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Mga Pagsusuri ng Nerve at Mga Pag-aaral ng Conduction

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What nerve conduction studies and EMG are, why they are done for carpal tunnel and other nerve problems, what to expect, and how accurate they are.

Updated Aug 2026
Isang pag-aaral ng pagdaloy ng nerbiyo: isang probe sa forearms na may mga electrode leads sa kamay.
Ang mga pag-aaral ng konduksyon ng nerbiyo ay sinusukat kung gaano kagaling ng mga nerbiyo na magdala ng mga signal, na tumutulong sa pagdi-diagnose ng carpal tunnel syndrome at iba pang mga problema sa nerbiyo. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ano ang nararamdaman mo

Maaaring mapansin mo ang sakit, pagkawala ng pakiramdam (numbness), o pangangati sa iyong kamay o braso. Karaniwang sumusunod ang mga nararamdaman na ito sa tiyak na landas ng isang nerbiyos. Halimbawa, ang carpal tunnel syndrome ay apektado ang median nerve. Maaaring maranasan mo ang mga sintomas sa iyong hinlalaking hinirang, hintuturo, at gitnang daliri. Ang ulnar neuropathy sa siko ay maaaring magdulot ng pangangati sa iyong anghas at maliit na daliri. Ang mga isyu sa suprascapular nerve ay maaaring magdulot ng sakit sa balikat o kahinaan.

Ang iyong mga sintomas ay madalas na nagbabago depende sa aktibidad. Maaari itong lumala matapos ang mga paulit-ulit na gawain tulad ng pag-type o pag-angat. Maaaring maging mahirap ang pag-abot sa likod upang isara ang bra. Maaaring maging awkward o masakit ang pagtutukoy ng damit sa loob ng pantalon. Karaniwang panahon ng gabi ang paglala ng mga sintomas. Maaari kang gumising na may kamay na walang pakiramdam na kailangan mong igalaw. Nangyayari ito dahil lumilipat ang likido o lumalala ang pagpindot sa nerbiyos kapag nakahiga ka nang tahimik.

May mga araw na mas maganda kaysa sa iba. Maaaring gumamit ang iyong doktor ng mga pagsusuri sa nerbiyos upang suriin kung gaano kagaling ang pagganap ng iyong mga nerbiyos. Tumutulong ang mga pagsusuring ito sa pagsukat ng kabiguan ng problema. Tumutulong din ito sa paghula kung gaano kagaling ang operasyon na makatutulong sa iyo. Gayunpaman, hindi laging tugma ang mga sintomas sa mga resulta ng pagsusuri. May mga taong may malinaw na senyales ng problema sa nerbiyos ngunit normal ang resulta ng pagsusuri. May iba naman na may abnormal na resulta ng pagsusuri ngunit mild na mga sintomas.

Anuman ang resulta ng pagsusuri, maaari pa ring makatulong ang paggamot sa iyo. Kung ang iyong mga sintomas ay nagpapahiwatig ng mild hanggang moderate na pagpindot sa nerbiyos, maaaring pag-usapan ng iyong doktor ang carpal tunnel release. Ang prosedurang ito ay maaaring bawasan ang presyon sa nerbiyos. Maaari ring ipakita ng ultrasound kung buo o sira ang nerbiyos. Tumutulong ito sa iyong doktor na makita ang hindi direkta epekto ng mga nakaraang isyu.

Sa mga kaso ng balikat, mahalaga ang kalusugan ng nerbiyos. Ang mahinang pagganap ng nerbiyos ay maaaring makaapekto sa paggaling matapos ang joint replacement. Maingat na susuriin ng iyong doktor ang iyong mga nerbiyos bago at pagkatapos ng operasyon. Tumutulong ito sa pagprotekta sa iyong pangmatagalang pagganap. Kahit na hindi malinaw ang mga resulta ng pagsusuri, mahalaga ang iyong karanasan. Kung mahirap ang mga pang-araw-araw na gawain, ipaalam ito sa iyong doktor. Maaari nilang i-customize ang plano upang makatulong sa iyo na bumalik sa normal na buhay.

Ano ang nangyayari talaga

Ang mga nerbiyos ay gumagana tulad ng mga kable ng kuryente na nagdadala ng mga signal mula sa iyong utak patungo sa iyong mga kalamnan at balat. Kapag pinisil o na-irritate ang mga nerbiyong ito, bumabagal o humihinto ang mga signal. Ito ang nangyayari sa mga kondisyon tulad ng carpal tunnel syndrome o ulnar neuropathy. Tumitipon ang presyon sa makitid na espasyo sa paligid ng iyong pulso o siko, na nakakasama sa kakayahan ng nerbiyong gumana nang wasto.

Gagamitin ng iyong surgeon ang mga pagsusuri sa nerbiyong sukatin kung gaano kagaling ang paglalakbay ng mga signal na ito. Ang mga pag-aaral na ito ang pinakamainam na paraan upang makita kung gaano kalala ang pinsala at upang ma-predict kung gaano kagaling ang iyong magiging resulta pagkatapos ng operasyon. Minsan, ginagamit ang ultrasound bilang alternatibo. Ang pagsusuring imahe na ito ay gumagamit ng mga sound wave upang tingnan ang istruktura ng nerbiyong. Maaari nitong kumpirmahin kung buo ang nerbiyong at ipakita ang anumang pamamaga o pagbabago na dulot ng presyon.

Karaniwang may agwat sa pagitan ng pakiramdam ng iyong mga sintomas at ng ipinapakita ng mga pagsusuri. Halimbawa, humigit-kumulang 73% ng mga tao na may mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome ay may malinaw na mga sign at sintomas. Gayunpaman, 51% lamang ang nagpapakita ng malinaw na ebidensya ng pinsala sa nerbiyong sa mga pagsusuri o ultrasound. Ibig sabihin, kahit normal ang mga pagsusuri, totoo ang iyong mga sintomas. Kung ang iyong mga sign at sintomas ay nagpapahiwatig ng problema sa nerbiyong, tumutulong ang karagdagang pagsusuri upang kumpirmahin na makakatulong talaga ang operasyon.

Sa mas kumplikadong mga kaso, tulad ng mga isyu sa balikat, kritikal ang kalusugan ng nerbiyong. Maaaring ma-predict ng mga pagsusuri kung gaano kagaling ang pagbawi ng iyong pag-andar ng balikat pagkatapos ng joint replacement. Tinutulungan nito ang iyong surgeon na protektahan ang mga nerbiyong habang nasa operasyon. Kahit hindi perpektong malinaw ang mga pagsusuri, maaari pa ring mag-alok ang iyong surgeon ng operasyon para sa mild-to-moderate nerve compression kung ito ay angkop sa iyong klinikal na larawan. Ang layunin ay bawasan ang presyon upang mabawi ng iyong mga nerbiyong at magpadala muli ng malinaw na mga signal.

Ano ang inaasahan

Maaaring rekomendahan ng iyong doktor ang mga pagsusuri ng nerbiyo upang suriin kung gaano kagaling ang pagganap ng iyong mga nerbiyo. Ang mga pagsusuring ito ay tumutulong sa pagsukat ng kagalaw ng iyong kondisyon at maaaring magbigay-hintay kung gaano ka epektibo ang iyong pagtugon sa operasyon. Para sa carpal tunnel syndrome, ang mga pagsusuring ito ang pinakamainam na tagapahiwatig ng kabuuang kagalaw ng sakit. Tumutulong din sila sa pagtukoy kung ang iyong mga sintomas ay talagang dulot ng pagpindot sa nerbiyo na maaaring makatulong sa paggamot.

Maaaring magtanong ka kung ang iyong mga sintomas ay tugma sa mga resulta ng pagsusuri. Karaniwang may agwat sa pagitan ng nararamdaman mo at ng ipinapakita ng mga pagsusuri. Ang mga klinikal na senyales at sintomas ay nagpapahiwatig ng mild hanggang moderate na carpal tunnel syndrome sa 73% ng mga kaso. Gayunpaman, ang mga electrodiagnostic na pagsusuri at ultrasound ay kumakumpirma ng kondisyon sa lamang 51% ng mga kaso. Ibig sabihin, may ilang tao na may sintomas ngunit walang makikitang pinsala sa nerbiyo sa mga pagsusuri, habang may iba naman na may mild na sintomas ngunit may malaking isyu sa nerbiyo.

Kung ang iyong mga senyales at sintomas ay nagpapahiwatig ng mild hanggang moderate na median neuropathy, ang karagdagang pagsusuri ay maaaring magtaas ng tsansang matukoy ang aktwal na pinsala sa nerbiyo na maaaring ayusin ng operasyon. Kahit na normal ang mga pagsusuring ito, maaaring mag-alok pa rin ang iyong doktor ng carpal tunnel release para sa mild hanggang moderate na idiopathic na median neuropathy. Ibig sabihin, maaari pa ring makatanggap ng paggamot kahit na hindi malinaw ang mga resulta ng pagsusuri.

Para sa ibang mga nerbiyo, tulad ng ulnar nerve sa siko o suprascapular nerve sa balikat, maaaring gamitin ang ibang mga pagsusuri. Ang ultrasound ay isang valid na alternatibo sa mga electrodiagnostic na pagsusuri para sa pagtukoy ng mga isyu sa ulnar nerve. Para sa mga kondisyon sa balikat, tumutulong ang mga insayt na ito sa paghula ng mga functional na resulta at paggabay sa mga estratehiya ng pagpapanatili ng nerbiyo. Sa ilang mga kaso, tulad ng mga sugat sa suprascapular nerve mula sa rotator cuff tears, maaaring hindi ganap na epektibo ang karaniwang electromyography, kaya’t masusing susuriin ng iyong doktor ang integridad ng nerbiyo gamit ang ibang mga paraan.

Anuman ang resulta ng pagsusuri, ang layunin ay matukoy ang pinakamainam na landas para sa iyong paggaling. Nagbibigay ang mga pagsusuring ito ng kritikal na impormasyon upang matulungan ang iyong doktor na magplano ng iyong pag-aalaga. Tumutulong sila sa pagtiyak na ang anumang paggamot na matatanggap mo ay nakatuon at malamang na mapabuti ang iyong pang-araw-araw na pagganap. Gagamitin ng iyong doktor ang mga resulta na ito kasama ng iyong physical exam upang bigyan ka ng malinaw na larawan ng inaasahan mo mula sa iyong paglalakbay sa paggamot.

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 13 June 2026.

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Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Nerve conduction studies serve as a measure of impaired nerve function and the best available indicator of overall disease severity in carpal tunnel syndrome, with some prognostic value for surgical outcome [1].
  • Ultrasound is a valid alternative confirmatory test compared with electrodiagnostic studies in detecting ulnar neuropathy at the elbow [2].
  • There is severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound (51%) [8].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as electrodiagnostic studies or ultrasound may increase the probability of confirming actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve cross-sectional area are associated with each other and with clinical symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome [9].
  • Ultrasound has comparable sensitivity and specificity to nerve conduction studies in patients two or more standard deviations above or below the mean age for presentation of carpal tunnel syndrome [15].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis demonstrated significant improvements in nerve conduction, pain reduction, and enhancement of hand function for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [4].
  • Ulnar nerve motor nerve conduction velocity at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of motor nerve conduction velocity at the elbow and forearm, especially in clinically severe cases considering surgery [6].
  • Electromyography does not show adequate effectiveness in diagnosis of suprascapular nerve lesions caused by rotator cuff tear in a rat model [12].
  • Radiological and electrodiagnostic insights into suprascapular nerve dysfunction are key predictors of poor functional outcomes in shoulder hemiarthroplasty [5].

How It Works

  • Nerve conduction studies serve as a measure of impaired nerve function and the best available indicator of overall disease severity in carpal tunnel syndrome [1].
  • Nerve conduction studies have some prognostic value for surgical outcome in carpal tunnel syndrome [1].
  • Ultrasound is a valid alternative confirmatory test compared with electrodiagnostic studies for detecting ulnar neuropathy at the elbow [2].
  • Electrodiagnostic studies or ultrasound can increase the probability of identifying actual median neuropathy that may benefit from surgery when signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate disease [3].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis significantly improves nerve conduction in patients with mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [4].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis significantly reduces pain in patients with mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [4].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis significantly enhances hand function in patients with mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [4]
  • Electrodiagnostic studies provide insights into suprascapular nerve dysfunction, which is a key predictor of poor functional outcomes in shoulder hemiarthroplasty [5].
  • Ulnar nerve motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of MNCV at the elbow and forearm in clinically severe cubital tunnel syndrome cases considering surgery [6].
  • Compound muscle action potential amplitude is predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve [7].
  • Other conventional electrodiagnostic parameters, excluding compound muscle action potential amplitude, are not predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve [7].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) are associated with each other in carpal tunnel syndrome [9].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve CSA are associated with clinical symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome [9].
  • The overall usage of electrodiagnostic studies for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014 [10].
  • The preoperative usage of electrodiagnostic studies for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014 [10].
  • There is a significant association between increasing median nerve cross-sectional area and increasing electrodiagnostic severity at the distal wrist crease [11].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrate shorter sensory nerve onset and peak latencies compared to patients with carpal tunnel syndrome alone [13].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrate different patterns of wrist and elbow motor nerve conduction compared to patients with carpal tunnel syndrome alone [13].
  • As the severity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow increases, the cross-sectional area of the ulnar nerve correspondingly increases at the elbow [16].

What the Evidence Shows

  • Nerve conduction studies serve as a measure of impaired nerve function and are the best available indicator of overall disease severity in carpal tunnel syndrome [1].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as electrodiagnostic studies or ultrasound may increase the probability of identifying actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve cross-sectional area are associated with each other and with clinical symptoms in diabetic and non-diabetic carpal tunnel syndrome [9].
  • There is a significant association between increasing median nerve cross-sectional area at the distal wrist crease and increasing electrodiagnostic severity [11].
  • The overall and preoperative electrodiagnostic study usage for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014 [10].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrated unique electrodiagnostic findings, including shorter sensory nerve onset and peak latencies, compared to carpal tunnel syndrome-only patients [13].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrated different patterns of wrist and elbow motor nerve conduction compared to carpal tunnel syndrome-only patients [13].
  • Compound muscle action potential amplitude, but not other conventional electrodiagnostic parameters, was predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve [7].
  • Electrodiagnostic severity does not predict short- to midterm outcomes of cubital tunnel release surgery [14].
  • Patient-reported preoperative disease severity may predict the expected postoperative change in ulnar nerve functional improvement [14].
  • Electrodiagnostic studies may not have prognostic value for patients undergoing cubital tunnel decompression [14].
  • Negative preoperative electrodiagnostic studies in the setting of strong clinical suspicion of cubital tunnel syndrome do not exclude diagnosis [18].
  • Negative preoperative electrodiagnostic studies in the setting of strong clinical suspicion of cubital tunnel syndrome may be a positive predictive factor for short-term postoperative functional improvement [18].
  • Radiological and electrodiagnostic insights into suprascapular nerve dysfunction highlight the importance of perioperative nerve preservation strategies and postoperative neurological assessments [5].
  • EMG-driven robotic treatment with 15 sessions of rehabilitation suggests that improvement may be possible for chronic stroke patients nine years after stroke [17].

Practical Considerations

  • Clinicians may not be able to confidently diagnose patients with mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms alone [8].
  • The overall and preoperative usage of electrodiagnostic studies for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014 [10].
  • The decrease in electrodiagnostic study usage for carpal tunnel syndrome predates the 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline [10].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis demonstrated significant improvements in nerve conduction, pain reduction, and hand function for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [4].
  • Ulnar nerve motor nerve conduction velocity at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment at the elbow and forearm, especially in clinically severe cases considering surgery [6].
  • Perioperative nerve preservation strategies and postoperative neurological assessments are important in the context of suprascapular nerve dysfunction [5].
  • Electromyography does not show adequate effectiveness in diagnosing suprascapular nerve lesions caused by rotator cuff tear in a rat model [12].
  • Surgeons should carefully evaluate suprascapular nerve integrity in cases of rotator cuff tear [12].

Key Evidence

  • [L5] Nerve conduction studies should be understood not as a test that determines the diagnosis but as a measure of impaired nerve function, serving as the best available indicator of overall disease severity with some prognostic value for surgical outcome. [1] (10.1177/17531934231191685)
  • [L4] Ultrasound is a valid alternative confirmatory test compared with electrodiagnostic studies in detecting ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. [2] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.08.014)
  • [L3] When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, patients and clinicians might consider additional testing, such as EDS or US, to increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery. [3] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002751)
  • [L1] This approach demonstrated significant improvements in nerve conduction, pain reduction, and enhancement of hand function. [4] (10.1016/j.jht.2024.02.006)
  • [L3] These findings highlight the importance of perioperative nerve preservation strategies and postoperative neurological assessments. [5] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.001)
  • [L3] Ulnar nerve MNCV at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of MNCV at the elbow and forearm, especially in clinically severe cases considering surgery. [6] (10.1177/17585732241293360)
  • [L2] Compound muscle action potential amplitude, but not other conventional electrodiagnostic parameters, was predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.10.008)
  • [L5] There is a severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound (51%), calling into question whether clinicians can confidently diagnose patients with mild-to-moderate CTS. [8] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002822)
  • [L4] Distal motor latency and median nerve CSA were not only associated with each other, but also with clinical symptoms. [9] (10.1186/s12891-023-06881-1)
  • [L3] The overall and preoperative electrodiagnostic study usage for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014, predating the 2016 AAOS CPG, reflecting the rapid implementation of evidence into practice. [10] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.09.019)
  • [L3] There was a significant association between increasing cross-sectional area and increasing electrodiagnostic severity. [11] (10.1177/15589447211066349)
  • [L5] This underscores the need for surgeons to carefully evaluate suprascapular nerve integrity in such cases. [12] (10.1186/s12891-025-09195-6)
  • [L3] Patients with double-crush syndrome (DCS) demonstrated unique electrodiagnostic findings, including shorter sensory nerve onset and peak latencies and different patterns of wrist and elbow motor nerve conduction compared to CTR-only patients. [13] (10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00056)
  • [L3] Patient-reported preoperative disease severity may predict the expected postoperative change in ulnar nerve functional improvement, and EDS may not have prognostic value for patients undergoing cubital tunnel decompression. [14] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.01.055)
  • [L4] Ultrasound has comparable sensitivity and specificity to NCS in patients two or more standard deviations above or below the mean age for presentation of CTS. [15] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.01.008)
  • [L2] As the severity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow increases, the CSA of the ulnar nerve correspondingly increases at the elbow. [16] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.004)
  • [L5] The improvement achieved 9 years later with 15 sessions of rehabilitation suggests that improvement may be possible for chronic stroke patients. [17] (10.1016/j.jht.2021.04.022)
  • [L4] However, negative preoperative EDX studies in the setting of strong clinical suspicion of CuTS do not exclude diagnosis and may in fact be a positive, rather than a negative, predictive factor for short-term postoperative functional improvement. [18] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.08.013)

References

[1] Use of nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2023. DOI: 10.1177/17531934231191685

[2] Diagnosis of Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow Using Ultrasound — A Comparison to Electrophysiologic Studies. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.08.014

[3] Diagnosis of Mild-to-moderate Idiopathic Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel Based on Signs and Symptoms is Discordant From Diagnosis Based on Electrodiagnostic Studies and Ultrasound. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002751

[4] Effectiveness of chitosan phonophoresis on ulnar nerve conduction velocity, pain relief, and functional outcomes for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2024.02.006

[5] Radiological and electrodiagnostic insights into suprascapular nerve dysfunction: a key predictor of poor functional outcomes in shoulder hemiarthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.001

[6] Clinical significance of upper arm motor nerve conduction velocity in cubital tunnel syndrome. Shoulder & Elbow. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/17585732241293360

[7] Electrodiagnostic Predictors of Outcomes After In Situ Decompression of the Ulnar Nerve. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.10.008

[8] CORR Insights®: Diagnosis of Mild-to-moderate Idiopathic Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel Based on Signs and Symptoms is Discordant From Diagnosis Based on Electrodiagnostic Studies and Ultrasound. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002822

[9] Characteristics of diabetic and non-diabetic carpal tunnel syndrome in terms of clinical, electrophysiological, and Sonographic features: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06881-1

[10] Has the Use of Electrodiagnostic Studies for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Changed After the 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline?. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.09.019

[11] Ultrasound Measurements of the Median Nerve at the Distal Wrist Crease Correlate With Electrodiagnostic Studies. HAND. 2022. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211066349

[12] Electromyography does not show adequate effectiveness in diagnosis of suprascapular nerve lesions caused by rotator cuff tear in rat model. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09195-6

[13] Preoperative Electrodiagnostic Study Findings Differ Between Patients With Double-crush Syndrome and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Propensity Matched Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2024. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00056

[14] Electrodiagnostic severity does not predict short- to midterm outcomes of cubital tunnel release surgery. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.01.055

[15] The Diagnostic Utility of Ultrasound and Electrodiagnostic Studies in The Young and Old. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.01.008

[16] Association of Ultrasound and Electrodiagnostic Studies in Patients Evaluated for Ulnar Neuropathy. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.004

[17] The effect of Electromyography (EMG)-driven Robotic Treatment on the recovery of the hand Nine years after stroke. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2021.04.022

[18] Electrodiagnostic Testing Predicts Postdecompression Outcomes in Patients With Cubital Tunnel Syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.08.013

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h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.