Skip to content

Patients › General-Health

Paano Gumagana ang Cartilage (at Kung Bakit Nahihirapan itong Gumaling)

PDF In-depth PDF
Illustration: Paano Gumagana ang Cartilage (at Kung Bakit Nahihirapan itong Gumaling)

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang cartilage ay ang makinis at kumikinang na ibabaw na bumabalot sa mga dulo ng mga buto sa loob ng isang joint. Ito ay isa sa mga pinaka-kahanga-hangang materyales sa katawan: mas madulas kaysa sa yelo, kayang sumalo ng load sa buong buhay, at ngunit hindi tulad ng buto at tendon, ito ay halos walang kakayahang kumpunihin ang sarili. Ang katotohanang ito ang nagpapaliwanag kung bakit ang pinsala sa cartilage at osteoarthritis ay mga problemang napakahirap gamutin, at kung bakit napakahalaga ng pagprotekta sa iyong cartilage. Ipinapaliwanag ng pahinang ito, sa simpleng pananalita, kung ano ang cartilage at kung bakit ito napakahirap gumaling, at pagkatapos, para sa mga nagnanais malaman, ay tatalakayin nang mas malalim ang magandang engineering ng tissue na ito at ang aktibong biology sa likod ng tinatawag nating "wear and tear".

Ano ang cartilage at ano ang ginagawa nito

Ang cartilage na tinutukoy namin dito, ang articular cartilage, ay ang matigas, makinis, at puting coating na may kapal na ilang milimetro lamang sa mga dulo ng mga buto kung saan sila nagtatagpo sa isang joint. Dalawang bagay ang ginagawa nito nang mahusay:

  • Ito ay isang near-frictionless gliding surface, kaya ang mga buto ng isang joint ay dumudulas sa isa't isa nang halos walang resistance.
  • Ito ay isang cushion, na nagkakalat ng load sa buong joint at pinoprotektahan ang buto sa ilalim mula sa impact.

Ang cartilage ay living tissue, ngunit isang kakaibang uri: ito ay walang blood vessels at walang nerves. Ang kawalan ng nerves ang dahilan kung bakit ang mismong gasgas na surface ng cartilage ay hindi masakit (ang sakit ng arthritis ay nagmumula sa ibang mga istruktura). Ang kawalan ng blood supply ang susi sa malaking kahinaan nito: hindi ito nakakapag-heal gaya ng pag-heal ng balat o buto.

Bakit nahihirapang gumaling ang cartilage

Halos sa lahat ng iba pang bahagi ng katawan, ang paggaling ay nagsisimula sa pagdurugo: nabubuo ang namuong dugo (clot), dumarating ang mga inflammatory cell, at binubuksan ng mga growth factor ang pagkukumpuni. Ang cartilage ay walang suplay ng dugo, kaya ang pinsala rito ay hindi nakakakuha ng mga bagay na iyon. Higit pa rito, ang kakaunting resident cells nito ay nakakulong sa nakapalibot na materyal at hindi makagapang patungo sa sugat upang tapalan ito.

Ang resulta ay ang gasgas o lamat na limitado lamang sa cartilage ay may tendensiyang manatili na lamang doon. Ang pinsalang mas malalim (lampas sa cartilage at papunta sa buto sa ilalim) ay maaaring mapunan, ngunit ng isang scar-like na "fibrocartilage" na mas mahina at hindi gaanong matibay kaysa sa orihinal. Kaya ang pinsala sa cartilage ay may tendensiyang maging permanente at dahan-dahang lumalala, na siyang dahilan kung bakit napakahalaga ng pag-iwas at proteksyon.

Ano ang tumutulong sa pagprotekta ng iyong cartilage

  • Manatiling gumagalaw. Ang cartilage ay pinapakain ng joint fluid na pumasok at lumalabas habang ikaw ay gumagalaw; ang regular at komportableng aktibidad ay nagbibigay-nutrisyon dito, habang ang mahabang panahon ng kawalan ng aktibidad ay nagpapagutom dito.
  • Panatilihin ang malusog na timbang. Ang bawat kilogramo ay dagdag na load sa mga joint surface.
  • Palakasin ang mga kalamnan sa paligid ng joint. Ang malalakas na kalamnan ay naghahati sa load at sumisipsip ng shock, na nagpoprotekta sa cartilage.
  • Alagaan ang mga pinsala. Ang isang maugong o unstable na joint ay mas mabilis na nakakapag-gasgas ng cartilage nito; ang paggamot sa instability ay nagpoprotekta sa surface.

Mas malalim na pagtalakay

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

Ang seksyong ito ay tumataas patungo sa isang mas detalyadong paliwanag ng biyolohiya sa antas ng estudyante. Hindi ito kailangan upang maunawaan ang isang problema sa cartilage o ang paggamot nito, ngunit kung kuryoso ka kung paano nagiging mas madulas ang cartilage kaysa sa yelo, at kung bakit ang "wear and tear" ay isa talagang aktibong sakit, magpatuloy sa pagbabasa.

Cartilage bilang buhay na tisyu

Cross-section ng isang synovial joint na nagpapakita ng articular cartilage na bumabalot sa mga dulo ng buto, ang synovial membrane, ang joint capsule at ang joint cavity na may synovial fluid.
Ang articular cartilage ang bumabalot sa mga dulo ng mga buto sa loob ng isang synovial joint, na nabababad sa synovial fluid na siyang nagpapadulas at nagbibigay-nutrisyon dito. OpenStax, Anatomy & Physiology, CC BY 3.0

Ang articular cartilage ay isang uri na tinatawag na hyaline cartilage. Binubuo ito ng kalat-kalat na mga cell (chondrocytes) na napapalibutan ng napakalaking volume ng matrix na ginagawa at pinapanatili ng mga cell na iyon. Ang matrix ang sikreto sa lahat ng ginagawa ng cartilage. Ito ay isang meshwork ng mga type II collagen fibre, na puno ng malalaki, hugis-bottle-brush, at matinding humihigop ng tubig na mga molecule na tinatawag na proteoglycans (pangunahing aggrecan), at humigit-kumulang 70–80% tubig. Ang collagen net ay lumalaban sa pagkahila; ang aggrecan ay humihigop ng tubig at lumilikha ng swelling pressure na lumalaban sa pagkapitpit. Sa madaling salita, ang cartilage ay isang sponge na puno ng tubig na pinapanatili sa ilalim ng tensyon sa loob ng isang fibre net.

Ito rin ay kakaibang nakahiwalay: walang mga blood vessel, walang mga nerve, walang lymphatics. Ang mga chondrocyte ay nakapuwesto sa maliliit na chamber (lacunae), dahan-dahang pinapanatili ang kanilang bahagi ng matrix, at hindi maaaring gumalaw.

Ang near-frictionless bearing: kung paano dinadala ng cartilage ang load

Histolohiya ng articular cartilage sa tatlong zone — superficial (mga flattened cell), middle, at deep (mga columnar cell) — na nagpapakita kung paano nagbabago ang hugis ng chondrocyte kasabay ng lalim.
Ang cartilage ay may mga layer — ang mga chondrocyte ay nakahiga nang patag malapit sa gliding surface (superficial zone) at nagiging bilog pagkatapos ay columnar habang lumalalim, na sumasalamin sa nagbabagong collagen architecture na nag-aangkla sa surface sa buto sa ibaba. Bautista et al., Wikimedia Commons, CC0

Ang cartilage ay isa sa mga pinakamadulas na materyales na kilala: ang coefficient of friction nito ay humigit-kumulang 0.001, mas mababa kaysa sa yelong dumudulas sa yelo. Nakakamit nito ito sa pamamagitan ng dalawang mekanismong nagtutulungan.

Una, ito ay biphasic, isang solid matrix na nakababad sa fluid. Kapag ang joint ay loaded, ang nakulong na tubig ay hindi agad makalabas, kaya ito ay nag-pe-pressurise at dinadala ang load, na sa simula ay higit sa 90% nito. Ang fluid pressure, at hindi ang solid framework, ang pumapasan sa puwersa, na katulad ng pagtayo sa isang water bed. Habang gumagalaw ang contact point (dahil patuloy kang gumagalaw), ang fluid ay lumalabas sa harap at hinihigop pabalik sa likuran. Ang interstitial fluid pressurisation na ito ang pangunahing dahilan kung bakit kayang dalhin ng cartilage ang malalaking load nang may napakaliit na friction o wear.

Pangalawa, ang surface ay may dalang madulas na boundary layer ng mga molecule, kabilang ang lubricin (tinatawag ding PRG4) at hyaluronic acid mula sa joint fluid, na bumubuo ng isang hydrated film na pumipigil sa dalawang surface na direktang magdikit.

Ang matrix ay nakaayos din sa mga zone: ang mga collagen fibre ay tumatakbo nang parallel sa surface sa itaas (superficial) zone, na humahawak sa lubricating layer at lumalaban sa shear; nagiging mas random ang mga ito sa middle zone; at naka-anchor ang mga ito nang vertical sa deep zone, patungo sa isang calcified cartilage layer (na hinihiwalay ng isang linya na tinatawag na tidemark) na matibay na nagbubuklod sa malambot na cartilage sa matigas na buto, ang parehong engineering challenge ng pagdurugtong ng malambot sa matigas na nilulutas ng tendon enthesis.

Bakit halos hindi gumagaling ang cartilage

Kapag pinagsama-sama ang mga bahaging ito, nagiging malinaw kung bakit mahina ang paggaling:

  • Walang supply ng dugo na nangangahulugang walang clot, walang inflammatory cells, at wala ang mga growth factor na nagtutulak ng repair sa ibang bahagi ng katawan.
  • Hindi gaanong makakatulong ang mga cell: kakaunti ang mga chondrocyte, nakakulong sa matrix, at hindi nag-migrate o dumami nang sapat upang punan ang isang puwang.
  • Ang lalim ang nagtatakda ng tugon. Ang isang partial-thickness defect na limitado lamang sa cartilage ay hindi kailanman nakakaabot sa dugo o marrow, kaya halos wala itong nakukuhang repair response. Ang isang full-thickness defect na tumatagos hanggang sa subchondral bone ay hinahayaang pumasok ang mga marrow cell at dugo, at ang mga ito ang pumupuno sa puwang, ngunit gamit ang fibrocartilage (type I collagen, mababa sa proteoglycan), na mechanically inferior at mas mabilis mapudpod kaysa sa tunay na hyaline cartilage.

Iyan ang pangunahing pagkadismaya sa cartilage surgery: kaya nating punan ang isang butas, ngunit hindi gamit ang tunay na materyales.

Paano napapakain ang cartilage

Dahil walang sariling mga blood vessel, ang cartilage ay nakakakuha ng nutrisyon sa pamamagitan ng diffusion mula sa synovial (joint) fluid, at ang diffusion na ito ay itinutulak ng paggalaw at loading. Sa tuwing ang joint ay niloload at inu-unload, ang fluid at mga nutrient ay pino-pump papasok at palabas ng cartilage (katulad ng paraan kung paano pinapakain ng paggalaw ng daliri ang isang naghihilom na flexor tendon). Kaya ang cartilage ay tunay na nangangailangan ng cyclic loading upang manatiling healthy: ang matagal na immobilisation o unloading ay nagpapababa ng kalidad nito, habang ang katamtaman at regular na aktibidad ay nagpapanatili nito. Ang linya ng physiotherapist na "motion is lotion" ay may tunay na biological basis dito.

Osteoarthritis: kapag nasisira ang cartilage

Ang Osteoarthritis (OA) ay karaniwang tinatawag na "wear and tear", ngunit kulang ito sa paglalarawan: ito ay isang aktibong biological process, hindi lamang mechanical erosion.

Sinisimulan ng mechanical overload, pinsala, pagtanda o joint instability, ang mga chondrocyte ay lumilipat sa isang destructive mode. Pinapataas nila ang mga matrix-digesting enzyme (MMPs gaya ng MMP-13, at aggrecanases gaya ng ADAMTS-4 at -5) na sumisira sa type II collagen at aggrecan nang mas mabilis kaysa sa kaya itong palitan. Nawawala sa matrix ang water-holding proteoglycan nito, lumalambot, at naghihimulmol. Nagbabago rin ang katangian ng mga chondrocyte (isang shift na tinatawag na hypertrophy), ang cartilage ay nagsisimulang mag-calcify at tumanggap ng mga blood vessel, ang subchondral bone ay kumakapal at bumubuo ng mga bony spur (osteophytes), at ang joint lining (synovium) ay nagiging bahagyang inflamed, na naglalabas ng mga signal gaya ng IL-1 at TNF na nagpapatuloy sa cycle. Dahil ang cartilage ay hindi maaaring mag-regenerate, ito ay halos isang one-way street, kung kaya't ang pangangalaga sa OA ay nakatuon sa offloading, strengthening at weight management, at, kapag wala na ang cartilage, joint replacement.

Pag-aayos ng cartilage: kung bakit ito napakahirap

May iba't ibang operasyon na sumusubok na ibalik ang isang damaged surface, at ang dahilan kung bakit walang perpektong lunas ay direktang nag-uugat sa biyolohiyang nabanggit sa itaas:

  • Microfracture nagbubutas ng maliliit na butas sa subchondral bone upang papasukin ang mga marrow cell. Bumubuo sila ng fibrocartilage, na kapaki-pakinabang sa maikling panahon ngunit may tendensiyang lumala pagkatapos ng ilang taon.
  • Osteochondral transfer (OATS / mosaicplasty) naglilipat ng mga plug ng cartilage-at-buto mula sa bahagi ng joint na hindi gaanong nabibigatan. Ito ay tunay na hyaline cartilage, ngunit limitado ang supply.
  • Cell therapy (ACI / MACI) pinapalaki ang sariling chondrocytes ng pasyente sa isang laboratoryo at muling itinatanim ang mga ito; ang approach na ito ay promising ngunit technically demanding at hindi pa rin perpekto.

Wala sa mga ito ang maaasahang nakakagawa muli ng orihinal na layered hyaline cartilage kasama ang tumpak na zonal architecture at lubrication nito. Kapag ang cartilage ng buong joint ay pudpod na, ang definitive answer ay nananatiling joint replacement.

Ano ang nakakatulong at nakakasama sa cartilage

  • Ang paggalaw at katamtamang loading ay nagbibigay-nutrisyon at nagpapanatili sa cartilage; ang matagal na immobilisation ay nakakasama rito.
  • Ang sobrang timbang at joint instability ay nagpapabilis sa pagkasira nito; ang malalakas na nakapalibot na kalamnan ay nagpoprotekta rito.
  • Ang mga pinsala (injuries), lalo na ang mga nagdudulot ng instability sa joint o sumisira sa surface, ay nagpapataas ng long-term risk ng osteoarthritis.
  • At ang masakit na katotohanan sa buong pahinang ito: kapag malubha nang napinsala, ang cartilage ay hindi na tumutubo muli. Halos wala nang ibang tissue kung saan mas mahalaga ang prevention.

Tingnan din

Reviewed by Dr Kieran Hirpara · 27 June 2026.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International

Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.