Skip to content

Patients › Rehabilitation

Pagpapalit ng MCP Joint

Isang recovery plan na pinamumunuan ng hand-therapy pagkatapos ng silicone (Swanson) knuckle-joint replacement, na nakabase sa isang dynamic extension splint na nagpapanatiling diretso at bahagyang radial ng mga knuckle habang maagang ibinabaluktot ang mga ito — muling hinuhubog ang mga joint sa isang corrected position at binabaligtad ang ulnar drift.

Ilustrasyon ng mga kasukasuan ng knuckle (MCP) kung saan ang mga daliri ay tumatagilid patungo sa panig ng kalingkingan, na itinama sa pamamagitan ng joint replacement.
Ang mga gasgas at depormadong kasukasuan ng knuckle (MCP) ay pinapalitan ng mga flexible spacer upang maibalik ang mas natural na linya at kapaki-pakinabang na paggalaw. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang protocol na ito ay nagsisilbing gabay sa iyong paggaling pagkatapos ng silicone (Swanson) replacement ng mga knuckle joint (ang mga metacarpophalangeal o "MCP" joint) kasama si Dr Kieran Hirpara sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Nagsisimula ito sa iyong home exercise program, na sinusundan ng structured clinical protocol na isinulat para sa iyong hand therapist: dalhin ang pahinang ito o ang PDF nito sa iyong unang therapy visit upang manatiling coordinated ang iyong rehabilitasyon. Maaaring i-adjust ng iyong hand therapist ang plano depende sa pag-unlad ng iyong paggaling.

Ito ay isang recovery na nakatuon sa hand therapy at paggamit ng splint. Ang dynamic splint at ang iyong mga pang-araw-araw na ehersisyo ay hindi optional: ito ang paraan upang mahubog ang mga bagong joint sa isang corrected at tuwid na posisyon. Ang iyong resulta ay lubos na nakadepende sa tapat na pagsasagawa ng splinting at paggalaw.

Kung mayroon kang anumang alalahanin tungkol sa iyong sugat pagkatapos ng operasyon, makipag-ugnayan sa mga room. Madalas na nakatutulong ang pagkuha ng larawan ng sugat at pag-email nito para masuri.

Ano ang dapat asahan

Ang mga knuckle joint ay maaaring mapudpod, sumakit at magkaroon ng malalang deformidad, madalas sa rheumatoid arthritis, kung saan ang mga daliri ay tumatagilid patungo sa panig ng kalingkingan (ulnar drift) at ang mga base ng mga daliri ay dumudulas pababa patungo sa palad (volar subluxation); maaari rin itong mapudpod dahil sa osteoarthritis. Sa operasyong ito, ang pudpod na knuckle joint ay tinatanggal at pinapalitan ng isang flexible silicone spacer (ang klasikong Swanson implant). Ang mga layunin ay upang maibsan ang sakit, maitama ang drift at ang mga nakalaylay na knuckle (extensor lag), at maibalik ang kapaki-pakinabang na arc ng pagbaluktot.

Ang implant ay hindi isang matigas na hinge. Gumagana ito bilang isang flexible spacer habang isang bagong lining (isang "capsule") ang nabubuo sa paligid nito sa loob ng mga unang linggo, at ang buong punto ng rehabilitasyon ay upang mabuo ang capsule na iyon habang ang iyong mga daliri ay pinapanatiling diretso at itinuwid, hindi nakatagilid. Iyan ang dahilan kung bakit napakahalaga ng splint at ng maagang paggalaw.

Ang paggaling ay nakabase kaya sa isang dynamic extension outrigger splint, na karaniwang ikinakabit sa loob ng mga unang araw:

  • Kapag nakapahinga, pinapanatili ng splint na diretso ang iyong mga knuckle at dahan-dahang hinihila patungo sa panig ng hinlalaki (radial deviation), na direktang sumasalungat sa lumang ulnar drift.
  • Sa loob ng splint, nagsasagawa ka ng maagang kontroladong active bending ng mga knuckle laban sa mga malalambot na elastic loop, na bumabalik sa mga daliri upang maging diretso. Ang maagang paggalaw (ngunit sa protektado at itinuwid na posisyong ito lamang) ay humuhubog sa bagong capsule nang tama at pinipigilan ang mga joint sa paninigas.

Isusuot mo ang dynamic splint nang halos tuloy-tuloy sa loob ng humigit-kumulang anim na linggo, pagkatapos ay unti-unting lilipat sa isang resting / night splint, na may idaragdag na graded strengthening kalaunan. Ang magaan na function ng kamay ay bumabalik sa mga unang linggo; karamihan sa mga tao ay nakakabalik na sa karamihan ng mga pang-araw-araw na aktibidad sa loob ng humigit-kumulang tatlong buwan, habang ang pinal na resulta ay patuloy na nag-aadjust sa loob ng ilan pang mga buwan.

Mga pag-iingat at limitasyon

  • Isuot ang iyong dynamic extension splint ayon sa itinuro: araw at gabi sa loob ng humigit-kumulang unang anim na linggo. Pinapanatili nito ang koreksyon; ang madalas na pagtatanggal nito ay nagpapahintulot sa drift na bumalik.
  • HUWAG hayaang bumalik ang drift ng iyong mga daliri patungo sa panig ng kalingkingan. Ang bawat ehersisyo ay ginagabay sila sa kabilang direksyon, patungo sa hinlalaki.
  • HUWAG gumawa ng anumang malakas na paghawak (gripping), pag-pinch, o mabigat na pagbuhat sa simula: ang mahigpit na paghawak ay nagtutulak sa mga daliri patungo sa ulnar drift at nagbibigay ng stress sa mga bagong joint bago sila maging stable. Ang pagpapalakas (strengthening) ay maghihintay hanggang sa payagan ito ng iyong hand therapist.
  • Panatilihing gumagalaw ang iyong hinlalaki, pulso, at ang mga dulo ng iyong mga daliri mula sa simula, at gamitin ang kamay para sa mga magagaan na pang-araw-araw na gawain hangga't komportable.
  • Bantayan ang sugat para sa mga palatandaan ng impeksyon (nadaragdagan na pamumula, init, pamamaga, o discharge) at makipag-ugnayan sa klinika kung ikaw ay nababahala; ang impeksyon sa paligid ng isang implant ay hindi karaniwan ngunit mahalagang matukoy nang maaga.

Para sa pamamahala ng sugat, pamamaga, at peklat, tingnan ang gabay sa wound care ng klinika.

Iyong mga ehersisyo

Isang forearm-based splint na may outrigger bar at mga finger loop na nagpapanatiling diretso sa mga knuckles habang nakapahinga ang mga daliri.

Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Pagsusuot ng iyong dynamic splint

Ang iyong dynamic extension splint ang gumagawa ng proteksyon para sa iyo: kapag nakapahinga, pinapanatili nitong diretso ang iyong mga knuckles at dahan-dahang hinihila patungo sa panig ng hinlalaki (radial), upang itama ang lumang drift. Isuot ito ayon sa itinuro — araw at gabi sa loob ng humigit-kumulang unang anim na linggo — at tanggalin lamang para sa paghuhugas at para sa mga ehersisyong pinapayagan ng iyong hand therapist na gawin nang wala ang splint. Ang mga loop sa iyong mga daliri ay dapat komportableng nakalapat; sabihan ang iyong therapist kung may anumang kumikiskis o kumukurot.

Isusuot nang tuloy-tuloy sa loob ng ~6 na linggo, pagkatapos ay tuwing gabi/pahinga ayon sa gabay

Pagbaluktot ng mga daliri pababa sa mga knuckles laban sa mga elastic loop ng splint, pagkatapos ay pagpapahintulot sa mga ito na bumalik nang diretso.

Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Kontroladong pagbaluktot ng knuckle sa splint

Habang suot ang splint, dahan-dahang itiklop ang iyong mga daliri pababa sa mga knuckles, hila laban sa mga elastic loop, pagkatapos ay i-relax at hayaang ibalik ng splint ang mga ito nang diretso. Ang maagang kontroladong paggalaw na ito ang humuhubog sa naghihilom na capsule sa paligid ng mga bagong joint sa isang magandang posisyon. Gumalaw nang swabe at huminto bago sumakit — ginagabayan mo ang joint, hindi pinupuwersa.

10 bends bawat oras na gising ka, sa loob ng splint, ayon sa gabay

Pag-angat ng mga daliri upang ituwid nang lubos sa mga knuckles, na lumalaban sa tendensiyang lumaylay.

Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Aktibong pagtuwid (pag-angat ng mga knuckles)

Magtrabaho sa ganap na pagtuwid ng iyong mga knuckles gamit ang sarili mong lakas — itaas ang mga daliri nang pantay. Pagkatapos ng operasyon, ang mga knuckles ay maaaring may tendensiyang lumaylay (isang extensor lag), kaya ang aktibong pag-angat sa mga ito ay nagpapanatili sa pagdausdos ng mga straightening tendons at tumutulong sa pagpapanatili ng koreksyon. Sisimulan ito ng iyong therapist sa loob ng splint, pagkatapos ay itutuloy ito sa labas ng splint.

10 lifts, ilang beses sa isang araw, ayon sa gabay

Dahan-dahang igagabay ang bawat daliri patungo sa panig ng hinlalaki upang labanan ang dating ulnar drift.

Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Paggalaw ng daliri patungo sa hinlalaki (radial)

Dahan-dahang igiya ang iyong mga daliri patungo sa iyong hinlalaki (ang radial direction) — ang kabaligtaran ng dating drift. Maaari mong tulungan gamit ang iyong kabilang kamay o i-slide ang mga dulo ng daliri sa ibabaw ng mesa patungo sa hinlalaki. Muli nitong sinasanay ang mga daliri na pumila nang diretso at ito ang pangunahing koreksyon kung saan nakabatay ang buong protocol na ito. Huwag hayaang bumalik ang mga ito sa kabilang direksyon.

10 beses, ilang beses sa isang araw, ayon sa gabay

Pagmamasahe sa mga naghilom na peklat sa knuckle gamit ang kaunting cream kapag sarado na ang mga sugat.

Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Pag-aalaga sa peklat

Kapag ganap nang magaling ang iyong mga sugat at sinabi ng iyong therapist na ligtas na, imasahe ang mga peklat sa likod ng iyong kamay gamit ang kaunting plain cream, sa pamamagitan ng paggawa ng maliliit at matitigas na pabilog na galaw sa loob ng ilang minuto. Pinapanatili nitong malambot ang mga peklat at pinipigilan ang pagdidikit ng balat sa mga tendon, upang mas malayang makagalaw ang mga knuckles.

Ilang minuto, 2-3 beses sa isang araw, kapag magaling na

Pagpisil ng soft ball o putty kapag stable na ang mga joint at pinayagan na ang strengthening.

Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Pagpapalakas ng grip (mamaya)

Isang ehersisyo sa HULING bahagi — kapag pinayagan na lamang ng iyong hand therapist ang strengthening, karaniwan mula humigit-kumulang labindalawang linggo. Dahan-dahang pisilin ang isang soft ball o therapy putty, pagkatapos ay bitawan. Dagdagan ito nang dahan-dahan. Ipinagpapaliban ito sa simula dahil ang malakas na pagkapit ay nagtutulak sa mga daliri patungo sa ulnar drift at nagbibigay-diin sa mga bagong joint bago pa tumibay ang capsule — kaya ito ang laging huling sinisimulan.

Ayon sa gabay ng iyong hand therapist (mula ~12 linggo lamang)

Ito ang mga ehersisyo mula sa iyong handout. Simulan lamang ang mga ito ayon sa gabay ni Dr Hirpara at ng iyong hand therapist, at manatili sa anumang range at limitasyong ibinigay sa iyo. Ang mga unang gawain ay ginagawa lahat habang suot ang dynamic splint: kontroladong pagbaluktot laban sa mga loop, aktibong pagtuwid, at dahan-dahang paggalaw ng mga daliri patungo sa hinlalaki upang mapanatili ang koreksyon. Ang pag-aalaga sa peklat ay nagsisimula kapag gumaling na ang mga sugat, at ang pagpapalakas ng grip ay kabilang sa huling bahagi at hindi dapat simulan hangga't hindi ka partikular na pinapayagan. Itigil ang anumang nagdudulot ng matalas na sakit sa mga knuckles.

Ang iyong clinical protocol

Ang natitirang bahagi ng pahinang ito ay ang staged clinical protocol para sa rehabilitasyon pagkatapos ng silicone (Swanson) MCP joint arthroplasty. Ang seksyong ito ay ibibigay sa iyong hand therapist, at ang bawat phase ay nagsisimula sa isang paliwanag sa simpleng Ingles tungkol sa kung ano ang nangyayari. Ang pangunahing prinsipyo ay ang bagong MCP capsule ay nag-remodel sa paligid ng implant sa anumang posisyon kung saan ito pinapanatili, kaya ang splint at mga ehersisyo ay pinapanatili ang mga joint sa extension na may bahagyang radial deviation habang pinapayagan ang maagang kontroladong active flexion, upang muling hubugin ang mga joint sa isang itinamang posisyon at baligtarin ang ulnar drift.

Bago ang paggamot, suriin ang operation report ng pasyente at ang nakaraang medical history, at makipag-ugnayan sa treating surgeon tungkol sa diagnosis (rheumatoid vs osteoarthritis), ang isinagawang soft-tissue reconstruction (radial collateral ligament reefing, ulnar intrinsic release, extensor centralisation / crossed-intrinsic transfer), at ang nakamit na intra-operative correction at arc. Ang rheumatoid hand ay mas madaling mag-drift at bumalik ang kondisyon kaysa sa osteoarthritic hand at nangangailangan ng partikular na masigasig na radial-deviation splinting. Ang protocol sa ibaba ay nagpapalagay ng standard dynamic-extension-outrigger regime.

Phase I — dynamic extension splint na may maagang kontroladong paggalaw (linggo 0 hanggang ~6)

Ang unang anim na linggo ang mapagpasyang window: nabubuo ang capsule sa paligid ng implant ngayon, at ang dynamic splint ang nagtatakda ng posisyon kung saan ito mabubuo. Magkabit ng isang forearm-based dynamic MCP extension outrigger splint, karaniwan sa loob ng unang 3-5 araw. Kapag nakapahinga, pinapanatili nito ang MCPs sa full extension na may proximal phalanges na hinila patungo sa bahagyang radial deviation (itinatama ang lumang ulnar drift); ang mga outrigger sling ay nakapatong sa mga proximal phalanges at ang elastic tension ay nagpapahintulot ng kontroladong active flexion, pagkatapos ay ibinabalik ang mga daliri sa extension. Ang pasyente ay nagsasagawa ng maagang kontroladong active MCP flexion sa loob ng splint sa bawat oras na gising. Ang wrist at mga IP joint ay hinahayaang malaya.

Para sa iyong hand therapist:

Edukasyon at mga pag-iingat - I-fit at i-tension ang dynamic extension outrigger splint: ang mga MCP ay pinapanatili sa extension + bahagyang radial deviation, ang mga sling ay nasa proximal phalanges, radial pull upang labanan ang ulnar drift - Isusuot nang tuloy-tuloy (araw at gabi) sa loob ng ~6 na linggo, tatanggalin lamang para sa hygiene at supervised exercise - Bawal ang malakas na grip, pinch o lateral (ulnar-directed) loading: muling nililikha ng mga ito ang mga deforming force - Protektahan ang anumang soft-tissue reconstruction (radial collateral / intrinsic balancing): iwasan ang forced ulnar-deviating stress sa lahat ng oras - Panatilihing mobile ang thumb, wrist at mga IP joint; light unloaded hand use lamang

Pamamahala - Sugat: surgical dressings ayon sa itinuro; i-monitor para sa impeksyon (may implant) - Oedema: elevation, gentle retrograde massage, light compression ayon sa tolerance - Mga ehersisyo: kontroladong active MCP flexion sa loob ng splint laban sa mga loop, na naglalayong bumuo ng isang kapaki-pakinabang na flexion arc (target ang intra-operative arc ng surgeon, karaniwan hanggang ~70 degrees sa index-to-little MCPs) na may full passive return sa extension sa pamamagitan ng outrigger; active MCP extension (itama ang extensor lag); radial-deviation re-education (igiya ang mga daliri patungo sa thumb); free IP at wrist ROM

Mga kraytirya para mag-progress - Hilom na ang sugat; humuhupa ang oedema; lumilitaw na active flexion arc na may napanatiling extension at itinamang (radial) alignment sa loob ng humigit-kumulang anim na linggo

Phase II — pagbabawas sa paggamit ng splint at pagpapatatag ng koreksyon (linggo ~6 hanggang ~12)

Mula sa ika-anim na linggo, ang capsule ay nagiging mature na at ang dynamic splint ay binabawasan patungo sa isang resting / night extension splint (madalas na ipinagpapatuloy hanggang ~12 linggo, at mas matagal sa gabi para sa mga rheumatoid hands na prone sa recurrence). Ang active motion kapag wala ang splint ay unti-unting pinapaunlad, na laging nakatuon sa extension at radial alignment. Pinapalawak ang light functional use; nananatiling ipinagbabawal ang heavy grip at pinch.

Para sa iyong hand therapist:

Mga Assessment - Active at passive MCP flexion/extension arc; extensor lag; ulnar-deviation (ihambing sa intra-operative correction); sakit at pamamaga; pagsusuri sa sugat/peklat

Edukasyon at mga pag-iingat - Bawasan ang paggamit ng dynamic splint; ipagpatuloy ang night / resting extension splint hanggang ~12 linggo (mas matagal sa gabi para sa mga rheumatoid patients) - Patuloy na iwasan ang malakas na grip/pinch at anumang ulnar-deviating load - Maging mapagmatyag sa pagpapanatili ng radial correction; ang recurrence ng drift ang pangunahing late failure

Pamamahala - Mga Ehersisyo: paunlarin ang active at gentle active-assisted MCP flexion/extension kapag wala ang splint; patuloy na extensor-lag work at radial-deviation re-education; simulan ang scar management kapag magaling na; light functional tasks sa loob ng comfort level, iwasan ang mga ulnar-deviating patterns

Mga Kraytirya para sa pag-unlad - Stable na koreksyon (minimal na recurrent ulnar deviation, acceptable na extensor lag) sa isang maturing capsule; comfortable na functional arc; humuhupa na ang sakit

Phase III — pagpapalakas at pagbabalik (mga linggo ~12 at higit pa)

Kapag matatag na ang capsule at nananatili ang alignment (bandang labindalawang linggo), ipinapakilala ang graded strengthening, nang huli at may pag-iingat, dahil ang grip ay nagtutulak ng ulnar drift. Ang lakas at ang pinal na functional result ay patuloy na bumubuti sa loob ng ilang pang buwan.

Para sa iyong hand therapist:

Mga Assessment - Grip/pinch kumpara sa kabilang panig at kumpara sa pre-operative; napanatiling arc, extension at alignment sa ilalim ng load; functional at task-specific testing

Edukasyon at mga pag-iingat - Simulan ang graded grip/strengthening mula bandang 12 linggo lamang, unti-unting dinadagdagan ang load - Turuan ng mga grip pattern na hindi nagtutulak ng ulnar deviation; patuloy na night splinting ayon sa indikasyon, lalo na sa mga kamay na may rheumatoid - Magtakda ng mga makatotohanang ekspektasyon: ang layunin ay paginhawa sa sakit, itinamang posisyon at isang functional arc sa halip na isang normal o malakas na kamay

Pamamahala - Mga ehersisyo: progressive putty/ball grip at pinch, isometric MCP control, functional strengthening; ipagpatuloy ang mobility at anumang natitirang extensor-lag/alignment work - Isaalang-alang ang discharge kapag stable na ang correction, nakamit na ang isang useful arc at nakakayanan na ng pasyente ang daily function; magbigay ng long-term night-splint at joint-protection plan - I-refer muli sa treating doctor kung lumalala ang alignment, nawawala ang arc, o pinaghihinalaang may mga problema sa implant

Mga kraytirya para sa discharge - Stable na corrected alignment, functional at pain-free na arc, sapat na functional grip, maayos na joint-protection at night-splint routine

Pagbabalik sa trabaho at aktibidad

Hinihikayat ang magaan na pang-araw-araw na paggamit ng kamay (pagkain, pagsusulat, magaan na pag-aalaga sa sarili) mula sa simula hangga't komportable, basta't iniiwasan ang malakas na paghawak, pag-pinch, at anumang sideways (ulnar) na stress sa mga daliri. Planuhin na ang dynamic splint ay nakasuot halos sa lahat ng oras para sa unang anim na linggo, na naglilimita sa mga gawaing nangangailangan ng dalawang kamay at mabibigat na gawain; mag-ayos ng tulong nang naaayon. Ang pagmamaneho ay muling sisimulan kapag ligtas mo nang makokontrol ang kotse at wala na sa dynamic splint para sa pagmamaneho (karaniwan ay bandang anim na linggo), gaya ng kumpirmasyon sa iyong review.

Ang pagpapalakas at mas mabigat na paggamit ng kamay ay maghihintay hanggang bandang labindalawang linggo at pagkatapos ay unti-unting itataas sa ilalim ng gabay ng iyong hand therapist. Karamihan sa mga tao ay nagbabalik sa karamihan ng mga pang-araw-araw na aktibidad sa loob ng humigit-kumulang tatlong buwan, habang ang pinal na resulta (komportable, alignment, at isang kapaki-pakinabang na arc) ay patuloy na nag-aayos sa loob ng ilan pang mga buwan. Ang pag-unlad ay hinuhusgahan ni Dr Hirpara at ng iyong hand therapist batay sa kung paano nagtutuwid at gumagana ang iyong kamay, hindi sa kalendaryo lamang. Ang mas mabigat o paulit-ulit na manwal na trabaho ay sumusunod sa parehong criterion-based na pag-unlad, kasama ang payo sa proteksyon ng kasukasuan upang mapanatili ang pagtutuwid sa pangmatagalan.

Pagkatapos ng iyong protocol

Ang protocol na ito ay kasabay ng pangkalahatang payo sa paggaling ng klinika: tingnan ang pamamahala ng sakit pagkatapos ng operasyon, pag-aalaga ng sugat at pamamahala ng peklat. Ang phased plan sa itaas ay sumasalamin sa matagal nang Swanson-style rehabilitation regime pagkatapos ng silicone MCP arthroplasty, at ang iyong patuloy na paggaling ay ginagabayan nang indibidwal ni Dr Hirpara at ng iyong hand therapist ayon sa kung paano nagwawasto at umuunlad ang iyong kamay.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Silicone (Swanson) MCP Joint Arthroplasty — Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after silicone (Swanson) replacement of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints — flexible silicone-elastomer spacer arthroplasty of the knuckle joints, most often for the rheumatoid hand with ulnar drift and volar subluxation, and less commonly for MCP osteoarthritis. This is a resection-replacement with soft-tissue rebalancing, not a simple decompression: the deforming forces that destroyed the joint (ulnar drift, extensor subluxation, intrinsic tightness) are still present, so the rehabilitation is an active, splint-driven re-shaping programme, not a rest-and-protect pathway.

Defining principle of the rehab here: a silicone MCP implant is a flexible spacer around which a new fibrous capsule ("encapsulation") forms over the first weeks — and that capsule remodels in whatever position the hand is held. The classic post-operative regime therefore uses a dynamic extension outrigger splint that holds the MCPs in extension with slight radial deviation (opposing the ulnar drift) while permitting early controlled active flexion against elastic loops. Move early, but only in the corrected position: this is what reverses the drift and builds a functional flexion arc. The single biggest branch point is the diagnosis — the rheumatoid hand drifts and recurs far more readily than the osteoarthritic hand and warrants more diligent, more prolonged radial-deviation splinting.


A. PROCEDURE OUTCOMES (rheumatoid and osteoarthritis)

Silicone MCP arthroplasty is a deformity-correcting, pain-relieving operation rather than a motion- or strength-restoring one. Its great strength is reliable correction of alignment and relief of pain; its accepted limitations are a modest final arc, gradual implant fracture over years, and—in rheumatoid hands—a tendency to recurrent drift.

  • In rheumatoid arthritis it produces durable improvement in deformity, appearance and patient-reported function. The multicentre prospective SARA (Silicone Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Arthritis) cohort compared 70 surgical with 93 non-surgical RA patients with severe MCP deformity: the surgical group showed significant, sustained gains in the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire and in ulnar deviation, extensor lag and arc of motion, maintained at 1 year, at long-term (3-year) follow-up, and out to 7 years, whereas the non-surgical cohort did not improve [Chung 2009; Chung 2012; Chung 2017]. Moderate–strong (prospective comparative cohort; not randomised).
  • Correction of ulnar drift and extensor lag is the headline result; arc and grip gains are modest. Series consistently report large reductions in ulnar deviation and extensor lag with a re-centred, more functional arc (commonly a final arc on the order of ~40–50° centred nearer extension), with grip strength only modestly changed. The operation buys alignment, pain relief and hand appearance/function, not power [Goldfarb & Dovan 2006; Rizzo 2011; Kirschenbaum 1993]. Moderate.
  • For MCP osteoarthritis, long-term results are favourable and durable. A long-term series of silicone MCP arthroplasty for OA reported lasting pain relief and satisfactory function, with better-preserved bone stock and less recurrent deforming force than the rheumatoid hand [Morrell & Weiss 2018]. Moderate.
  • Implant fracture accrues with time but is often clinically silent. Long-term radiographic follow-up shows implant fracture rates rising over the years, yet many fractured implants remain asymptomatic and revision is driven by symptoms/instability rather than radiographic fracture alone [Koenuma 2024; Kirschenbaum 1993]. Moderate.
  • Revision is uncommon but defined, most often for recurrent deformity, implant fracture/instability or infection; revision MCP arthroplasty is feasible but technically demanding with poorer results than primary surgery [Wagner 2019; Carlson Strother 2023]. Moderate.

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

The central rehab questions are (1) which splint regime, and (2) does adding continuous passive motion or particular splint variants change the outcome. The evidence base is dominated by a strong heritage regime (Swanson-style dynamic extension splinting) supported mostly by expert consensus and low-level studies, with the few controlled comparisons failing to show benefit from add-ons. The rehabilitation is nonetheless indispensable — it is integral to the operation, not an optional adjunct.

  • The standard regime is a dynamic extension outrigger splint with early controlled motion. Fitted within the first few days, it holds the MCPs in extension and slight radial deviation at rest and permits active flexion against finger slings, worn essentially continuously for ~6 weeks then weaned to night/rest splinting. The shared aim across published regimes is to encourage MCP flexion and extension without recurrence of flexion contracture or ulnar deviation while the capsule encapsulates the implant in a corrected position [Goldfarb & Dovan 2006; Massy-Westropp Cochrane 2008]. Consensus / heritage — widely practised, low-level evidence.
  • Adding continuous passive motion (CPM) to dynamic splinting does not help. The Cochrane review identified a single small controlled trial (22 participants) comparing dynamic splinting ± CPM and concluded CPM is not effective at increasing motion or strength after MCP arthroplasty (controls actually gained more motion); it rated the evidence "silver level" and called for well-designed RCTs given wide practice variation [Massy-Westropp Cochrane 2008]. Moderate (Cochrane SR of low-certainty primary evidence).
  • A static-splint alternative achieves comparable correction in small studies. A prospective series using alternating static flexion/extension splints (rather than a dynamic outrigger) reported improved total active arc (21.6°→47.2°) and corrected ulnar deviation (30.4°→9.7°), suggesting the position held and active motion matter more than the specific splint mechanism [Burr/Massy-Westropp J Hand Ther 2002]. Weak (small prospective cohort).
  • The specific dynamic-splint protocol has not been shown superior to simpler regimes in controlled comparison. A randomised study found no clear added value of dynamic splinting over a simpler post-operative regime for MCP replacement, reinforcing that the dynamic outrigger is a sound, traditional default rather than a proven optimum [Delaney 2003]. Weak–moderate (small RCT).

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Splint / position Hand-therapist focus Strength / load Notes
I — Dynamic extension splint + early controlled motion Week 0–~6 Dynamic extension outrigger worn day & night; MCPs in extension + slight radial deviation Controlled active MCP flexion within the splint (toward the surgeon's arc, often up to ~70°); active extension (correct extensor lag); radial-deviation re-education; free IP/wrist; oedema control Light unloaded use only; no grip/pinch, no ulnar load Capsule forms now — position held = position kept. Rheumatoid hands need the most diligent radial pull
II — Wean to night/rest splint, consolidate correction Week ~6–12 Wean dynamic splint → night/resting extension splint (longer at night in RA) Progress active/active-assisted flexion–extension out of splint, biased to extension + radial; scar massage once healed; preserve correction Still no strong grip/pinch; light functional tasks Recurrent ulnar drift is the main late failure — guard alignment
III — Strengthening & return Week ~12+ Night splint as indicated (esp. RA) Graded putty/ball grip and pinch, isometric MCP control, functional/task strengthening Begin grip strengthening ~8–12 wk, build gradually; coach non-ulnar-deviating grip Most everyday activity by ~3 months; alignment/comfort/arc settle over several more months

(Phase windows mirror the patient protocol; they are typical, heritage-based guides — not trial-derived deadlines.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Heritage regime, modest evidence. The Swanson-style dynamic extension outrigger with early controlled motion is deeply established and near-universally taught, but its supporting evidence is largely expert consensus and small/low-level studies. The defensible position is to follow the heritage regime faithfully while acknowledging its evidence tier [Goldfarb & Dovan 2006; Massy-Westropp Cochrane 2008]. Consensus.
  2. Which splint? Dynamic outrigger vs alternating static splints vs simpler regimes give broadly similar correction in small studies; CPM adds nothing. What matters is holding the MCPs in extension + radial deviation while moving early — the mechanism of the splint is secondary [Massy-Westropp Cochrane 2008; Burr 2002; Delaney 2003]. Weak–moderate.
  3. Rheumatoid vs osteoarthritis. The rheumatoid hand has ongoing deforming forces (tendon subluxation, intrinsic tightness, soft-tissue laxity) and recurs, demanding more prolonged radial-deviation/night splinting and joint protection; the osteoarthritic hand has better bone and soft tissue and a more durable correction [Morrell & Weiss 2018; Rizzo 2011]. Moderate.
  4. Realistic goals. The operation reliably delivers pain relief, corrected alignment and a functional arc, not a normal or powerful hand. Mis-set expectations (large grip gains) are a common source of dissatisfaction [Chung patient-expectations 2015; SARA cohort]. Moderate.
  5. Implant fracture ≠ failure. Radiographic implant fracture accrues over years but is frequently asymptomatic; revision is symptom-driven. Counsel accordingly rather than revising on imaging alone [Koenuma 2024; Wagner 2019]. Moderate.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • MODERATE–STRONG: silicone MCP arthroplasty improves deformity, alignment (ulnar deviation, extensor lag), MHQ and arc versus non-surgical care in severe rheumatoid MCP disease, durable to 7 years (SARA prospective cohort — comparative, not randomised).
  • MODERATE: correction-over-power outcome profile; favourable long-term OA results; time-related implant fracture (often asymptomatic); defined but uncommon revision rate; greater recurrence in rheumatoid than osteoarthritic hands.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS / HERITAGE: the specific dynamic-extension-outrigger + early-controlled- flexion + radial-deviation rehabilitation programme (strong heritage, low-level evidence; CPM shown unhelpful; dynamic vs static vs simpler regimes not clearly differentiated); exact phase timings (typical, not trial-derived).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Kirschenbaum D, Schneider LH, Adams DC, et al. Arthroplasty of the metacarpophalangeal joints with use of silicone-rubber implants in patients who have rheumatoid arthritis. Long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75(1):3-12. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199301000-00002
  • Goldfarb CA, Dovan TT. Rheumatoid arthritis: silicone metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty indications, technique, and outcomes. Hand Clin. 2006;22(2):177-188. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2006.02.001
  • Rizzo M. Metacarpophalangeal joint arthritis. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(2):345-353. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.11.035
  • Morrell NT, Weiss AC. Silicone metacarpophalangeal arthroplasty for osteoarthritis: long-term results. J Hand Surg Am. 2018;43(3):229-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.10.010
  • Koenuma N, Ikari K, Oh K, et al. Long-term implant fracture rates following silicone metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis. J Hand Surg Am. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.01.009
  • Wagner ER, Houdek MT, Packard B, et al. Revision metacarpophalangeal arthroplasty: a longitudinal study of 128 cases. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019. DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00042
  • Carlson Strother CR, Moran SL, Rizzo M. Small joint arthroplasty of the hand: an update on indications, outcomes, and complications. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2023;31(15):e739-e749. DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-23-00034
  • Blazar PE, Gancarczyk SM, Simmons BP. Rheumatoid hand and wrist surgery: soft tissue principles and management of digital pathology. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(21):e924-e933. DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00608
  • Naniwa S, Nishida K, Nasu Y, et al. A comparative study of short-term outcomes between INTEGRA and AVANTA silicone implants for metacarpophalangeal joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Hand Surg Am. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.04.003

MCP arthroplasty outcomes & rehabilitation literature (URLs)

  • Chung KC, Burns PB, Wilgis EFS, et al. A multicenter clinical trial in rheumatoid arthritis comparing silicone metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty with medical treatment. J Hand Surg Am. 2009;34(5):815-823. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.01.018 — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4381953/
  • Chung KC, Burns PB, Kim HM, et al. Long-term followup for rheumatoid arthritis patients in a multicenter outcomes study of silicone metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(9):1292-1300. DOI: 10.1002/acr.21705 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22511483/
  • Burns PB, Zhong L, Chung KC. Seven-year outcomes of the Silicone Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Arthritis (SARA) prospective cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017. DOI: 10.1002/acr.23105 — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5376377/
  • Chung KC, Burns PB, et al. Patient expectations and long-term outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients: results from the SARA study. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(4):641-651. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2775-z — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25267562/
  • Massy-Westropp N, Johnston RV, Hill C. Post-operative therapy for metacarpophalangeal arthroplasty. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD003522. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003522.pub2 — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8715905/
  • Burr N, Pratt AL, Stott D. An alternative splinting and rehabilitation protocol for metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Hand Ther. 2002;15(1):41-47. DOI: 10.1053/hanthe.2002.v15.01541 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11866351/
  • Delaney R, Trail IA, Nuttall D. Value of dynamic splinting after replacement of the metacarpophalangeal joint in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2003;37(4):232-233. DOI: 10.1080/02844310310005658 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12755512/

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.