasyon ay maaaring magresulta sa sapat na paggaling ng istruktura at function ng tuhod para sa ilang mga pasyente. Para sa mga fracture ng bukong-bukong sa mga bata, walang iisang pinakamahusay na paggamot sa pagitan ng mga supportive na bandages, removable na splints, at walking casts. Ang lahat ng tatlong opsyon ay mabuting tinatanggap at may katulad na panganib ng mga komplikasyon. Ang iyong surgeon ay tumutulong pumili ng pinakamainam na akma para sa tiyak na kaso ng iyong anak.

Ang mga isyu sa kamay tulad ng trigger finger ay madalas na umuunlad sa pamamagitan ng isang proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis (isang brace para sa gitnang joint ng daliri) na pinagsama-sama ng mga therapeutic na ehersisyo. Ang splinting ay nagbibigay ng pagpapagaan ng sintomas at pagpapabuti ng function na katumbas ng mga corticosteroid injections. Ito ay isang epektibong short-term na conservative na paggamot. Gayunpaman, hindi patunayan ng ebidensya na ito ay mas mahusay kaysa sa iba pang mga hindi operasyong paraan dahil limitado ang mga direktang paghahambing.

Para sa mga scaphoid waist fractures sa mga matatanda, ang paunang paggamot ay karaniwang kinabibilangan ng immobilization sa isang cast kung ang buto ay displaced ng 2 mm o mas kaunti. Kung ang buto ay hindi gumaling sa pamamaraang ito, inirerekomenda ang maagang fixation. Nakakagulat, ang ilang scaphoid fractures na may higit sa 20% bridging ay maaaring mag-consolidate nang walang interbensyon sa loob ng isang hanggang limang taon. Sa mga prosedura sa balikat, ang sakit at function na walang immobilization ay katumbas ng mga may tatling linggo ng panahon ng immobilization. Sa kabuuan, ang mga brace at splint ay dinisenyo upang suportahan ang paggaling habang pinapayagan kang pamahalaan ang pang-araw-araw na buhay na may minimong abala.

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 13 June 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Sling immobilization is not inferior to brace immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [1].
  • The conclusion that sling immobilization is not inferior to brace immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization [1].
  • Removable splints for minimally displaced distal radial fractures save patients time and inconvenience by reducing additional hospital visits [2].
  • Removable splints for minimally displaced distal radial fractures save the healthcare system money [2].
  • The Cross Brace Protocol provides a non-operative option for ACL injuries [3].
  • The Cross Brace Protocol may be associated with satisfactory anatomical and functional healing for certain patient groups with ACL injuries [3].
  • Proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement in trigger finger management [4].
  • Proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments for trigger finger due to the absence of a control group [4].
  • Splinting is an effective short-term conservative treatment for adult trigger finger [6].
  • Splinting offers symptom relief and functional improvement comparable to corticosteroid injections for adult trigger finger [6].
  • Supportive bandage, removable splint, and walking casts are all well tolerated with similar complication rates for low-risk ankle fractures in children [7].
  • There remains equipoise regarding the best treatment among supportive bandage, removable splint, and walking casts for low-risk ankle fractures in children [7].
  • Four weeks of cast immobilization is sufficient for most distal radial fractures in adequately reduced elderly patients [5].
  • Orthoses offer a good alternative to plaster casts for stable distal radius fracture types [8].
  • Pooling of studies on waterproof casts for upper limb fractures in children was limited by heterogeneity and small study sizes [11].
  • Definitive RCTs are required to confirm the efficacy and investigate the cost-effectiveness of waterproof casts for upper limb fractures in children [11].
  • Adult patients with a scaphoid waist fracture displaced by ≤ 2 mm should be treated initially with immobilization in a cast [14].
  • Early fixation of nonunion is recommended for adult patients with a scaphoid waist fracture initially treated with cast immobilization [14].

How It Works

  • Sling immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is not inferior to brace immobilization [1].
  • Removable splints for minimally displaced distal radial fractures save patients time and inconvenience by reducing hospital visits [2].
  • Splinting is an effective short-term conservative treatment for trigger finger [6].
  • Splinting offers symptom relief and functional improvement comparable to corticosteroid injections for trigger finger [6].
  • Supportive bandages, removable splints, and walking casts for low-risk ankle fractures in children are all well tolerated with similar complication rates [7].
  • There remains equipoise regarding the best treatment among supportive bandages, removable splints, and walking casts for low-risk ankle fractures in children [7].
  • Pain and functional outcomes after primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty are comparable between no immobilization and a 3-week immobilization period [9].
  • Scaphoid waist fracture union consolidated in patients with > 20% bridging without intervention between one and five years after randomization [10].
  • Maintaining an appropriate balance between mobilization and immobilization has a decisive impact on tissue healing, functional recovery, and patient outcomes in hand rehabilitation [12].
  • Relative motion orthoses and metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthoses support interchangeable use for managing trigger finger based on symptom severity, pain, hand function, and wearability outcomes [13].
  • Mid-frequency electrical muscle stimulation (MFEMS) during immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair effectively prevents early post-operative deltoid muscle atrophy [16].
  • Mid-frequency electrical muscle stimulation (MFEMS) during immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair accelerates early recovery of shoulder muscle strength [16].
  • Four weeks of cast immobilization is sufficient for most distal radial fractures in elderly patients [5].

What the Evidence Shows

Immobilization and Bracing Strategies

  • Sling immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is not inferior to brace immobilization, although this conclusion cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization [1].
  • Removable splints offer a safe treatment option for minimally displaced distal radial fractures, reducing hospital visits and healthcare costs compared to plaster casts [2].
  • A 4-week cast immobilization period is sufficient for most distal radial fractures in elderly patients [5].
  • Orthoses provide a good alternative to plaster casts for stable distal radial fracture types [8].
  • Waterproof casts are an option for upper limb fractures in children, but definitive RCTs are required to confirm efficacy and investigate cost-effectiveness due to study heterogeneity and small sample sizes [11].
  • Three-week immobilization after primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty yields pain and functional outcomes comparable to longer immobilization periods [9].
  • Maintaining an appropriate balance between mobilization and immobilization is a central challenge in hand rehabilitation that decisively impacts tissue healing, functional recovery, and patient outcomes [12].

Specific Orthotic Protocols and Devices

  • The Cross Brace Protocol provides a non-operative option for ACL injuries, potentially associated with satisfactory anatomical and functional healing for certain patient groups [3].
  • Proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis combined with therapeutic exercise demonstrates feasibility and short-term clinical improvement for trigger finger, though superiority over other conservative treatments cannot be established due to the absence of a control group [4].
  • Splinting is an effective short-term conservative treatment for trigger finger, offering symptom relief and functional improvement comparable to corticosteroid injections [6].
  • Relative motion orthoses and metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthoses are interchangeable for managing trigger finger based on symptom severity, pain, hand function, and wearability outcomes [13].
  • Supportive bandages, removable splints, and walking casts for low-risk ankle fractures in children are all well-tolerated with similar complication rates, leaving equipoise regarding the best treatment [7].

Surgical Fixation and Internal Bracing

  • UCL repair with internal brace reports excellent midterm patient-reported outcomes statistically similar to UCL reconstruction, including similar proportions of athletes successfully returning to preinjury sport [19].
  • The embrace technique for syndesmotic injury yields equivalent outcomes compared with suture button fixation [20].
  • For adult scaphoid waist fractures displaced by ≤ 2 mm, initial treatment with cast immobilization followed by early fixation of nonunion is recommended [14].
  • Between one and five years after randomization, scaphoid union consolidated in patients with > 20% bridging without intervention [10].

Adjunctive Therapies

  • Adding thoracic extension exercises or thoracic kinesio taping to shoulder exercises results in significant improvements in activity-related pain and self-reported disability for adults with subacromial pain syndrome, exceeding previously reported MCID values [21].

Practical Considerations

  • There remains equipoise regarding the best treatment for low-risk ankle fractures in children among supportive bandages, removable splints, and walking casts [7].
  • Supportive bandages, removable splints, and walking casts for low-risk ankle fractures in children are well tolerated with similar complication rates [7].
  • Pain and functional outcomes after primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty are comparable between three-week immobilization and no immobilization [9].
  • Between one and five years after randomization, scaphoid waist fracture union consolidated in patients with > 20% bridging without intervention [10].
  • Definitive randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the efficacy of waterproof casts for upper limb fractures in children [11].
  • Definitive randomized controlled trials are required to investigate the cost-effectiveness of waterproof casts for upper limb fractures in children [11].
  • Limitations in the current state of 3D-printed orthoses include small sample sizes [15].
  • Limitations in the current state of 3D-printed orthoses include a lack of standardized assessment methods [15].
  • Limitations in the current state of 3D-printed orthoses include durability concerns [15].
  • Further research is required to address limitations in the current state of 3D-printed orthoses [15].
  • Initial cast immobilization with fixation for nonunion is the optimal treatment for adults with scaphoid waist fractures [17].
  • Small quality-adjusted life year gains for initial surgical fixation of scaphoid waist fractures were not sufficient to justify the higher costs compared to initial cast immobilization [17].
  • Use of a codesigned patient decision aid in practice for total knee arthroplasty decisions was feasible [18].

Key Evidence

  • [L5] They argue that the conclusion that sling immobilization is 'not inferior' to brace immobilization cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization. [1] (10.1002/arj.70326)
  • [L2] If patients can be treated safely using a removable splint, this will save them time and inconvenience in terms of additional visits to the hospital, and save the healthcare system money. [2] (10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0634.r1)
  • [L2] The Cross Brace Protocol provides an additional non-operative option for ACL injuries and may be associated with satisfactory anatomical and functional healing for certain patient groups. [3] (10.1177/2325967126s00013)
  • [L4] Because of the absence of a control group, these findings demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement but cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101038)
  • [L5] The authors should be commended for a well-designed, well-executed randomized controlled trial that makes a compelling case that 4 weeks of cast immobilization is sufficient for most distal radial fractures in elderly patients. [5] (10.2106/jbjs.25.00333)
  • [L2] Splinting is an effective short-term conservative treatment for trigger finger, offering symptom relief and functional improvement comparable to corticosteroid injections. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100881)
  • [L2] There remains equipoise regarding the best treatment of these injuries, with all three treatments appearing well tolerated with similar complication rates. [7] (10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0354.r1)
  • [L1] Hence, orthoses offer a good alternative to plaster casts, especially for stable fracture types. [8] (10.1186/s12891-026-09585-4)
  • [L1] The pain and functional outcomes are comparable to those obtained with a 3-week immobilization period. [9] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.02.015)
  • [L1] Between one and five years after randomization, union consolidated in those with > 20% bridging without intervention. [10] (10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0125.r1)
  • [L1] However, pooling of studies was limited by heterogeneity and small study sizes, and definitive RCTs are required to confirm efficacy and investigate cost-effectiveness. [11] (10.1302/0301-620x.107b6.bjj-2025-0011)
  • [L5] The review highlights that maintaining an appropriate balance between mobilization and immobilization is a central challenge in hand rehabilitation and has a decisive impact on tissue healing, functional recovery and patient outcomes. [12] (10.1177/17531934251413908)
  • [L1] Symptom severity, pain, hand function, and orthosis wearability outcomes support interchangeable use of relative motion and metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthoses for managing trigger finger. [13] (10.1016/j.jht.2025.05.018)
  • [L1] The recommendation that adult patients with a fracture of the waist of the scaphoid which is displaced by ≤ 2 mm should be treated initially with immobilization in a cast, followed by early fixation of a nonunion, is further corroborated by these findings. [14] (10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0122.r1)
  • [L1] However, limitations such as small sample sizes, lack of standardized assessment methods, and durability concerns must be addressed through further research. [15] (10.1186/s12891-025-09070-4)
  • [L3] The application of the MFEMS during immobilization period after ARCR effectively prevented early post-operative deltoid muscle atrophy and accelerated early recovery of shoulder muscle strength. [16] (10.1002/ksa.70303)
  • [L1] Initial cast immobilization with fixation for nonunion is the optimal form of treatment for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture, as the small quality-adjusted life year gains for those who underwent surgery initially were not sufficient to justify the higher costs. [17] (10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0116.r1)
  • [L1] Use of the aid in practice was feasible. [18] (10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.104)
  • [L3] Athletes who underwent UCL repair with internal brace reported excellent midterm PROs statistically similar to those after UCL reconstruction, including proportion successfully returning to preinjury sport. [19] (10.1177/03635465251314054)
  • [L3] The embrace technique yielded equivalent outcomes compared with suture button fixation for managing syndesmotic injuries. [20] (10.1186/s13018-025-06620-3)
  • [L1] All interventions resulted in significant improvements across several outcomes, with improvements in activity-related pain and self-reported disability exceeding previously reported MCID values. [21] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.001)

References

[1] Regarding “Sling Is Not Inferior to Brace Immobilization After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70326

[2] Do patients with minimally displaced distal radial fractures need a plaster cast?. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0634.r1

[3] Short-term Outcomes of the Cross Brace Protocol for ACL Rupture Management: A Prospective Cohort Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00013

[4] Effectiveness of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Orthosis and Therapeutic Exercise in the Management of Trigger Finger: A Prospective Case Series. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101038

[5] Adequately Reduced Distal Radial Fractures in Elderly Patients: How Long Should We Immobilize?. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.25.00333

[6] Efficacy of Splinting in Managing Adult Trigger Finger: A Systematic Review of Short-Term Outcomes. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100881

[7] Supportive bandage, removable splint, or walking casts for low-risk ankle fractures in children: a feasibility randomized controlled trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0354.r1

[8] Outcome analysis of conservative treatment of a distal radius fracture with OPTIVOhand orthosis versus plaster cast: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09585-4

[9] Three-week immobilization vs. no immobilization in primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.02.015

[10] Radiological outcome of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture: five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2026. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0125.r1

[11] Waterproof casts for the management of upper limb fractures in children. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b6.bjj-2025-0011

[12] Achieving a balance between mobilization and immobilization after surgical or conservative treatment of the hand. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2026. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251413908

[13] A randomized comparative trial: Relative motion vs metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthoses for trigger finger management. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2025.05.018

[14] Clinical effectiveness of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture: five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2026. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0122.r1

[15] The current state of 3D-printed orthoses clinical outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09070-4

[16] Mid‐frequency electrical muscle stimulation during immobilization may prevent early deltoid muscle atrophy and promote early strength recovery after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/ksa.70303

[17] Cost-effectiveness of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture: five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2026. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0116.r1

[18] A Codesigned Patient Decision Aid Supports the Decision Quality of Patients Considering Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.104

[19] Clinical Outcomes of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair With Internal Brace Versus Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Competitive Athletes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251314054

[20] Outcomes of suture button fixation versus embrace fixation for syndesmotic injury. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06620-3

[21] Effects of adding thoracic extension exercises or thoracic kinesio taping to shoulder exercises on pain and function in adults with subacromial pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.001

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Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.