Skip to content

Patients › Rehabilitation

Pagsasama ng PIP Joint

Isang protektadong plano ng paggaling pagkatapos ng pagsasama (arthrodesis) ng kasukasuan ng gitnang daliri, pinapanatiling tahimik ang nagsamang kasukasuan sa loob ng splint habang pinapanatiling gumagalaw ang lahat ng ibang kasukasuan mula sa unang araw, pagkatapos ay ibinabalik ang hawak at pagpipitak kapag nag-uniyon na ang buto.

Ilustrasyon ng isang daliri na nagpapakita ng gitnang (PIP) kasukasuan na naka-fuse nang matibay sa bahagyang baluktot na posisyon, habang ang knuckle (MCP) at kasukasuan ng dulo ng daliri (DIP) ay nananatiling malaya sa paggalaw.
Ang pagkakaisa ng PIP joint ay naglulock sa nasira o hindi matatag na gitnang kasukasuan ng daliri sa isang functional, bahagyang nakabayong posisyon; ang knuckle at fingertip joints ay patuloy na gumagalaw. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang protokol na ito ay gabay sa iyong paggaling pagkatapos ng pagkakaisa (arthrodesis) ng PIP joint (gitnang kasukasuan ng daliri) kasama si Dr Kieran Hirpara sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Nagsisimula ito sa iyong home exercise program, sinundan ng istrukturadong klinikal na protokol na isinulat para sa iyong hand therapist: dalhin ang pahinang ito o ang PDF nito sa iyong unang bisita sa terapiya upang manatiling koordinado ang iyong rehabilitasyon. Maaaring baguhin ng iyong hand therapist ang plano depende sa pag-unlad ng iyong paggaling.

Kung mayroon kang anumang alalahanin tungkol sa iyong sugat pagkatapos ng operasyon, makipag-ugnayan sa mga kwarto. Karaniwang makakatulong na kumuha ng litrato ng sugat at ipadala ito sa pamamagitan ng email para sa pagsusuri.

Ano ang inaasahan

Ang PIP joint fusion ay kukuha sa isang nasira o hindi matatag na gitnang kasukasuan ng daliri at ihihiwalay ito nang solid, upang hindi na ito gumalaw. Ang kasukasuan ay inilalagay sa isang functional, bahagyang nakabukol na posisyon imbes na tuwid na tuwid: ang bukol ay banayad sa index at middle fingers (humigit-kumulang 15–20°) at lumalaki patungo sa gilid ng kamay ng little finger (humigit-kumulang 25–40° sa ring at little fingers), sumusunod sa natural na cascade na ginagawa ng iyong mga daliri kapag kinukurbada mo sila. Ang fused joint ay hawak sa lugar gamit ang isang maliit na implant (isang tension-band wire, isang headless screw, K-wires, o isang maliit na plate) na nagpapanatili ng anggulong iyon na matatag hanggang sa mag-join ang buto sa buong fusion.

Ang operasyong ito ay madalas na pinipili para sa index at middle fingers, kung saan ang isang matatag na kasukasuan para sa pinch ay mas mahalaga kaysa sa galaw sa gitnang kasukasuan. Ang PIP joint ay dapat na maging matigas pagkatapos: iyon ang layunin ng operasyon. Kaya hindi tulad ng tendon o ligament repair, ang recovery ay hindi tungkol sa pagbawi ng galaw sa kasukasuang iyon; ito ay tungkol sa pagprotekta sa fusion hanggang sa mag-join ang buto, habang pinapanatili ang bawat ibang kasukasuan ng kamay na gumagalaw nang malaya.

Ang plano ay nakabatay sa apat na ideya:

  • Protektahan ang fusion hanggang sa mag-union ang buto. Ang bony union ay karaniwang tumatagal ng humigit-kumulang anim na linggo, at minsan hanggang siyam hanggang labindalawang linggo. Hanggang noon, ang fused joint ay sinusuportahan sa isang splint.
  • Panatilihing gumagalaw ang lahat ng iba mula sa unang araw: ang fingertip joint, ang knuckle, ang mga katabing daliri, ang hinlalaki at ang pulso, upang hindi dumikit ang mga tendon at hindi maging matigas ang natitirang bahagi ng kamay.
  • Pamahalaan ang pamamaga at ang peklat sa mga unang linggo.
  • Ibalik ang grip at pinch kapag ang fusion ay nakapag-join na. Huwag kumukot: kilala ang pagkukot na nagpapabagal sa paggaling ng buto at nagpapahina sa pag-union ng fusion.

Mga Paalala at Limitasyon

  • HUWAG mag-load, humawak, o mag-pin ng matigas sa operadong daliri hanggang sa mag-union ang fusion (karaniwang anim na linggo, minsan ay mas matagal): ang pag-load bago mag-union ang buto ay nagdudulot ng panganib na hindi magtagal ang fusion.
  • Panatilihing ganap na hindi gumagalaw ang fused na kasukasuan sa kanyang splint ayon sa utos; huwag subukang "subukan" o baluktotin ito.
  • Panatilihing gumagalaw ang bawat ibang kasukasuan mula sa unang mga araw: kasukasuan ng dulo ng daliri, knuckle, ibang mga daliri, hinlalaki, at pulso.
  • Panatilihing malinis at tuyo ang splint, isuot ito ayon sa utos, at alagaan ang sugat at anumang mga pin site.
  • HUWAG magmaneho habang hindi mo kayang kontrolin ang manibela nang ligtas, karaniwang hanggang sa lumabas ka sa splint sa humigit-kumulang anim na linggo.
  • Huwag uminom ng sigarilyo: ito ay nagpapabagal sa pag-uugnay ng buto.

Para sa pamamahala ng sugat, pamamaga, at peklat, tingnan ang gabay ng klinika tungkol sa wound care.

Mga ehersisyo ninyo

Ito ang mga ehersisyo mula sa inyong handout. Simulan lamang ito ayon sa gabay ni Dr. Hirpara at ng inyong hand therapist, at manatili sa loob ng anumang limitasyon na ibinigay sa inyo. Ang mga maagang ehersisyo ay pinapanatiling gumagalaw ang fingertip joint, ang knuckle, at lahat ng ibang daliri, hinlalaki, at pulso ninyo, hindi gumagalaw o binabigatan ang fused joint mismo, na mananatiling tahimik sa loob ng splint nito. Ang scar massage ay sisimulan lamang kapag na-heal na ang sugat. Ang pinch at grip strengthening ay kabilang sa huling yugto at hindi dapat simulan hanggang sa mag-union ang fusion at may espesipikong clearance mula sa inyong doktor. Itigil ang anumang bagay na nagdudulot ng matulis na sakit sa fused joint.

Ang iyong klinikal na protokol

Ang natitirang bahagi ng pahinang ito ay ang yugto-yugto na klinikal na protokol para sa rehabilitasyon pagkatapos ng arthrodesis ng PIP joint. Ang seksyong ito ay dapat ibigay sa iyong hand therapist, at bawat yugto ay binubuksan ng simpleng paliwanag sa wikang Ingles tungkol sa nangyayari. Ang fusion ay dapat protektahan mula sa load hanggang sa bony union (karaniwang ~6 linggo, hanggang 9–12 linggo); ang pamantayang prinsipyo ay "protektahan ang fused joint, i-mobilisa ang lahat ng iba": ang DIP, MCP, katabiling mga daliri, hinlalaki, at pulso ay gumagalaw mula sa unang araw upang maiwasan ang tendon adhesion at stiffness, habang ang oedema at scar ay pinamamahalaan nang maaga, at grip/pinch ay ibinabalik lamang pagkatapos ng union.

Bago ang paggamot, suriin ang operation report at past medical history ng pasyente, at makipag-ugnayan sa treating surgeon tungkol sa fixation na ginamit (tension-band wire, headless intramedullary screw, K-wires, o plate), ang itinakdang fusion angle, at kung ang K-wires ay buried o kailangang alisin. Ang Dr Hirpara ay nagfo-fuse ng PIP sa isang functional flexed position na nagiging mas ulnar-ward patungo sa kamay (index/middle ≈ 15–20°, ring/little ≈ 25–40°), kadalasan para sa index/middle finger kung saan ang lateral pinch stability ay higit pa sa PIP motion. Ang fused joint ay hawak sa isang splint hanggang sa radiographic union; ang ebidensya ay low-level (level-4 case series at expert consensus), kaya ang mga timing ay individualised, hindi graded thresholds.

Yugto I — protektahan at paigtingin (linggo 0 hanggang 2)

Ang unang dalawang linggo ay naglalayong protektahan ang pagsasama (fusion) at paigtingin ang pamamaga at sugat, habang ang bawat ibang kasukasuan ng kamay ay nagsisimulang gumalaw agad.

Para sa iyong hand therapist:

Immobilisasyon - Akutong volar splint ng daliri o cast na sakop ang MCP at PIP, ngunit iniwanang malaya ang DIP - Ang PIP na nasama ay pinapanatiling tahimik; itaas ang kamay para sa edema

Edukasyon at mga paalala - Walang hawak, piyesa o pagdadala ng bigat sa pamamagitan ng operadong daliri - Panatilihing malinis at tuyo ang splint; protektahan ang sugat at anumang mga pin sites

Pamamahala - Sugat: mga surgical dressing ayon sa utos; monitor para sa impeksyon at mga pin sites kung gumamit ng K-wires - Edema: itaas ang kamay, banayad na pagpump ng mga malayang kasukasuan, yelo kung kinakailangan - Mga ehersisyo: mula sa ika-1 araw, aktibong galaw ng lahat ng hindi nasamang kasukasuan: mga katabing daliri (buong pagsisikwat/pagbubukas), hinlalaki, pulso; simulan ang aktibong galaw ng DIP ng operadong daliri sa loob ng ilang araw; tendon glides ng mga katabing daliri; walang galaw o pagdadala ng bigat sa nasamang PIP

Mga pamantayan para sa pag-usad - Pagpapahupa ng sugat; kontrolado ang pamamaga; handa para sa definitive na custom splint sa humigit-kumulang 1–2 linggo

Yugong II — custom na thermoplastic splint at aktibong galaw ng malayang mga kasukasuan (linggo 2 hanggang 6)

Mula sa humigit-kumulang dalawang linggo, isang custom na thermoplastic splint ang sumusuporta sa pinaghiwang kasukasuan habang binibigyan ng kalayaan ang mga kasunod na kasukasuan para sa aktibong galaw. Ang DIP at MCP ng operadong daliri ay ehersisyo nang walang splint; ang pinaghiwang PIP ay nananatiling protektado. Walang resisted grip, pinch, o loading pa.

Para sa iyong hand therapist:

Pagsusuri - ROM ng mga kasunod na kasukasuan, oedema, pagsusuri sa sugat/scar; kumpirmahin na stable ang fixation batay sa klinikal na mga pamantayan at ayon sa doktor

Immobilisasyon - Paglipat sa isang custom na thermoplastic splint na sumusuporta sa pinaghiwang PIP habang binibigyan ng kalayaan ang mga kasunod na kasukasuan; patuloy na protective splinting hanggang ~6 linggo

Edukasyon at mga paalala - Walang resisted grip, pinch o loading ng operadong daliri hanggang sa union - Labas ng splint lamang para sa mga ehersisyo

Pamamahala - Mga ehersisyo: aktibong galaw ng DIP at MCP ng operadong daliri labas ng splint (DIP nagsisimula sa loob ng ilang araw, MCP idinadagdag dito); tendon glides ng mga kasunod na daliri; patuloy na galaw ng hinlalaki/pulso/kasunod na daliri; simulan ang pamamahala ng scar at oedema kapag naayos na ang sugat - Walang resisted grip/pinch/loading

Mga pamantayan para magpatuloy - Radiographic union (karaniwan sa humigit-kumulang 6 linggo, hanggang 9–12); ang pinaghiwang kasukasuan ay klinikal at radiologikal na stable bago ang anumang loading

Yugto III — unti-unting bawasan ang paggamit ng splint at magpatuloy sa magaan na paggamit (mula sa ~6 linggo, kapag nagkakaisa na)

Kapag nagkakaisa na ang pagsasama (karaniwang nasa anim na linggo), unti-unting bawasan ang paggamit ng splint at dinididisenyo upang maging mas maliit, ipinakilala ang magaan na functional na paggamit, at unti-unting binubuo muli ang pagpipitak, opposition, at pagkapit. Ang mga K-wire, kung gagamitin, karaniwang tinatanggal sa loob ng anim na linggo.

Para sa iyong hand therapist:

Pagsusuri - Kumpirmahin ang radiographic na pagsasama kasama ang doktor; lakas ng pagkapit/pagpipitak kumpara sa kabilang kamay; ROM ng mga malayang joints; peklat

Edukasyon at mga paalala - Unti-unting bawasan at dihinin ang splint kapag kumpirmado na ang pagsasama; alisin ang K-wire ~6 linggo kung gagamitin - Magpatuloy sa pag-load nang unti-unti: magsimula sa magaan na paggamit, pagkatapos ay gradadong pagpipitak/pagkapit

Pamamahala - Mga ehersisyo: magpatuloy sa magaan na functional na paggamitpagpipitak, opposition at pagkapit; simulan ang pagpapalakas ng grip/pinch (bola/putty, lateral pinch) at unti-unting pagpalakasin; magpatuloy sa trabaho sa peklat - Ang splint ay binabawasan pagkatapos ng radiographic na pagsasama

Mga pamantayan upang magpatuloy - Nagkakaisang pagsasama na tumatanggap ng magaan na load nang walang sakit; itinigil ang splint; handa para sa gradadong pagpapalakas

Yugto IV — unti-unting pagpapalakas ng kalamnan at pagbabalik (mula ~8–12 linggo)

Kapag nag-union na ang pagsasama ng buto at naibalik ang magaan na paggamit, ipinapahusay ang pagpapalakas ng kalamnan at pagdadagdag ng bigat, at unti-unting binubuo ang pagbabalik sa isport, mabibigat na gawain, o manual na trabaho. Ang huling matatag na resulta ay nakukuha sa loob ng humigit-kumulang siyam hanggang labing-dalawang buwan.

Para sa iyong hand therapist:

Pagsusuri - Lakas ng hawak (grip) at pagpipit (pinch) kumpara sa kabilang bahagi; pagsusuri sa functional at espesipiko sa trabaho/isport kung kinakailangan

Edukasyon at mga paalala - Unti-unting dagdagan ang resisted loading; ang fused joint ay permanenteng matigas ayon sa disenyo; ituon ang pagpapalakas ng kalamnan sa grip at lateral pinch

Pamamahala - Mga ehersisyo: progressive strengthening and loading ng grip at pinch; unti-unting pagbabalik sa sport, mabibigat na gawain, at manual na trabaho - Isaalang-alang ang discharge kapag functional at halos symmetrical na ang lakas; i-refer muli sa treating doctor kung huminto ang pag-unlad ng recovery

Mga pamantayan para sa pagbabalik - Walang sakit, matatag na fused joint sa ilalim ng load; sapat na lakas ng grip/pinch para sa gawain, hinihusga sa pamamagitan ng klinikal na pagsusuri at hindi base sa kalendaryo; final settled result at 9–12 buwan

Pagbabalik sa trabaho at gawain

Ang magaan na paggamit ng kamay sa pang-araw-araw na gawain kasama ang natitirang bahagi ng kamay ay inirerekomenda mula sa simula, hangga't komportable; ang pangunahing paghihigpit ay walang pagkapit, pagpipitsil o pagdadala ng bigat sa operated na daliri hanggang sa magkasama ang fusion. Dahil hindi ka dapat magmaneho habang hindi mo kayang kontrolin ang manibela nang ligtas, magplano ng tulong sa transportasyon sa mga unang linggo; karaniwang muling magsisimula ang pagmamaneho sa humigit-kumulang anim na linggo, kapag wala ka na sa splint at kayang kontrolin ang sasakyan nang ligtas.

Pagkatapos ng union (humigit-kumulang anim na linggo) ay maaari nang magsimula ng magaan na paggamit at banayad na pagkapit. Ang pag-angat, pagkapit at pagpipitsil ay unti-unting tataas mula sa humigit-kumulang walong linggo, at ang buong aktibidad o sports mula sa humigit-kumulang labindalawang linggo. Patuloy na nananatili ang fusion sa loob ng ilang buwan, kaya ang huling, ganap na natitirang resulta ay nasa humigit-kumulang siyam hanggang labindalawang buwan. Ang mga oras na ito ay mga gabay mula sa expert-consensus na iisang klinika (karaniwan at indibidwalisado, hindi mga antas ng threshold) at ang iyong pag-unlad ay hahusgahan ni Dr. Hirpara at ng iyong hand therapist ayon sa kung paano gumagaling ang fusion, hindi lamang base sa kalendaryo.

Pagkatapos ng iyong protocol

Ang protocol na ito ay nagtatrabaho kasama ng pangkalahatang payo para sa paggaling ng klinika; tingnan din ang pamamahala ng post-operative na sakit, pag-aalaga sa sugat at pamamahala ng peklat. Ang naka-phase na plano sa itaas ay sumasalamin sa inilathala na gabay para sa rehabilitasyon pagkatapos ng arthrodesis ng PIP joint, at ang iyong patuloy na paggaling ay pinamamahalaan nang indibidwal ni Dr. Hirpara at ng iyong hand therapist ayon sa kung paano ang iyong daliri ang gumagaling.


Evidence & references

PIP Joint Fusion — Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Proximal Interphalangeal Arthrodesis)

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after arthrodesis (fusion) of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of a finger — a worn, painful or unstable PIP joint is fused solid in a functional flexed position. This is a fusion, not a reconstruction or a motion- preserving procedure: the PIP is deliberately made stiff to trade motion for a stable, pain-free, load-bearing digit. The rehab is therefore not about regaining PIP motion but about protecting the construct until bony union while keeping every other joint of the hand moving, then restoring grip and pinch.

Defining principle of the rehab here: PIP arthrodesis eliminates motion at one joint by design to gain stability for pinch and grip. The fused joint is set in a functional flexed position that increases ulnar-ward across the hand (index/middle ≈ 15–20°, ring/little ≈ 25–40°, following the digital cascade) and held by internal fixation (tension-band wire, headless intramedullary screw, K-wires, or plate) until union. Because nothing here needs to move to heal — it needs to unite — the single governing rule is "protect the fused joint, mobilise everything else." DIP, MCP, adjacent digits, thumb and wrist move from day one to prevent tendon adhesion and stiffness; oedema and scar are managed early; grip and pinch are restored only after radiographic union (~6 weeks, up to 9–12). The branch point is the indication — primary degenerative/post-traumatic fusion versus salvage of a failed PIP arthroplasty, where union is slower and the construct more demanding.


A. PROCEDURE OUTCOMES (PIP arthrodesis)

PIP arthrodesis is a reliable, well-established salvage and reconstructive operation, but its evidence base is uniformly low-level — predominantly retrospective level-4 case series and expert opinion, with no randomised controlled trials. Outcomes are reported as union, complication and reoperation rates rather than from comparative trials.

  • The evidence base is low-level and consensus-driven. A systematic review of PIP arthrodesis found the literature is overwhelmingly level-4 (~94%) with no RCTs; conclusions on fixation choice and outcomes rest on case series and expert consensus [EFORT Open Rev 2021, DOI 10.1530/eor-21-0102]. Low (level-4 SR, no RCTs).
  • Fixation holds the angle to union; nonunion and reoperation are the principal concerns. Series reporting nonunion and reoperation identify patient factors (including smoking and comorbidity) as drivers of failure, underscoring that the rehab job is to protect the construct until the bone joins [HAND 2020, DOI 10.1177/1558944720939196]. Low–moderate (case series).
  • The fusion angle is chosen for function, especially pinch. A biomechanical/kinematic study of index PIP fusion (simulated 30–50°) shows the set angle is a functional trade-off: fusing the index/middle PIP stabilises lateral (key) pinch at the cost of PIP motion, which is why these digits are common fusion sites [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.010]. Mechanistic / cadaveric.
  • Arthrodesis is a dependable salvage for failed PIP arthroplasty, but union is slow. A series of arthrodesis for failed PIP joint replacement reported a mean time to union of 5.8 months, illustrating that salvage fusions unite more slowly than primary fusions and need correspondingly extended protection [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.030]. Low (case series).
  • The biomechanics of digital loss/fusion frame the functional cost. Reviews of the biomechanics of digital amputation and fusion describe how eliminating an IP joint redistributes grip and pinch mechanics — the rationale for accepting a stiff joint when it buys stability [Hand Clin 2016, DOI 10.1016/j.hcl.2016.07.003]. Mechanistic / narrative.

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

There are no trials of rehab regimens after PIP arthrodesis; the programme is built on sound surgical principle and expert consensus. The two evidence-anchored levers are the union timeline (which sets when load may be applied) and the modifiable risk factor of smoking (which delays union).

  • Protect-until-union, mobilise-everything-else is the consensus regimen. The fused PIP is splinted continuously until radiographic union (~6 weeks, up to 9–12); from day one the DIP, MCP, adjacent digits, thumb and wrist are actively moved to prevent tendon adhesion and global hand stiffness. This is stable across sources (surgeon protocols, hand-therapy guidance and patient-education material) even though it is not trial-tested [Melbourne Arm Clinic protocol; OrthOracle PIPJ arthrodesis; OrthoInfo finger IP fusion]. Consensus / expert.
  • Smoking is an evidence-supported delayed-union risk. A study of hand and wrist arthrodesis found smoking delays union, making smoking cessation the one rehab-adjacent intervention with direct supporting evidence in this setting [J Hand Surg Am 2022, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.05.016]. Moderate (cohort, modifiable risk factor).
  • Union timing governs progression — and is slower in salvage fusions. Primary fusions are typically protected to ~6 weeks; salvage of failed arthroplasty unites far more slowly (mean 5.8 months), so loading must be union-led rather than calendar-led [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.030]. Low (case series).
  • The set fusion angle is the functional anchor of the rehab goal. Because the index/middle PIP is fused at ~15–20° (and ring/little at ~25–40°) specifically to stabilise lateral pinch, the Phase III–IV strengthening rightly targets pinch and grip rather than any attempt at PIP motion [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.010]. Mechanistic.

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Restraint Hand use / therapy focus Strength / load Notes
I — Protect & settle Week 0–2 Volar finger splint/cast spanning MCP + PIP, DIP left free Elevation, wound/pin-site care, oedema control; active DIP within days + full motion of all non-fused joints (adjacent digits, thumb, wrist) No grip / pinch / loading Fused PIP kept still; everything else mobilised from day one
II — Custom splint & free-joint motion Week 2–6 Custom thermoplastic splint supporting the fused PIP, freeing adjacent joints; continuous splinting to ~6 wk Active DIP + MCP of operated finger out of splint; tendon glides of adjacent digits; scar/oedema once healed No resisted grip / pinch / loading Union typically at ~6 wk (up to 9–12); load only after radiographic union
III — Wean splint & light use From ~6 wk (united) Splint weaned/cut down after union; K-wire out ~6 wk if used Progress light use → pinch, opposition, gripping; begin grip/pinch strengthening Graded grip/pinch, build gradually Restraints lifted only once union confirmed
IV — Strengthen & return ~8–12 wk+ Restrictions lifted Progressive strengthening/loading; return to sport/heavy/manual work Build load progressively; target lateral pinch Final settled result 9–12 months

(Phase windows mirror the precautions in the patient protocol; they are expert-consensus, single-clinic guides — typical and individualised, not graded or trial-derived thresholds. Return milestones: driving ~6 wk, light use/gentle grip ~6 wk after union, lifting/gripping/pinch ~8 wk, full activity/sport ~12 wk, final result 9–12 months.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Whole topic is low-level evidence. PIP arthrodesis rests on level-4 case series and expert consensus with no RCTs (~94% level-4 in systematic review). All outcome and timing figures should be read as typical guides, not trial-validated thresholds [EFORT 2021]. Low.
  2. Fixation choice is unsettled. Tension-band wire, headless intramedullary screw, K-wires and plate all achieve union; comparative data are weak and selection is largely surgeon preference and bone/soft-tissue quality [EFORT 2021; HAND 2020]. Low.
  3. Fusion angle is a functional trade-off, not a fixed number. The ~15–20° (index/middle) to ~25–40° (ring/little) cascade is consensus-stable but individualised to the digit and the demands of pinch [J Hand Surg Am 2011 kinematics]. Mechanistic / consensus.
  4. Union timing is variable and indication-dependent. Primary fusions ~6 weeks; salvage of failed arthroplasty far slower (mean 5.8 months). Loading must be union-led [J Hand Surg Am 2011 salvage series]. Low.
  5. Smoking and patient factors drive nonunion/reoperation. Smoking is an evidence-supported delayed-union risk and a modifiable target [J Hand Surg Am 2022; HAND 2020]. Moderate (for the smoking association).

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • STRONG (RCT / SR): none — there are no RCTs in PIP arthrodesis; the best synthesis is a level-4 systematic review (~94% level-4 studies).
  • MODERATE: smoking as a delayed-union risk after hand/wrist arthrodesis; patient factors driving nonunion/reoperation; cadaveric/kinematic basis for the functional fusion angle and pinch rationale.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the protect-until-union, mobilise-everything-else rehab regimen (mechanistically sound, not trial-tested); the specific fusion angles (consensus-stable); exact timelines (single-clinic, expert-consensus guides — typical, not graded thresholds); fixation choice (surgeon preference).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: a systematic review (predominantly level-4 evidence; no RCTs). EFORT Open Rev. 2021. DOI: 10.1530/eor-21-0102
  • Nonunion and reoperation after proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: patient factors and outcomes. HAND. 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1558944720939196
  • Index finger proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis and pinch kinematics (simulated 30–50° fusion). J Hand Surg Am. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.010
  • Arthrodesis as salvage for failed proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty (mean time to union 5.8 months). J Hand Surg Am. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.030
  • Smoking delays union after hand and wrist arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Am. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.05.016
  • Biomechanics of digital loss and fusion. Hand Clin. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2016.07.003

PIP arthrodesis rehabilitation & procedure literature (URLs)

  • Melbourne Arm Clinic. PIP / DIP arthrodesis rehabilitation protocol. https://melbournearmclinic.com.au/orthopaedic-rehabilitation/shoulder-rehabilitation/pip-dip-arthrodesis-protocol/
  • OrthOracle. Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) arthrodesis in the hand using the Apex system (Extremity Medical). https://www.orthoracle.com/library/proximal-interphalangeal-joint-pipj-arthrodesis-in-the-hand-using-the-apex-system-extremity-medical/
  • EFORT Open Reviews. Proximal interphalangeal joint review (PMC). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6598614/
  • American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (OrthoInfo). Finger (interphalangeal) joint fusion. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/finger-ip-joint-fusion/

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.