Skip to content

Patients › Elbow

Pagtanggal ng Olecranon Bursa (Bursectomy)

What olecranon bursectomy involves, why it is a last resort, and the honest wound-healing and recurrence picture.

Ilustrasyon ng isang nakabaluktot na siko na may namamagang bursa na puno ng likido sa dulo ng siko.
Olecranon bursitis: ang namamagang bursa na puno ng likido sa dulo ng siko na tinatanggal sa pamamagitan ng bursectomy. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang olecranon bursa ay isang maliit, madulas at puno ng fluid na supot na matatagpuan mismo sa ibabaw ng matulis na bahagi ng buto ng iyong siko. Ang tungkulin nito ay hayaang dumulas nang maayos ang iyong balat sa ibabaw ng buto kapag itinutupi at iniunat mo ang iyong braso. Kapag ito ay namaga (dahil sa pagkakauntog, dahil sa maraming taon ng pagpapatong ng siko, dahil sa gout o rheumatoid arthritis, o dahil sa impeksyon), maaari itong mapuno ng fluid at mamaga bilang isang maselan, at kung minsan ay nakakabahala na bukol sa dulo ng siko. Ito ay tinatawag na olecranon bursitis, at ito ay napakakaraniwan.

Ang mahalagang malaman agad ay ang karamihan ng bursitis ay gumagaling nang kusa o sa pamamagitan ng mga simpleng hakbang, at ang operasyon ay tunay na huling opsyon lamang. Pinag-uusapan lamang namin ang pagtanggal ng bursa kapag ang problema ay matigas na tumangging mawala sa kabila ng lahat ng iba pang paraan. Ipinapaliwanag ng pahinang ito kung ano ang kinapapalooban ng operasyong iyon, kung ano ang hitsura ng iyong paggaling, at, higit sa lahat, isang tapat na ulat kung bakit ang partikular na operasyong ito ay may mas maraming problema sa paghilom at pagbalik ng sakit kaysa sa inaasahan ng mga tao.

Bakit kailangang tanggalin ang bursa?

Sa aming klinika, ginagabayan ni Dr Kieran Hirpara ang mga pasyente sa isang maingat na pagsusuri upang kumpirmahin ang diagnosis at unahing galugarin ang mga non-surgical na opsyon. Karaniwan naming inirerekomenda ang operasyon lamang kapag ang mga conservative treatment ay hindi nakapagbigay ng sapat na ginhawa para sa mga matagal nang problema.

Ang first-line treatment para sa namamagang bursa ay halos palaging non-surgical: pagpapahinga ng siko, pag-iwas sa paglean dito, mga anti-inflammatory tablet, at kung minsan ay pag-drain ng fluid gamit ang karayom (aspiration), na paminsan-minsan ay sinusundan ng steroid injection. Ang isang pagsusuri sa mga nailathalang ebidensya ay nakita na ang non-surgical management ay nagbibigay ng mas mataas na rate ng paggaling ng problema at mas kaunting komplikasyon kaysa sa direktang pag-opera, na siyang eksaktong dahilan kung bakit sinusubukan muna namin ang mga paraang ito.

Isinasaalang-alang lamang namin ang pagtanggal ng bursa (isang "bursectomy") kapag:

  • Ang bursitis ay chronic o pabalik-balik sa kabila ng pahinga, pagbabago sa aktibidad, aspiration at/o steroid injection sa loob ng makatwirang panahon ng ilang buwan, at ito ay talagang nakakaabala sa iyo.
  • Mayroong pabalik-balik o nakapagtatag na impeksyon (isang septic bursa) na hindi gumaling sa pamamagitan ng mga antibiotic at drainage. Kahit dito, karaniwang sinusubukan muna ng mga surgeon ang drainage at antibiotics; iminumungkahi ng mga pag-aaral na ang operasyon ay hindi nangangako ng mas mabuting long-term results para sa impeksyon, kaya ito ay inilalaan para sa mga kasong hindi gumagaling, kung saan may makapal na nana na hindi ma-drain gamit ang karayom, o isang pointing abscess [1].
  • Isang bony spur sa dulo ng siko ang paulit-ulit na nairirita ang bursa, kung saan ang spur ay maaaring tabasan sa parehong pagkakataon.

Sa madaling salita: ang operasyong ito ay para sa maliit na bahagi ng mga bursa na sadyang hindi gumagaling. Kung ang iyong pamamaga ay bago, walang sakit, at hindi infected, malabong operasyon ang maging tamang solusyon.

Ano ang kinapapalooban ng operasyon

Ito ay karaniwang isang day case, kaya maaari mong asahan na uuwi ka sa parehong araw, bagaman paminsan-minsan ay nananatili ang mga pasyente nang magdamag. Ginagawa ito bilang isang open operation: isang maliit na hiwa sa dulo ng siko, kung saan maingat na tinatanggal ang buong namamagang bursa, at pagkatapos ay isinasara ang balat. Kung mayroong bony spur sa ilalim ng bursa, maaari itong pakinisin sa parehong pagkakataon.

Ang anaesthetic ay karaniwang alinman sa general anaesthetic (ikaw ay tulog nang tuluyan) o isang regional block (namamanhid ang braso habang ikaw ay gising o bahagyang sedated), kung minsan ay pinagsasama. Ang iyong anaesthetist ay kakausapin ka tungkol sa pinakamahusay na opsyon para sa iyo sa araw na iyon.

Ito ay isang relatibong mabilis na operasyon, ngunit ang kasanayan ay hindi gaanong nasa mismong pagtanggal kundi higit sa maingat na paghawak sa sensitibong balat at maayos na pagsasara nito; gaya ng inilalarawan sa ibaba, ang balat ang bahaging nagbibigay ng problema.

Ang tapat na bahagi: paggaling at pagbalik (recurrence)

Ito ang seksyong dapat basahin nang dalawang beses, dahil ito ang pangunahing dahilan kung bakit kami ay maingat tungkol sa operasyong ito.

Ang balat sa pinakatuktok ng iyong siko ay manipis, gumagalaw, at may relatibong mahinang suplay ng dugo. Bahagi rin ito ng katawan na nakakaranas ng patuloy na presyur tuwing ipinapatong mo ang iyong braso sa mesa, upuan, o pinto ng kotse. Ang kombinasyong iyon ay nangangahulugan na ang mga problema sa paggaling ng sugat at ang pagbalik ng bursa (recurrence) ang dalawang bagay na may pinakamataas na posibilidad na maging mali, higit pa kaysa sa karamihan ng mga operasyong may ganitong laki. Hindi sa mahirap ang operasyon; kundi ang siko ay isang bahagi ng katawan na hindi madaling magpagaling ng sugat.

Ano nga ba ang sinasabi ng mga ebidensya? Mahalagang maging tapat na ang mga nailathalang pag-aaral ay karamihang maliliit na case series, kaya nag-iiba-iba ang mga numero [1]. Isang malaking review ng mga pasyenteng sumailalim sa bursectomy ang nag-ulat na humigit-kumulang isa sa siyam ang nangailangan ng karagdagang (revision) operasyon, at ang mga taong may rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, o bursitis sa parehong siko ay may mas mataas na panganib na mangailangan ng higit pang operasyon. Ang mga pasyenteng may rheumatoid arthritis partikular na mas malamang na mangailangan ng skin flap upang gumaling ang sugat. Nag-uulat ang mga pag-aaral ng makabuluhang rate ng mga komplikasyon sa sugat tulad ng delayed healing, pagbukas ng sugat, muling pag-iipon ng likido (isang seroma), at impeksyon [2, 3]. Ang mahalagang punto ay hindi isang tumpak na porsyento; ito ay ang pattern: ang operasyong ito ay may mas mataas kaysa sa karaniwang pagkakataon ng mabagal o problemadong sugat, at may tunay na pagkakataon na bumalik ang pamamaga.

Gumagawa kami ng ilang mga bagay upang paboran ang iyong pagkakataon, at ang iyong bahagi rito ay kasinghalaga ng sa amin:

  • Gentle handling at maingat na closure sa oras ng operasyon, at (kung angkop sa problema) pag-iwas sa paggawa ng mga incision sa pinakatuktok ng siko.
  • Isang firm compression dressing pagkatapos upang pigilan ang pag-iipon ng likido, at kung minsan ay isang splint upang panatilihing hindi gumagalaw ang siko habang naghihilom ang balat.
  • Pinakamahalaga: bawal sumandal sa siko. Ang presyur sa naghihilom na siko ang pinakamalaking sanhi ng parehong pagbukas ng sugat at pagbalik ng bursa. Ang pag-iwas sa paglalagay ng bigat dito sa loob ng ilang linggo ay tunay na nagpapabago sa iyong resulta.

Wala sa mga ito ang layuning takutin ka. Layunin nito na siguraduhin na kung mag-o-opera kami, papasok ka nang may malinaw na pag-unawa, at nauunawaan mo na ang mga instruksyon sa recovery ay hindi opsyonal na pagka-istrikto, kundi ang bagay na nagpoprotekta sa resulta.

Ang iyong paggaling

Ang bawat isa ay gumagaling sa sarili nilang bilis, at ang mga partikular na instruksyon ng iyong surgeon ang laging dapat sundin, ngunit narito ang pangkalahatang daloy ng mga bagay-bagay.

Ang unang isang o dalawang linggo. Magkakaroon ka ng isang matigas at may padding na compression dressing sa ibabaw ng siko, na madalas ay may kasamang splint. Panatilihing malinis at tuyo ang dressing, panatilihing nakataas ang braso hangga't maaari upang mabawasan ang pamamaga, at uminom ng simpleng gamot sa sakit ayon sa payo. Ang pinakamahalagang bagay na maaari mong gawin sa mga unang linggong ito ay panatilihing hindi gumagalaw ang siko at iwasan ang anumang pressure sa likuran nito: huwag itong gawing sandalan ng iyong timbang, huwag sumandal sa mga mesa o armrest. Ang banayad na paggalaw ng mga daliri, pulso, at balikat ay karaniwang ayos lang at nakatutulong upang maiwasan ang paninigas.

Mga tahi at dressing. Ang compression wrap ay karaniwang pinananatili sa unang ilang araw, at maraming surgeon ang humihiling na panatilihin ang isang light compressive (ACE-type) wrap sa siko sa loob ng ilang linggo pagkatapos nito upang maiwasan ang muling pag-iipon ng fluid. Ang mga tahi ay karaniwang tinatanggal sa loob ng humigit-kumulang 7 hanggang 10 araw sa klinika, kapag ang balat ay nagkaroon na ng pagkakataong sumara. Susuriin naming mabuti ang sugat sa pagbisitang ito, dahil ang siko ay maaaring mabagal gumaling.

Pagbabalik sa paggalaw. Kapag maayos na ang sugat at natanggal na ang mga tahi, unti-unti ka nang babalik sa paggamit ng braso. Maraming tao ang pinapayagang bumalik sa karamihan ng mga normal na aktibidad at buong paggamit ng siko sa loob ng humigit-kumulang tatlo hanggang anim na linggo, kung saan ang ganap na paghupa ng pamamaga ay madalas na nangyayari sa ika-anim na linggo. Maaaring magtakda ang iyong surgeon ng pansamantalang limitasyon sa pagbubuhat ng mabibigat sa simula habang naghihilom pa ang balat.

Ang pagmamaneho ay makatwiran kapag kaya mo nang igalaw ang siko nang komportable, hindi na gumagamit ng matatapang na gamot sa sakit, at ligtas na makokontrol ang kotse at makakagawa ng emergency stop; para sa maraming tao, ito ay pagkalipas ng ilang linggo, ngunit depende ito sa kung aling braso at kung paano ka gumagaling, kaya kumonsulta muna sa amin.

Ang trabaho ay nakadepende nang lubos sa iyong trabaho. Ang trabahong desk-based ay madalas na kayang gawin sa loob ng isang o dalawang linggo (ingatang huwag sumandal sa siko). Ang trabahong may kasamang pagbubuhat ng mabibigat, pagluhod gamit ang siko, o anumang bagay na nagbibigay ng pressure o strain sa siko ay karaniwang nangangailangan ng mas mahabang panahon (ilang linggo) at kung minsan ay phased return. Sabihin sa amin kung ano ang kinapapalooban ng iyong trabaho at bibigyan ka namin ng angkop na payo.

Sa kabuuan, tandaan ang paulit-ulit na tema: protektahan ang dulo ng siko. Ang lahat ng mga panuntunan sa paggaling ay umiiral upang bigyan ang manipis at nagsisikap na balat na iyon ng pinakamagandang pagkakataon na gumaling nang isang beses at manatiling magaling.

Kailan dapat humingi ng tulong

Ang kaunting pamamaga, pasa, at discomfort ay normal pagkatapos ng operasyong ito. Ngunit mangyaring makipag-ugnayan agad sa iyong surgeon, sa iyong GP, o sa isang after-hours clinic kung mapansin mo ang anumang mga palatandaan na ang sugat ay hindi gumagaling nang maayos o nagkakaroon ng impeksyon, gaya ng:

  • Pagkalat ng pamumula, pagtaas ng init, o paglala ng sakit sa paligid ng sugat pagkatapos ng unang ilang araw.
  • Ang pagbukas ng sugat, pagtagas ng likido o nana, o mabahong amoy.
  • Lagnat, pangkalahatang pakiramdam na hindi mabuti o panginginig.
  • Muling paglaki ng pamamaga ng siko: maaaring nangangahulugan ito na muling naiipon ang likido.

Hiwalay dito, at gaya ng anumang operasyon, ang blood clots ay isang bihirang ngunit seryosong panganib. Pumunta agad sa emergency department (o tumawag sa emergency services) kung magkaroon ka ng masakit, namamagang, at mainit na binti (calf), o (mas urgent) biglaang kahirapan sa paghinga, pananakit ng dibdib, o pag-ubo ng dugo. Ang mga ito ay maaaring mga palatandaan ng clot sa binti o baga at nangangailangan ng agarang pagsusuri.

Kung hindi ka sigurado kung ang isang bagay ay normal, laging mas mabuting magtanong. Mas gusto naming makita ang sugat nang maaga at bigyan ka ng kasiguruhan kaysa hayaang ang isang maliit na problema ay maging mas malaki, lalo na sa siko kung saan ang maagang atensyon sa isang sugat na nahihirapang gumaling ay nagbibigay ng tunay na pagkakaiba.

Mga Sanggunian

[1] Del Buono A, Franceschi F, Palumbo A, Denaro V, Maffulli N. Diagnosis and management of olecranon bursitis. Surgeon. 2012;10(5):297-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002

[2] Germawi L, Westenberg RF, Wang F, Schep NW, Chen NC, Eberlin KR. Factors associated with revision surgery for olecranon bursitis after bursectomy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30(5):1135-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033

[3] Complications following resection of the olecranon bursa. Acta Orthop Belg. 2006.

Saan maaaring magbasa nang higit pa tungkol sa kondisyon

Ang pahinang ito ay tungkol sa operasyon mismo. Ang kondisyong ginagamot nito, kabilang ang kung ano ang ipinapakita ng ebidensya tungkol sa kung kailan nakatutulong ang operasyon at kung kailan hindi, ay tinalakay nang mas detalyado sa pahinang Olecranon Bursitis.


Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.