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Pagkiklik, Pagpuputok, at Pagkabigat ng Balikat

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Why a shoulder clicks, pops or feels like it slips — from harmless noises to labral tears and instability — what it means, and when it needs attention.

Updated Aug 2026
Isang tao na may mga braso na nakakabit at hawak ang parehong balikat.
Ang pag-click, pag-pop, o pakiramdam na ang balikat ay lumilipat ay maaaring magpahiwatig ng kawalan ng katatagan na kailangang suriin. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ano ang nararamdaman mo

Maaaring mapansin mo ang pag-click, pag-pop, o pakiramdam ng pagkagiling sa iyong balikat. Karaniwang nangyayari ito kapag ang kasukasuan ay tila maluwag o hindi matatag. Ang sakit ay kadalasang malalim sa balikat at maaaring mag-irradiate pababa sa iyong braso. Madalas itong lumala matapos mong itaas ang mabibigat na bagay o umabot pataas. Maaari ring makaramdam ka ng discomfort kapag nakatulog sa gilid na iyon, na nagpapatigil sa pahinga sa gabi.

Ang mga gawain sa araw-araw ay maaaring maging hamon. Ang mga simpleng galaw tulad ng pag-abot sa likod ng iyong likod upang isara ang bra o pagtupi ng damit ay maaaring magdulot ng matulis na sakit o pakiramdam na ang balikat ay lumilipol sa posisyon. Ang pag-abot para sa mga gamit sa mataas na shelf ay maaaring mag-trigger ng kawalan ng katatagan. Maaari mong iwasan ang paggamit ng iyong braso nang buo dahil takot kang ito ay mag-dislocate. Ang pagkagulo na ito ay maaaring gawin kang mahina o hindi koordinado sa mga karaniwang gawain.

Para sa ilang tao, lumala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng partikular na mga sports o pisikal na aktibidad. Kung may multidirectional instability ka, ang iyong balikat ay maaaring maging maluwag sa maraming direksyon. Sa mga seryosong kaso, ang kasukasuan ay maaaring bahagyang o ganap na mag-dislocate. Ito ay isang medikal na emerhensiya na nangangailangan ng agarang atensyon. Kung mararanasan mo ang biglaang matinding sakit at kakulangan sa paggalaw ng iyong balikat, humingi ng tulong agad.

Ang iyong surgeon ay umaasa sa isang komprehensibong pisikal na pagsusuri upang maunawaan ang iyong partikular na mga sintomas. Ang mga pagsusuri sa imahe tulad ng MRI ay maaaring magpakita ng mga isyu sa istruktura, ngunit ang iyong pisikal na karanasan ang pinakamahalagang gabay para sa paggamot. Maging kung mayroon kang anterior o posterior instability, ang layunin ay bawasan ang mga hindi komportableng pakiramdam at ibalik ang katatagan. Ang pag-unawa sa mga nagtutrigga ng iyong mga sintomas ay tumutulong sa iyong surgeon na lumikha ng plano na angkop sa iyong mga pangangailangan.

Ano ang nangyayari talaga

Ang iyong balikat ay isang ball-and-socket joint. Ang ball ay ang itaas na bahagi ng iyong upper arm bone. Ang socket ay isang mababaw na cup sa iyong shoulder blade. Isang singsing ng cartilage na tinatawag na labrum ang naglilinya sa socket na ito. Isipin ang labrum na parang gasket o shock absorber. Pinalalim nito ang socket upang manatili ang ball sa kanyang posisyon. Naglikha rin ito ng mahigpit na selyo na nagpapanatili ng buong joint.

Kapag nararanasan mo ang clicking, popping, o instability, may hindi tamang pagkakasunod-sunod sa sistemang ito. Sa ilang kaso, iba ang hugis ng iyong shoulder blade bone. Maaaring gawing mas hindi stable ang joint ang mga ito. Maaaring napunit o na-stretch ang labrum mismo. Kung sira ang labrum, hindi nito mapipigilan ang ball na maging secure. Pinapayagan nito ang ball na dumulas o lumabas sa posisyon. Maaaring maranasan mo ito bilang biglang paglipat o pakiramdam ng grinding.

Minsan, ang problema ay may kinalaman sa mga ligaments. Ito ay matibay na banda ng tissue na gumagana parang mga lubid na nag-iikot sa joint. Kung matututukan ang ligament mula sa bone, magiging loose ang balikat. Maaaring mangyari ito pagkatapos ng dislocation. Maaari rin itong mangyari kung unti-unting nasira ang cartilage sa paglipas ng panahon. Kapag nawala ang makinis na coating sa mga bone, magkakaroon ng friction ang mga surface sa isa’t isa. Ito ang nagdudulot ng sakit at ng tunog ng clicking na naririnig mo.

Sa malubhang kaso, maaaring magbago ang hugis ng mga bone mismo. Maaaring bumuo ng dent sa ball ng balikat mula sa pagtama sa socket. Ginagawa nitong mas mahirap para sa ball na bumalik sa posisyon. Tinitingnan ng iyong surgeon ang mga structural changes na ito upang maunawaan kung bakit hindi stable ang iyong balikat. Sinusuri nila kung ang labrum, ligaments, o bones ang pangunahing sanhi. Ang pag-unawa sa mga ito ay tumutulong sa kanila na pumili ng tamang treatment upang ibalik ang stability at pigilan ang popping.

Ano ang maaari naming gawin dito

Sa aming klinika, si Dr. Kieran Hirpara ang nagbibigay-direksyon sa mga pasyente sa prosesong ito, na nagsisimula sa isang komprehensibong pagsusuri upang kumpirmahin ang dahilan ng iyong mga sintomas. Karaniwan kaming nagre-rekomenda ng non-operative na paggamot muna para sa mga matagal nang isyu, at inaalis ang operasyon para sa mga kaso kung saan hindi nagbigay ng sapat na ginhawa ang conservative na paggamot.

Karamihan sa mga unang kaganapan ng shoulder instability ay pinamamahalaan nang walang operasyon. Malamang na irekomenda ng iyong surgeon ang nonoperative na paggamot, lalo na kung ikaw ay isang atleta habang nasa season. Ang pamamaraang ito ay nagbibigay-daan upang ang iyong balikat ay magpagaling at mag-stabilize nang sarili.

Ang physical therapy ang pangunahing bahagi ng paggamot na ito. Layunin nitong mapabuti ang range of motion at functional strength ng iyong balikat. Para sa ilang mga pasyente, ang pagdaragdag ng kinesio taping sa conventional rehabilitation ay nagdudulot ng mas malaking pag-unlad kaysa sa therapy lamang. Dapat mong bigyan ng patas na pagsubok ang conservative na paggamot na ito. Binibigyan nito ang iyong mga kalamnan ng pagkakataong matutunan kung paano protektahan ang joint sa mga araw-araw na gawain at sports.

Kung patuloy ang sakit, maaaring talakayin ng iyong surgeon ang medical management. Karaniwang kasama nito ang pain medication at anti-inflammatory drugs upang bawasan ang pamamaga at hindi pagkainis. Sa ilang kaso, maaaring mag-alok ng mga injection tulad ng cortisone, hyaluronic acid, o platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Maaaring tulungan ng mga injection na ito na mapayapa ang pamamaga at magbigay ng pansamantalang ginhawa. Nag-iiba-iba ang tagal ng ginhawang ito mula sa tao patungo sa tao, ngunit karaniwang pansamantala lamang ito. Tumutulong ito upang mas komportable kang makilahok sa physical therapy.

Isinasalang-ala ang operasyon kapag naabot na ng conservative na paggamot ang hangganan nito. Karaniwan itong nangangahulugan na mayroon kang mga recurrent dislocations o persistent instability kahit na may thorough rehabilitation. Susuriin ng iyong surgeon ang iyong partikular na anatomy, kasama ang dami ng bone loss at ang posisyon ng anumang lesions. Kung kinakailangan ang operasyon, ang layunin ay ayusin ang mga nasirang istruktura at ibalik ang stability. Ang partikular na prosedura ay nakadepende kung ang instability ay anterior o posterior, at kung may malaking bone loss.

Para sa mga kumplikadong kaso na may malubhang bone loss o end-stage joint damage, maaaring talakayin ang mas advanced na mga surgical na pagpipilian. Maaaring kabilang dito ang mga bone block procedures o, sa bihirang mga end-stage na kaso, joint fusion o replacement. Gayunpaman, ang karamihan sa mga pasyente ay nakakahanap ng tagumpay sa nonoperative na pamamahala o sa standard na stabilization surgery. Gabayin ka ng iyong surgeon sa proseso ng paggawa ng desisyon batay sa iyong clinical exam at mga resulta ng imaging.

Ano ang inaasahan

Ang iyong prognosis ay nakadepende sa malaking bahagi kung ang iyong kawalan ng katatagan ng balikat ay isang beses lang na pangyayari o isang paulit-ulit na pattern. Kung ito ay unang beses mong mararanasan ang posterior na kawalan ng katatagan, lalo na kung ito ay nangyayari habang nasa sports season, malamang na irekomenda ng iyong surgeon ang non-surgical na paggamot muna. Ang pamamaraang ito ay nagbibigay ng pinakamagandang pagkakataon para ayusin ang iyong balikat nang hindi kailangan agad ng operasyon. Maraming tao ang nakakakita ng pagpapabuti ng mga sintomas sa pamamagitan ng pahinga at target na terapiya, na nagpapahintulot sa kanila na muling makabalik sa kanilang mga aktibidad nang ligtas.

Kung ang iyong kawalan ng katatagan ay paulit-ulit o seryoso, maaaring kailanganin ang operasyon upang ibalik ang katatagan. Para sa maraming pasyente, parehong arthroscopic at open na mga pamamaraan ng operasyon ay nag-aalok ng katulad na long-term na resulta sa pagbawas ng mga dislokasyon at pagpapabuti ng function. Gayunpaman, nag-iiba ang mga resulta batay sa tiyak na kalikasan ng iyong sugat. Halimbawa, kung mayroon kang malaking pagkawala ng buto o mga partikular na uri ng labral na sugat, mas mataas ang risk na ma-dislocate muli ang iyong balikat. Sa mga kumplikadong kaso na ito, ang mga isolated na repair ay maaaring hindi magbigay ng matibay na katatagan, at maaaring bumaba ang mga patient-reported outcomes sa paglipas ng panahon. Titingnan ng iyong surgeon nang maigi ang iyong edad, uri ng pinsala sa tisyu, at lokasyon ng sugat upang ma-predict ang iyong personal na risk ng recurrence.

Ang paggaling ay isang unti-unting proseso na nangangailangan ng pasensya. Habang ang maraming pasyente ay nakakaranas ng magagandang clinical na resulta pagkatapos ng repair, ang timeline para sa pagbabalik sa buong sports participation ay nananatiling hindi sigurado para sa ilang mga prosedura. Maaaring makita mo ang patuloy na pagpapabuti sa lakas at kumpiyansa sa loob ng ilang buwan. Sa mga kaso na may kinalaman sa mga kumplikadong kondisyon tulad ng Ehlers-Danlos syndrome o end-stage na pagkasira ng kasu-kasuan, maaaring pag-usapan ang mas malawak na mga prosedura tulad ng joint fusion o replacement bilang mga viable na opsyon upang alisin ang sakit at pigilan ang karagdagang dislokasyon. Ang isang komprehensibong physical examination ang pinakamahalagang hakbang sa pagtatakda ng tamang landas para sa iyo, dahil ang mga resulta ng imaging ay hindi laging nagpapakita ng buong kwento. Sa pamamagitan ng pag-unawa sa iyong mga tiyak na risk at pakikisama nang malapit sa iyong care team, maaari mong itakda ang realistik na mga ekspektasyon para sa isang matatag at functional na balikat.

Kailan kumonsulta sa doktor

Humingi ng pagsusuri ng espesyalista kung ikaw ay may patuloy na sakit na hindi gumagaling kahit pahinga, o kung ang iyong balikat ay pakiramdam na mahina at hindi matatag. Pumunta sa iyong doktor kung ang iyong kasukasuan ay nakakabit o biglang nawawalan ng lakas habang nagkakaroon ng mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Humingi ng pag-aalaga kung ang mga sintomas ay nakakaapekto sa iyong tulog o trabaho. Bigyang-pansin agad ang biglang paglala ng kawalan ng katatagan. Ang masusing klinikal na pagsusuri ang pinakamahalagang salik sa pagtukoy kung kailangan mo ng operasyon. Mahalaga ang maagang pagkilala sa mga isyu, tulad ng paulit-ulit na pagkalabas ng kasukasuan, para sa masaganang resulta ng paggana. Huwag hintayin na mawala ang mga sintomas sa sarili nito kung patuloy ito.

Reviewed by Dr Kieran Hirpara · 7 August 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Coracoid morphology differs significantly in patients undergoing posterior shoulder stabilization compared to patients undergoing surgery for anterior instability or a comparison cohort [1].
  • NHL team physicians strongly favor nonoperative management in-season for initial posterior instability events of the shoulder [2].
  • Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches, whereas historical differences were driven primarily by earlier studies [3].
  • Rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability were high following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss [4].
  • High rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss were associated with inferior PROs at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
  • There is no difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal vs. pathological radiologist reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study [5].
  • A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining indication for shoulder instability surgery [5].
  • Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation demonstrated low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in patients with multidirectional shoulder instability, including those with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].
  • Reverse shoulder arthroplasty and glenohumeral arthrodesis are viable options in treating end-stage recurrent shoulder instability [7].
  • Arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations typically results in favorable clinical outcomes [9].
  • The likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain following arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations [9].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in the stabilization of recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery [10].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure offers the advantage of local harvesting of a bone block and a potential sling effect [10].
  • Spin is highly prevalent in abstracts of systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating free bone block procedures for glenohumeral instability [11].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Labral morphology does not compensate for reduced bony glenoid concavity in clinically stable shoulders [17].
  • The labrum contributes significantly to joint depth and creates a more congruent joint by minimizing differences between humerus and glenoid radius of curvature (ROC) [21].
  • Healthy young adults exhibit deeper, thicker, and taller glenoid labrum morphology at the 12 o'clock position [21].
  • Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions are uncommon and prone to misdiagnosis [12].
  • Traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation can occur in association with a posterior acromion fracture [8].
  • Posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) can be present in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations [9].
  • Acute anterior shoulder dislocation carries a risk of subsequent rotator cuff tear (RCT), for which risk prediction models exist [22].

Classification

  • Recurrent anterior shoulder instability following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss was associated with inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
  • There is no difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal versus pathological radiologist-reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study [5].
  • Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation demonstrates low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in high-risk patients with multidirectional shoulder instability, including those with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in stabilizing recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery [10].
  • Younger surgeons are more likely to incorporate the glenoid track concept into their decision-making for first-time anterior shoulder dislocation compared to older counterparts [13].
  • The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score showed good predictive performance for recurrence after arthroscopic Bankart repair [14].

Clinical Presentation

  • Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches, whereas historical differences were driven by earlier studies [3].
  • A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining the indication for shoulder instability surgery [5].
  • Reverse shoulder arthroplasty and glenohumeral arthrodesis are viable options for treating end-stage recurrent shoulder instability [7].
  • The likelihood of returning to sports after arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations remains uncertain [9].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure allows for local harvesting of a bone block and offers a potential sling effect [10].
  • Early recognition and tailored treatment strategies are essential for satisfactory functional outcomes in bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions [12].
  • Younger surgeons are more likely to incorporate the glenoid track concept into their decision-making for managing a first-time anterior shoulder dislocation compared to older counterparts [13].
  • Similar return-to-play rates are seen with open versus arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization in contact and collision athletes [15].
  • Age, labral lesion type, and lesion location are key risk factors for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].

Investigations

  • A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining indication for shoulder instability surgery, with no difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal vs. pathological radiologist-reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study [5].

Treatment

  • Kinesio taping combined with conventional rehabilitation leads to more significant improvements in shoulder range of motion and functional scores compared to conventional rehabilitation alone in military personnel with recurrent shoulder dislocation caused by training injury [18].
  • Arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR) for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss is associated with high rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability and inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
  • The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score show good predictive performance for recurrence after ABR in patients with <20% glenoid bone loss [14].
  • Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches for anterior shoulder instability, whereas historical differences were driven by earlier studies [3].
  • Return-to-play rates are similar between open and arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization in contact and collision athletes [15].
  • Arthroscopic distal tibial allograft reconstruction with suture button fixation and capsulolabral repair for traumatic anterior shoulder instability yields high rates of graft union and improves clinical outcomes at 2 years [19].
  • Arthroscopic bone block using an autologous iliac crest graft with concomitant remplissage results in a favorable outcome for a young patient with extensive sporting activity and severe bipolar bone loss [20].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in stabilizing recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery, offering the advantages of local bone block harvesting and a potential sling effect [10].
  • Arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations typically results in favorable clinical outcomes, though the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain [9].

Complications

  • High rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss were associated with inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
  • Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation for multidirectional shoulder instability demonstrated low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].

Recovery

  • Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches [3].
  • Isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss is associated with high rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability [4].
  • Isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss is associated with inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
  • Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation demonstrates low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in patients with multidirectional shoulder instability and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].
  • The likelihood of returning to sports following arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament remains uncertain [9].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results for stabilizing recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery [10].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure allows for local harvesting of a bone block [10].
  • The modified Kouvalchouk procedure offers a potential sling effect [10].
  • The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score show good predictive performance for recurrence after arthroscopic Bankart repair [14].
  • Age is a key risk factor for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].
  • Labral lesion type is a key risk factor for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].
  • Lesion location is a key risk factor for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].
  • Delayed inferior shoulder subluxation can occur secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [24].
  • Functional status in cases of delayed inferior shoulder subluxation secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis reflects the expected timeline of neurological reinnervation following C5-C6 plexitis [24].

Key Evidence

  • [L3] Coracoid morphology differs significantly in patients undergoing posterior shoulder stabilization when compared to patients undergoing surgery for anterior instability or a comparison cohort. [1] (10.1177/03635465261421534)
  • [L4] NHL team physicians strongly favor nonoperative management in-season for initial posterior instability events of the shoulder. [2] (10.1177/23259671261440208)
  • [L4] Publication period subgroup analysis suggests that historical instability differences were driven primarily by earlier studies, whereas contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between approaches. [3] (10.1177/03635465261443999)
  • [L3] Rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability were high following isolated ABR for on-track HSLs with <20% glenoid bone loss and were associated with inferior PROs at mean 10-year follow-up. [4] (10.1177/23259671261430742)
  • [L3] A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining indication for shoulder instability surgery. [5] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100675)
  • [L4] The study demonstrated low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in this high-risk population. [6] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.024)
  • [L2] TSA and GHA are viable options in treating end-stage recurrent shoulder instability. [7] (10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101429)
  • [L4] Two cases document an unusual injury pattern in which a posterior glenohumeral dislocation occurred in association with a (posterior) acromion fracture. [8] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.09.006)
  • [L4] While arthroscopic repair of this combination typically results in favorable clinical outcomes, the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain. [9] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.020)
  • [L4] The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in the stabilization of recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery, with the advantage of local harvesting of a bone block and a potential sling effect. [10] (10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101681)
  • [L4] Spin is highly prevalent in abstracts of systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating FBB for glenohumeral instability. [11] (10.1177/03635465251338079)
  • [L4] Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions are uncommon and prone to misdiagnosis; early recognition and tailored treatment strategies are essential for satisfactory functional outcomes. [12] (10.1186/s12891-026-09537-y)
  • [L5] Younger surgeons are more likely to incorporate the glenoid track concept into their decision-making compared to their older counterparts. [13] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.018)
  • [L3] The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score showed good predictive performance for recurrence after ABR. [14] (10.1002/arj.70009)
  • [L2] However, similar return‐to‐play rates are seen with either approach. [15] (10.1002/ksa.70263)
  • [L4] Age, labral lesion type, and lesion location are key risk factors for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up. [16] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.03.034)
  • [L4] This study demonstrates that labral morphology does not compensate for reduced bony glenoid concavity in clinically stable shoulders. [17] (10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101422)
  • [L4] The combined intervention of kinesio taping and conventional rehabilitation led to more significant improvements in shoulder range of motion and functional scores compared to conventional rehabilitation alone. [18] (10.1186/s12891-026-09753-6)
  • [L4] Arthroscopic DTA bone block glenoid reconstruction using 2 pairs of suture buttons to treat recurrent traumatic anterior instability with significant bone loss yields improved clinical and acceptable radiological outcomes. [19] (10.1002/arj.70008)
  • [Case_report] This case report demonstrates the efficacy of an arthroscopic Bankart with an arthroscopic bone augmentation of the anterior glenoid wall, in conjunction with an additional remplissage procedure, resulting in a favorable outcome for a young patient with extensive sporting activity. [20] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100606)
  • [L4] The labrum contributed significantly to the depth and created a more congruent joint by minimizing differences between humerus and glenoid ROC. [21] (10.1002/arj.70221)
  • [L3] The findings may assist orthopedic surgeons in identifying patients at high risk for RCT after shoulder dislocation. [22] (10.1186/s12891-026-09550-1)
  • [L4] The case suggests that delayed inferior shoulder subluxation can occur secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, with functional status reflecting the expected timeline of neurological reinnervation following C5-C6 plexitis. [24] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100754)

References

[1] Coracoid Morphology and the Risk of Posterior Shoulder Instability: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261421534

[2] Treatment of Posterior Shoulder Instability in National Hockey League Players: A Survey of NHL Team Physicians. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/23259671261440208

[3] Arthroscopic vs Open Bankart Repair for Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261443999

[4] Long-Term Outcomes following Instability After Isolated Arthroscopic Bankart Repair for On-Track Hill-Sachs Lesions With <20% Glenoid Bone Loss. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/23259671261430742

[5] No difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal vs. pathological radiologist reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100675

[6] Open Capsular Shift with Achilles Allograft Augmentation for Multidirectional Shoulder Instability: Long-Term Outcomes and Implications for Patients with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.024

[7] A comparison of reverse shoulder arthroplasty and glenohumeral arthrodesis for end-stage shoulder instability. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101429

[8] Traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation with associated acromion fracture: a report of 2 cases. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.09.006

[9] Clinical outcomes following arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.020

[10] Modified Kouvalchouk technique for recurrent posterior instability of the shoulder. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101681

[11] Appraisal of the Presence of Spin in Abstracts of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Regarding Free Bone Block Procedures for Glenohumeral Instability. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251338079

[12] Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions: a report of two cases and a literature review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09537-y

[13] Management of a first time anterior shoulder dislocation: the decision-making process of a surgeon. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.018

[14] Combining Instability Severity Index Score and Hill‐Sachs Interval‐to‐Glenoid Track Ratio Predicts Recurrent Instability After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair in Patients With <20% Glenoid Bone Loss. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70009

[15] Return to play and recurrent instability rates in open versus arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilisation in the contact and collision athlete: A systematic review. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/ksa.70263

[16] Age, labral lesion type, and lesion location are key risk factors for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability: a minimum 10-year follow-up study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.03.034

[17] Labral morphology does not compensate for reduced bony glenoid concavity in stable shoulders. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101422

[18] A retrospective analysis of the promoting effect of kinesio taping on the rehabilitation of military personnel with recurrent shoulder dislocation caused by training injury. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09753-6

[19] Arthroscopic Distal Tibial Allograft Reconstruction With Suture Button Fixation and Capsulolabral Repair for Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability Yields High Rates of Graft Union and Improves Clinical Outcomes at 2 Years. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70008

[20] Arthroscopic bone block using an autologous iliac crest graft and concomitant remplissage for severe bipolar bone loss in a young patient with anterior shoulder instability: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100606

[21] In Vivo 3‐Dimensional Glenohumeral Joint Geometry Based Upon Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Analysis Shows Deeper, Thicker, and Taller Glenoid Labrum Morphology at 12 O’Clock Position in Healthy Young Adults. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70221

[22] Development and validation of a risk prediction model for rotator cuff tears following acute anterior shoulder dislocation. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09550-1

[24] Recurrent inferior shoulder subluxation secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100754

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