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Fraktura ng Olecranon

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Olecranon fractures — patterns, non-operative care, and tension-band or plate fixation.

Updated Aug 2026
Isang guhit-kamay na ilustrasyon ng isang walang mukhang tao na nahuhulog at direktang lumalagok sa puntong bahagi ng kanyang nakabukong siko.
X-ray na nagpapakita ng fracture ng olecranon — ang butong dulo ng siko. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ano ang nararamdaman mo

Maaaring mararamdaman mo ang matulis na sakit sa dulo ng iyong siko. Dito nakatira ang buto ng olecranon. Karaniwang lumalala ang sakit kapag sinusubukan mong tuwidin ang iyong braso laban sa resistensya. Maaari ring mararamdaman mo ang malalim na sakit na nagiging mas matindi pagkatapos mong gamitin ang iyong braso para sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain.

Maaaring magkaroon ng hirap sa mga simpleng galaw. Maaaring masaktan ang pag-abot sa likod upang isara ang bra. Maaaring magdulot ito ng pagtaas ng hindi komportableng pakiramdam sa pagtupi ng damit o pag-angat ng magaan na bagay. Maaaring mahirap para sa iyo na pahigpitin ang iyong braso sa mesa dahil masakit ang presyon sa buto ng dulo.

Maaaring mahirap ang pagtulog. Maraming pasyente ang nakakakita na hindi nila makahiga sa apektadong gilid. Ang bigat ng iyong katawan ay direktang pumipindot sa sugat na siko, na nagdudulot ng malaking sakit. Maaaring gumising ka sa isang siko na may katatagan at sakit na tila masikip sa umaga.

Karaniwan ang ilang pamamaga at pagkabla sa mga araw pagkatapos ng sugat. Maaaring mainit ang lugar kapag hinawakan. Kung mayroon kang lumang fracture, maaaring mapansin mo na nagbabago ang sakit kasabay ng panahon o pagkatapos ng mahabang panahon ng kawalan ng galaw.

Mahalagang makinig sa iyong katawan. Ang pagpapahinga ng braso sa isang komportableng posisyon, madalas na bahagyang nakabaluktot, ay makakatulong upang bawasan ang tensyon sa triceps na kalamnan. Ang pag-iwas sa mabibigat na pag-angat o pagtulak na mga galaw ay makakapag-iwas sa karagdagang iritasyon ng kasukasuan.

Habang ang mga sintomas na ito ay karaniwan, maaari itong mag-iba mula sa tao patungo sa tao. May mga taong nakakaranas ng mas katatagan kaysa sakit, habang ang iba ay nararamdaman ang matulis, lokal na tenderness. Kung ang iyong sakit ay maging matindi o mapansin mo ang pagtaas ng pamamaga, kontakin ang iyong doktor. Sila ang makakatulong upang matukoy kung ang iyong mga sintomas ay tumutugma sa isang simpleng fracture o kung mayroon pang ibang mga salik na naglalaro, tulad ng wear-and-tear arthritis na umuusbong sa kasukasuan sa paglipas ng panahon.

Ano ang nangyayari talaga

Ang iyong siko ay isang hinge joint kung saan nagtatagpo ang buto ng iyong itaas na braso (upper arm bone) at ang buto ng iyong ibabang braso (forearm bone). Ang olecranon ay ang matigas na dulo ng iyong siko na nararamdaman mo kapag yumuyuko ka. Gumagana ito bilang isang kawit, na humahawak sa buto ng iyong itaas na braso upang panatilihin ang katatagan ng joint. Ang fracture dito ay nangangahulugan na nabasag ang kritikal na anchor point na ito.

Kapag nabasag ang buto, ang matibay na triceps tendon na nakakabit dito ay maaaring hilahin ang fragment palayo. Ito ay nagdudulot ng pagkagambala sa makinis na ibabaw ng joint. Kung walang makinis na ibabaw, hindi maayos ang paggalaw ng iyong siko. Maaari kang mawalan ng kakayahang tuwidin ang iyong braso nang buo laban sa gravity. Nangyayari ito dahil ang mechanical lever system ay hindi na tama ang pagkakahanay.

Ang joint ay nakapalibutan din ng isang protektibong sleeve na tinatawag na joint capsule. Kung ang fracture ay displaced, maaaring malukob o lumawak ang sleeve na ito. Nagdudulot ito ng pamamaga at sakit. Sa ilang kaso, ang fracture ay kumplikado, na may kasamang maraming piraso o kawalan ng katatagan sa mga nakapaligid na ligaments. Ginagawa nitong ramdam na maluwag o hindi matatag ang joint.

Ang layunin ng iyong surgeon ay ibalik ang makinis at congruent na ibabaw ng joint. Pinapayagan nito ang iyong braso na gumana nang normal muli. Para sa mga mas matandang pasyente na may mas mababang physical demands, maaaring sapat ang non-operative management. Minsan ay kayang pagalingin ng katawan ang fracture sapat upang magbigay ng sapat na function, kahit hindi perpekto ang pagkakaisa ng buto. Gayunpaman, para sa marami, kailangan ng secure fixation upang payagan ang maagang paggalaw. Pinipigilan nito ang pagiging matigas ng joint.

Kung kinakailangan ang operasyon, ang layunin ay hawakan ang mga piraso sa kanilang lugar upang magpagaling. Ang mga teknik ay nag-iiba mula sa wires at screws hanggang sa sutures o pag-alis ng nabasag na dulo nang buo. Ang pagpili ay nakadepende sa pattern ng fracture at sa iyong pangkalahatang kalusugan. Habang ang karamihan sa mga pasyente ay nakakabalik ng magandang function, mayroong panganib ng long-term wear-and-tear arthritis. Ang median incidence ng post-traumatic osteoarthritis matapos ang isolated olecranon fractures ay 19% sa isang median follow-up ng 41 months. Ibig sabihin, maaaring masaktan o maging matigas ang joint sa paglipas ng panahon, ngunit marami ang nananatiling aktibo at nasisiyahan sa kanilang paggaling.

Ano ang maaari naming gawin dito

Paano kinikilala ni Dr. Kieran Hirpara, isang parmasiyang pang-itaas na bahagi ng katawan sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, ang sitwasyong ito sa aming klinika ay nakasalalay sa pagpupulong na ginawa nang sama-sama base sa iyong tiyak na sugat at kalusugan. Ang mga pasyente ay dumadating sa aming klinika sa pamamagitan ng rekomendasyon ng doktor sa pamilya o pisyoterapeuta. Ang pagsusuri sa klinika ay nagtatakda ng diagnosis. Para sa mga akutong fracture, madalas naming inirerekomenda ang operasyon agad. Para sa ibang mga kaso, karaniwan naming sinusubukan muna ang hindi operatibong paggamot.

Maaari mong pamahalaan ang mga banayad na sintomas sa pamamagitan ng pahinga at yelo. Layunin ng pisyoterapiyang ibalik ang galaw at lakas nang hindi nagdudulot ng sakit. Karaniwan naming inirerekomenda na bigyan ang pamamaraang ito ng ilang linggo upang makita ang resulta. Kung ikaw ay nakatatanda o may ibang kondisyon sa kalusugan, ang hindi operatibong pamamahala ay maaaring maging pinakamainam na pagpipilian. Ipinapakita ng ebidensya na maraming nakatatandang pasyente ay nakakamit ng sapat na saklaw ng galaw at mataas na kasiyahan nang walang operasyon. Kahit hindi ganap na gumaling ang buto, maraming pasyente ang nagsasabi ng katamtamang pag-andar ng siko at minimal na sakit.

Ang iyong parmasiya ay magre-reseta ng gamot pang-sakit upang tulungan kang makayanan. Ang mga anti-inflammatories ay nagbabawas ng pamamaga. Ang mga injeksyon ay hindi karaniwang ginagamit para sa mga akutong fracture ngunit maaaring isaalang-alang para sa matagalang pagkasira ng arthritis. Ang mga injeksyon ng cortisone ay nagbabawas ng pamamaga ng ilang linggo. Ang mga injeksyon ng hyaluronic acid ay naglulubog ng kasukasuan ng ilang buwan. Ang mga injeksyon ng platelet-rich plasma ay layuning suportahan ang paggaling, bagaman magkakaiba ang epekto. Ipinag-uusapan namin ang mga pagpipiliang ito lamang kung angkop sa iyong pangmatagalang mga layunin.

Ang operasyon ay isinasaalang-alang kapag ang konserbatibong paggamot ay hindi nagbibigay ng sapat na pagpapabuti o kapag ang fracture ay napapalayo. Ang operasyon ay nag-aayos ng basag na buto o nag-aalis ng maliit na fragment upang ibalik ang pag-andar ng triceps muscle. Ito ay nagbibigay-daan upang makagalaw ka muli ng iyong siko. Karamihan sa mga pasyente ay nananatili sa kanilang mga implant, na may 3% lamang na nakakaranas ng paglipat ng implant. Gabay namin ang iyong pagpupulong, tinitiyak namin na nauunawaan mo ang mga benepisyo at panganib para sa iyong natatanging sitwasyon.

Ano ang inaasahan

Ang iyong prognosis ay nakadepende sa malaking bahagi sa iyong edad at antas ng araw-araw na gawain. Para sa mga matatanda na may mababang pangangailangan sa pisikal, madalas na nagbibigay ang pamamahala nang hindi kumakailangan ng operasyon ng masaganang maikli at pangmatagalang resulta. Maraming pasyente sa grupong ito ay nakakamataas na kasiyahan at may functional na saklaw ng galaw nang walang operasyon. Kahit na hindi perpektong gumaling ang fracture (non-union), madalas ay nananatiling makatwirang pag-andar ng siko, at karamihan ay hindi humihingi ng karagdagang operasyon.

Kung ikaw ay mas bata o mas aktibo, karaniwang inirerekomenda ang surgical fixation upang muling mabawi ang lakas. Karamihan sa mga pasyente ay nananatili ang kanilang mga implant matapos ang prosedurang ito, kung saan 3% lamang ang nakakaranas ng paglipat ng implant. Ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng operasyon ay hindi malaki ang epekto sa pagtaas ng mga maagang komplikasyon o sa pangangailangan ng reoperation. Anuman ang gamit na wires, plates, o anchors, ang mga functional na resulta ay karaniwang maganda. Sa mga aktibong pasyente, walang pagkakaiba sa mga patient-reported outcomes sa loob ng 1 taon sa pagitan ng karaniwang mga paraan ng operasyon tulad ng tension-band wire at plate fixation.

Dapat mong maging mapagkumbaba sa mga posibleng pangmatagalang pagbabago. Ang median na insidensya ng post-traumatic osteoarthritis pagkatapos ng isolated olecranon fractures ay 19% sa isang median na follow-up na 41 buwan. Ang arthritis na ito na dulot ng pagkasira ay maaaring magdulot ng stiffness o sakit sa paglipas ng panahon. Gayunpaman, inaasahan pa rin ang magandang functional na pangmatagalang resulta sa mga kumplikadong kaso, kahit na mayroong mga pagbabago sa arthritis.

Para sa mga matatanda, ang sugat ay may mas mataas na 1-year mortality rates kumpara sa ibang mga fracture. Ito ay sumasalamin sa kabuuang kalusugan ng demograpikong ito kaysa sa fracture mismo. Kung ikaw ay higit sa 75 taong gulang, ang ebidensya ay hindi tiyak na naglutas ng debate tungkol sa nonoperative management, ngunit nag-aalok ito ng datos para sa mga personalized na plano ng paggamot. Ang iyong surgeon ay talakayin kaling alin sa mga landas ang angkop na angkop sa iyong partikular na profile ng kalusugan at mga layunin.

Kailan kumonsulta sa doktor

Kumonsulta sa iyong doktor kung mayroon kang patuloy na sakit na hindi gumagaling kahit magpahinga, o kung pakiramdam mo ay mahina o hindi matatag ang iyong siko. Humingi ng pagsusuri ng espesyalista kung ang iyong kasukasuan ay nakakabit, biglang nawawalan ng lakas, o kung ang mga sintomas ay nakakaapekto sa iyong pagtulog o trabaho. Biglaang paglala ng sakit ay dahilan din upang humingi ng medikal na tulong. Bagama’t karamihan sa mga fracture ay gumagaling nang maayos, alalahanin na 19% ng mga pasyente ay maaaring magkaroon ng arthritis na dulot ng pagkasira ng kasukasuan sa huli. Sa mga matatanda, ang mga sugat na ito ay may mas mataas na panganib ng seryosong komplikasyon sa kalusugan sa loob ng unang taon. Ang maagang pagsusuri ay tumutulong sa pamamahala ng mga panganib na ito at siguraduhing makakuha ka ng angkop na suporta para sa iyong paggaling.

Reviewed by Dr Kieran Hirpara · 7 August 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Close radiographic follow-up is recommended for nonsurgically treated minimally displaced olecranon fractures in children to monitor for further displacement [1].
  • Nonoperative management of isolated displaced olecranon fractures yields satisfactory short-term and long-term outcomes in older, lower-demand patients [7].
  • A majority of olecranon fractures heal uneventfully with good or excellent results, with a small loss of motion to be expected [4].
  • Operative treatment of closed displaced olecranon fractures via open reduction and internal fixation results in excellent or good outcomes in 96% of individuals up to 25 years after the fracture [2].
  • Low-profile double-plate osteosynthesis is a safe and effective alternative treatment for olecranon fractures, providing excellent subjective and objective clinical outcome measures [5].
  • Both Kirschner wire tension band combined with anatomical locking plate and other operative procedures effectively treat Mayo type II olecranon fractures [8].
  • Plating of the olecranon leads to predictable union, although lack of full extension is the most common complication, occurring in 39% of patients [17].
  • Tension-band wiring (TBW) remains an effective treatment for appropriately selected olecranon fractures and outperformed plate osteosynthesis in the evaluated cohort [22].
  • Excision of the olecranon fragment with repair of the triceps mechanism is supported as the preferred treatment method due to significantly less morbidity compared with internal fixation [25].
  • The timing of fixation for displaced olecranon fractures does not significantly increase the rate of early complications or reoperations [13].
  • Surgical treatment of olecranon fractures is associated with a high rate of complications, and patients undergoing revisions beyond implant removal had poorer functional outcomes [39].
  • No significant differences in functional outcomes or secondary operations were found with respect to fracture type, gender, or surgical method in the context of olecranon fracture complications [39].
  • Olecranon osteotomy represents a useful alternative for the treatment of fractures and nonunions of the distal humerus [41].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Fixation of olecranon fractures must be secure enough to permit early motion to avoid significant stiffness of the elbow joint [10].
  • In pediatric olecranon fractures, treatment with a sling resulted in all cases being free of symptoms and having a full range of elbow movement at 3 weeks [11].
  • Increasing elbow flexion places the medial elbow in a position to carry a greater amount of load, which may be exacerbated during the final moments of the pitching motion [27].
  • Individuals with elbow degenerative changes had no inferior subjective elbow function compared to those with normal radiographs, except for those with joint space reduction [29].
  • Primary elbow instability and fracture morphology are prognostic factors for elbow function and development of arthrosis after operative treatment of olecranon fractures [35].
  • The outcome of tension-band wiring may be compromised in the presence of elbow instability and associated fractures of the radial head and coronoid [38].
  • A pathoanatomic approach using the CURL framework systematically evaluates key injury components (coronoid, ulna, radial head, and ligaments) to guide surgical planning for proximal ulna fracture dislocation [43].
  • Accurate diagnosis of complex elbow fracture-dislocations, such as posterior Monteggia fractures and posterior fracture-dislocation of the proximal ulna, helps provide effective treatments and evaluate prognosis [44].
  • The guiding principle in surgical techniques for olecranon fractures is to restore a congruent humeroulnar joint and allow restoration of upper extremity function [47].
  • Technological advances and improved understanding of functional anatomy have led to an evolution in operative reconstruction of complex proximal ulnar and coronoid fractures [48].
  • The proposed novel fragment-specific classification of complex olecranon fractures is anatomically based and considers the deforming forces from ligaments and tendons [49].
  • The Subjective Elbow Value (SEV) shows a high correlation to the most commonly used scoring systems for outcome evaluation after elbow injury [51].
  • A stable, functional elbow can be restored in most patients with proximal ulna fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation [52].
  • Targeting the proximal ulna's narrowest segment provides an effective approach for osteotomy when precise morphology is unknown [53].
  • Radiographic measurements of normal elbows guide the surgeon to obtain a more reliable length of the olecranon and maintain articular geometry during fixation [54].

Classification

  • The Mayo classification was designed to simplify categorization of olecranon fractures but does not achieve this goal due to poor reproducibility [26].
  • Quantitative 3-dimensional computed tomography analysis further clarified the fracture morphology of Mayo type I, II, and III fractures [36].
  • Fracture of the olecranon in a child is often only part of a complex injury to the bone and soft tissues around the elbow [19].
  • The olecranon apophyseal ossification system, when combined with age and sex, successfully predicts peak height velocity within a year in 90% of cases, establishing a single lateral view of the olecranon as a simple alternative to more complex grading systems [40].

Clinical Presentation

  • Olecranon fractures in children can displace further after initial nonsurgical treatment, necessitating close radiographic follow-up [1].
  • Isolated displaced olecranon fractures (>2 mm) in elderly patients can be successfully treated nonoperatively [3].
  • The incidence of olecranon fractures increased by 29% over a 20-year study period (1999–2018) in Denmark [6].
  • Nonoperative management of isolated displaced olecranon fractures in older, lower-demand patients yields satisfactory short-term and long-term outcomes [7].
  • Patients with olecranon fractures have essentially similar demographic characteristics compared to patients with distal radius fractures [9].
  • All 10 pediatric cases treated with a sling were free of symptoms and had a full range of elbow movement at 3 weeks [11].
  • Olecranon fractures in the elderly have higher than expected 1-year mortality rates [14].
  • Isolated fractures of the olecranon occur after low-energy trauma, especially in older women (>65 years) [15].
  • Fractures of the olecranon in children are often part of a complex injury to the bone and soft tissues around the elbow [19].
  • Articular impaction is a common feature of geriatric olecranon fractures [20].
  • The median incidence of post-traumatic osteoarthritis following isolated olecranon fractures is 19% at a median follow-up of 41 months [21].

Investigations

  • Close radiographic follow-up is recommended for nonsurgically treated olecranon fractures [1].
  • Some isolated displaced (>2 mm) olecranon fractures in elderly patients can be successfully treated nonoperatively [3].
  • Olecranon stress fracture is an overuse injury primarily affecting throwing athletes, with MRI serving as the gold standard for detection [50].

Treatment

Nonoperative Management

  • The literature on the treatment of olecranon fractures in elderly patients is limited [18].
  • Nonoperative treatment is a reasonable option for displaced stable olecranon fractures in elderly patients [31].
  • Displaced olecranon fractures in patients older than 70 years may be effectively managed with nonoperative measures to produce high satisfaction and functional range of motion [34].
  • Aggregate data support the non-operative treatment of isolated undisplaced olecranon fractures with good results in pediatric patients [33].

Operative Management

  • A majority of olecranon fractures heal uneventfully with good/excellent results with a small loss of motion to be expected [4].
  • 96% of individuals with a closed displaced fracture of the olecranon treated by open reduction and internal fixation had excellent or good outcomes up to 25 years after the fracture [2].
  • Fixation must be secure enough to permit early motion to avoid significant stiffness of the elbow joint [10].
  • No one technique is suitable for the management of all olecranon fractures [16].
  • Aggregate data support the operative treatment of pediatric olecranon fractures displaced ≥4 mm [33].
  • Low-profile double-plate osteosynthesis is a safe and effective alternative treatment of olecranon fractures with excellent subjective and objective clinical outcome measures [5].
  • Low-profile double-plate osteosynthesis for treating olecranon fractures resulted in good clinical outcomes [37].
  • Tension band wiring (TBW) remains an effective treatment for appropriately selected olecranon fractures and outperformed plate osteosynthesis in the studied cohort [22].
  • Internal fixation by cable pin system (CPS) is an effective method for olecranon fracture and is associated with a shorter healing time, fewer complications and better function than TBW [23].
  • Plate has better efficacy and safety for Mayo II olecranon fractures [28].
  • The nickel-titanium olecranon memory connector (OMC) could be an effective alternative to treat olecranon fractures [30].
  • Excision of the fragment of the olecranon with repair of the triceps mechanism is supported as the preferred method of treatment of fractures of the olecranon due to significantly less morbidity compared with internal fixation [25].

Complications

  • Close radiographic follow-up is recommended for nonsurgically treated olecranon fractures to monitor for further displacement [1].
  • Minimally displaced olecranon fractures in children can undergo further displacement after initial nonsurgical treatment [1].
  • A majority of olecranon fractures heal uneventfully with good or excellent results, though a small loss of motion is expected [4].
  • Olecranon fractures in children treated with a sling result in full range of elbow movement and freedom from symptoms at 3 weeks [11].
  • The most common complication after plating of olecranon fractures is lack of full extension, occurring in 39% of patients [17].
  • Plating of the olecranon leads to predictable union [17].
  • The incidence of post-traumatic osteoarthritis following isolated olecranon fractures has a median rate of 19% at a median follow-up of 41 months [21].
  • Instability and comminution play a role in the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in olecranon fractures [21].
  • Olecranon fractures in the elderly are associated with higher than expected 1-year mortality rates [14].
  • Patients aged 50 years or more with an olecranon fracture should be evaluated for osteoporosis and fracture risks for secondary prevention [46].

Recovery

  • All 10 cases of pediatric olecranon fractures treated with a sling were free of symptoms and had a full range of elbow movement at 3 weeks [11].
  • Internal fixation by cable pin system (CPS) is an effective method for olecranon fracture and is associated with a shorter healing time, fewer complications, and better function than tension band wiring (TBW) [23].
  • The timing of fixation of displaced olecranon fractures does not significantly increase the rate of early complications or reoperation [13].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] Close radiographic follow-up for nonsurgically treated olecranon fractures is recommended. [1] (10.5435/jaaos-d-25-00821)
  • [L3] 96% of individuals with a closed displaced fracture of the olecranon treated by open reduction and internal fixation had excellent or good outcomes up to 25 years after the fracture. [2] (10.1067/mse.2002.124548)
  • [L4] Some isolated displaced (>2 mm) olecranon fractures in elderly patients can be successfully treated nonoperatively. [3] (10.1016/j.ocl.2016.08.011)
  • [L4] A majority of olecranon fractures heal uneventfully with good/excellent results with a small loss of motion to be expected. [4] (10.1016/j.hcl.2015.07.003)
  • [L3] Low-profile double-plate osteosynthesis is a safe and effective alternative treatment of olecranon fractures with excellent subjective and objective clinical outcome measures. [5] (10.1016/j.otsr.2019.08.019)
  • [L3] The incidence of olecranon fractures increased by 29% over the 20-year study period. [6] (10.1186/s13018-025-05970-2)
  • [L4] We found satisfactory short-term and long-term outcomes following the nonoperative management of isolated displaced olecranon fractures in older, lower-demand patients. [7] (10.2106/jbjs.l.01137)
  • [L3] Both operative procedures effectively treat Mayo type II olecranon fractures. [8] (10.1186/s12891-025-08843-1)
  • [L3] Patients with olecranon fractures have essentially similar demographic characteristics compared to patients with distal radius fractures. [9] (10.1177/17585732221124301)
  • [L5] Fixation must be secure enough to permit early motion to avoid significant stiffness of the elbow joint. [10] (10.5435/00124635-200007000-00007)
  • [L4] All 10 cases treated with a sling were free of symptoms and had a full range of elbow movement at 3 weeks. [11] (10.1016/0020-1383(75)90056-x)
  • [L3] The timing of fixation of displaced olecranon fractures does not significantly increase the rate of early complications or reoperation. [13] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.09.002)
  • [L3] Olecranon fractures in the elderly have higher than expected 1 year mortality rates. [14] (10.1177/1758573221994860)
  • [L4] Isolated fractures of the olecranon occur after a low-energy trauma, especially in older women (> 65 years). [15] (10.1007/s00068-021-01765-2)
  • [Paper] No one technique is suitable for the management of all olecranon fractures. [16] (10.1016/j.injury.2008.12.013)
  • [L3] Plating of the olecranon leads to predictable union, though the most common complication was lack of full extension in 39% of patients. [17] (10.1016/j.injury.2016.04.015)
  • [L4] The literature on the treatment of olecranon fractures in elderly patients is limited. [18] (10.1007/s11678-018-0488-7)
  • [L4] Fracture of the olecranon in a child is often only part of a complex injury to the bone and soft tissues around the elbow. [19] (10.1016/0020-1383(80)90009-1)
  • [L4] Articular impaction is a common feature of geriatric olecranon fractures. [20] (10.5435/jaaos-d-20-01293)
  • [L4] This review identified a median OA incidence of 19% at a median follow-up of 41 months following isolated olecranon fractures. [21] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.024)
  • [L4] TBW remains an effective treatment for appropriately selected olecranon fractures and in this cohort outperformed plate osteosynthesis. [22] (10.1007/s00590-015-1724-0)
  • [L1] Internal fixation by CPS is an effective method for olecranon fracture and is associated with a shorter healing time, fewer complications and better function than TBW. [23] (10.1177/147323001204000324)
  • [L3] The study supports the rationale for excision of the fragment of the olecranon with repair of the triceps mechanism as the preferred method of treatment of fractures of the olecranon due to significantly less morbidity compared with internal fixation. [25] (10.2106/00004623-198163050-00005)
  • [L5] The Mayo classification was designed to simplify categorization of olecranon fractures but does not achieve this goal due to poor reproducibility. [26] (10.1097/corr.0000000000000614)
  • [L4] Increasing elbow flexion has been shown to place the medial elbow in a position to carry a greater amount of load, which may be exacerbated during the final moments of the pitching motion. [27] (10.1177/03635465211072223)
  • [L1] Plate has better efficacy and safety for Mayo II olecranon fractures. [28] (10.1186/s13018-022-03262-7)
  • [L3] Individuals with elbow degenerative changes had no inferior subjective elbow function compared to those with normal radiographs, except for those with joint space reduction. [29] (10.1007/s00402-020-03453-z)
  • [L2] The study showed that OMC could be an effective alternative to treat olecranon fractures. [30] (10.1007/s00264-013-1878-5)
  • [L1] This supports nonoperative treatment as a reasonable option for displaced stable olecranon fractures in elderly patients. [31] (10.2106/jbjs.24.00655)
  • [L4] Aggregate data support the non-operative treatment of isolated undisplaced olecranon fractures with good results, and support the operative treatment of fractures displaced ≥4 mm. [33] (10.1302/2058-5241.5.190082)
  • [L4] Displaced olecranon fractures in patients older than 70 years may be effectively managed with nonoperative measures to produce high satisfaction and functional range of motion. [34] (10.1177/1558944720944261)
  • [L3] Primary elbow instability and fracture morphology are prognostic factors for elbow function and development of arthrosis after operative treatment of olecranon fractures. [35] (10.1016/j.injury.2003.12.002)
  • [L4] Quantitative analysis of olecranon fractures further clarified fracture morphology of Mayo type I, II, and III fractures. [36] (10.1016/j.jse.2015.10.002)
  • [L3] Low-profile double-plate osteosynthesis for treating olecranon fractures resulted in good clinical outcomes. [37] (10.1016/j.jse.2020.01.091)
  • [L4] However, the outcome may be compromised in the presence of elbow instability and associated fractures of the radial head and coronoid. [38] (10.1016/j.jse.2005.08.002)
  • [L4] Surgical treatment of olecranon fractures is associated with a high rate of complications, and patients undergoing revisions beyond implant removal had poorer functional outcomes; however, no significant differences in functional outcomes or secondary operations were found with respect to fracture type, gender, or surgical method. [39] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.08.004)
  • [L3] When combined with age and sex, the olecranon system successfully predicts PHV within a year in 90% of cases, establishing a single lateral view of the olecranon as a simple alternative to more complex grading systems. [40] (10.2106/jbjs.20.01856)
  • [L4] Olecranon osteotomy represents a useful alternative in the treatment of fractures and nonunions of the distal humerus. [41] (10.1097/00005131-200408000-00010)
  • [L5] The authors propose a pathoanatomic approach using the CURL framework to systematically evaluate key injury components (coronoid, ulna, radial head, and ligaments) to guide surgical planning and improve outcomes. [43] (10.1177/17585732251348668)
  • [L4] Accurate diagnoses of these complex elbow fracture-dislocation help doctors to provide effective treatments and evaluate prognosis. [44] (10.1111/os.12784)
  • [L4] Our results suggest that patients aged 50 years or more with olecranon fracture should be evaluated for osteoporosis and fracture risks for secondary prevention of subsequent fractures. [46] (10.11005/jbm.2017.24.3.175)
  • [L5] The guiding principle is to restore a congruent humeroulnar joint and allow restoration of upper extremity function. [47] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.05.014)
  • [Paper] Technological advances and improved understanding of functional anatomy have led to an evolution in operative reconstruction of complex proximal ulnar and coronoid fractures. [48] (10.1016/j.injury.2016.07.060)
  • [L4] This proposed classification system is anatomically based and considers the deforming forces from ligaments and tendons. [49] (10.1016/j.jse.2023.12.021)
  • [L5] Olecranon stress fracture is an overuse injury primarily affecting throwing athletes, with MRI serving as the gold standard for detection. [50] (10.1016/j.csm.2020.02.005)
  • [L4] The SEV shows a high correlation to the most commonly used scoring systems for outcome evaluation after elbow injury. [51] (10.1055/a-0946-2649)
  • [L3] A stable, functional elbow can be restored in most patients with proximal ulna fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation. [52] (10.1007/s00590-015-1628-z)
  • [L5] Targeting the proximal ulna's narrowest segment provides an effective approach for osteotomy when precise morphology is unknown. [53] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.12.012)
  • [L4] The authors conclude that these measurements guide the surgeon to obtain a more reliable length of the olecranon and maintain articular geometry during fixation. [54] (10.1002/ca.20431)

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[21] Incidence of Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis in Olecranon Fractures and the Role of Instability and Comminution in its Development: A Systematic Review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.024

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[23] Randomized Prospective Study of Olecranon Fracture Fixation: Cable Pin System versus Tension Band Wiring. Journal of International Medical Research. 2040. DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000324

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[26] Classifications in Brief: Mayo Classification of Olecranon Fractures. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2018. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000000614

[27] Increased Elbow and Olecranon Injury History in Professional Pitchers With Increased Elbow Flexion at Ball Release. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2022. DOI: 10.1177/03635465211072223

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[29] Long-term outcomes after different types of Horne and Tanzer olecranon fractures. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-020-03453-z

[30] Design and application of Nickel-Titanium olecranon memory connector in treatment of olecranon fractures: a prospective randomized controlled trial. International Orthopaedics. 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-1878-5

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[36] Quantitative 3-dimensional computed tomography analysis of olecranon fractures. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.10.002

[37] Can low-profile double-plate osteosynthesis for olecranon fractures reduce implant removal? A retrospective multicenter study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.01.091

[38] Tension-band wiring for olecranon fractures: Analysis of risk factors for failure. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2005.08.002

[39] Risk factors for complications and poor function after open reduction and fixation of olecranon fractures. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.08.004

[40] The Relationship of Olecranon Apophyseal Ossification and Sanders Hand Scores with the Timing of Peak Height Velocity in Adolescents. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.01856

[41] Olecranon Osteotomy for Exposure of Fractures and Nonunions of the Distal Humerus. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2004. DOI: 10.1097/00005131-200408000-00010

[43] Proximal ulna fracture dislocation: Review of current concepts and surgical management. Shoulder & Elbow. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17585732251348668

[44] Difference Between Posterior Monteggia Fractures and Posterior Fracture‐Dislocation of Proximal Ulna in Adults. Orthopaedic Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1111/os.12784

[46] Olecranon Fractures Have Features of Osteoporotic Fracture. Journal of Bone Metabolism. 2017. DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2017.24.3.175

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